Understanding how masculine gender scripts may contribute to men's adjustment following treatment for prostate cancer

American Journal of Men's Health

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 250-261

  Burns, Michael Shaun ^a,b   Mahalik, James R ^b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjustment; Gender scripts; Masculinity; Prostate cancer; Treatment interventions

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; ARTICLE; EMOTION; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MALE; MASCULINITY; MICTURITION DISORDER; PROSTATE TUMOR; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; EMOTIONS; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; MALE; MASCULINITY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; URINATION DISORDERS;

EID: 39049085141     PISSN: 15579883     EISSN: 15579891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1557988306293380     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Addis, M.E., & Mahalik, J.R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help-seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5-14.
2. American Cancer Society. (2005a). Cancer statistics 2005 presentation. Retrieved September 21, 2005, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PRO/ content/PRO_1_1_Cancer_Statistics_2005_Presentation.asp
3. American Cancer Society. (2005b). Detailed guide: Prostate cancer. Retrieved September 21, 2005, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/ content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_prostate_cancer_ 36.asp?rnav=cri
4. American Cancer Society. (2005c). Types of treatment. Retrieved September 21, 2005, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/ETO_1.asp
5. American Cancer Society. (2006). Overview: Prostate cancer: How many men get prostate cancer? Retrieved February 17, 2006, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/ CRI_2_2_1X_How_many_men_get_prostate_cancer_36.asp?sitearea=
6. Aries, E.J., & Olver, R.R. (1985). Sex differences in the development of a separate sense of self during infancy: Directions for future research. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 515-532.
7. Best, D.L., & Williams, J.E. (2001). Gender and culture. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 195-222). New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Bjorck, J.P., Hopp, D.P., & Jones, L.W. (1999). Prostate cancer and emotional functioning: Effects of mental adjustment, optimism, and appraisal. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 17, 71-85.
9. Blazina, C., & Watkins, C.E., Jr. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help-seeking. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 461-465.
10. Boehm, S., Selves, E.J., Raleigh, E., Ronis, D., Butler, P.M., & Jacobs, M. (1993). College students' perception of vulnerability/ susceptibility and desire for health information. Patient Education and Counseling, 21, 77-87.
11. Boehmer, U., & Clark, J.A. (2001a). Communication about prostate cancer between men and their wives. Journal of Family Practice, 50, 226-231.
12. Boehmer, U., & Clark, J.A. (2001b). Married couples' perspectives on prostate cancer diagnosis treatment decision-making. Psychooncology, 10, 147-155.
13. Cappelleri, J.C., Althof, S.E., Siegel, R.L., Stecher, V.J., Tseng, L.J., & Duttagupta, S. (2005). Association between the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction and the Self-Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire following treatment with sildenafil citrate for men with erectile dysfunction. Value in Health, 8, S54-S60.
14. Cella, D.F., Tross, S., Orav, E.J., Holland, J.C., Silverfarb, P.M., & Rafla, S. (1989). Mood states of patients after the diagnosis of cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 7, 45-54.
15. Chapple, A., & Ziebland, S. (2002). Prostate cancer: Embodied experience and perceptions of masculinity. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24, 820-841.
16. Charmaz, K. (1995). Identity dilemmas of chronically ill men. In D. Sabo & D. F. Gordon (Eds.), Men's health and illness: Gender, power, and the body (pp. 266-291). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Cochran, S.V., & Rabinowitz, F.E. (2000). Men and depression: Clinical and empirical perspectives: Practical resources for the mental health professional. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
18. Courtenay, W.H. (2000). Engendering health: A social constructionist examination of men's health beliefs and behaviors. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 4-15.
19. Courtenay, W.H. (2001). Counseling men in medical settings: The six-point HEALTH plan. In G. R. Brooks & G. E. Good (Eds.), The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men (pp. 59-91). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
20. D'Arcy, C.D., & Schmitz, J.A. (1979). Sex differences in the utilization of health services for psychiatric problems in Saskatchewan. American Journal of Psychology, 24, 19-27.
21. Dunn, J., Steginga, S., & Occhipinti, S. (1999). Men's preferences for sources of information about and support for care. Journal of Cancer Education, 14, 238-242.
22. Edgar, D. (1997). Men, mateship, and marriage. Pymble, New South Wales, Australia: HarperCollins.
23. Eisler, R.M. (1995). The relationship between masculine gender role stress and men's health risk: The validation of a construct. In R. F. Levant & W. S. Pollack (Eds.), A new psychology of men (pp. 207-225). New York: Basic Books.
24. Eton, D.T., & Lepore, S.J. (2002). Prostate cancer and health-related quality of life: A review of the literature. Psychooncology, 11, 307-326.
25. Feldman, H.A., Goldstein, I., Hatzichristou, D.G., Krane, R.J., & McKinlay, J.B. (1994). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Journal of Urology, 151, 54-61.
26. Fowler, F.J., Barry, M.J., Lu-Yao, G., Wasson, J., Roman, A., & Wennberg, J. (1995). The effect of radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer on quality of life: Results from a Medicare survey. Urology, 44, 600-607.
27. France, C.R., Keefe, F.J., Emery, C.F., Affleck, G., France, J.L., Waters, S., et al. (2004). Laboratory pain perception and clinical pain in post-menopausal women and age-matched men with osteoarthritis: Relationship to pain coping and hormonal status. Pain, 112, 274-281.
28. Francher, J., & Kimmel, M.S. (1992). Hard issues and soft spots: Counseling men about sexuality. In M. S. Kimmel & M. A. Messner (Eds.), Men's lives (2nd ed., pp. 428-450). New York: Macmillan.
29. Fransson, P., & Widmark, A. (1999). Late side effects unchanged 4-8 years after radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma: A comparison with age-matched controls. Cancer, 85, 678-682.
30. Gilbert, L., & Scher, M. (1999). Gender and sex in counseling and psychotherapy. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
31. Golombok, S., & Fivush, R. (1994). Gender development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
32. Gray, R.E. (2003). Prostate tales: Men's experiences with prostate cancer. Harriman, TN: Men's Studies Press.
33. Gray, R.E., Fitch, M.I., Fergus, K.D., Mykhalovskiy, E., & Church, K. (2002). Hegemonic masculinity and the experience of prostate cancer: A narrative approach. Journal of Aging and Identity, 7, 43-62.
34. Gray, R.E., Fitch, M.I., Phillips, C., Labrecque, M., & Fergus, K. (2000). Managing the impact of illness: The experiences of men with prostate cancer and their spouses. Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 531-548.
35. Grüninger, U.J. (1995). Patient education: An example of one-to-one communication. Journal of Human Hypertension, 9, 15-25.
36. Hatzichristou, D., Cuzin, B., Martin-Morales, A., Buvat, J., Porst, H., Laferriere, N., et al. (2005). Vardenafil improves satisfaction rates, depressive symptomatology, and self-confidence in a broad population of men with erectile dysfunction. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2, 109-116.
37. Hedestig, O., Sandman, P.O., Tomic, R., & Widmark, A. (2005). Living after external beam radiotherapy of localized prostate cancer: A qualitative analysis of patient narratives. Cancer Nursing, 28, 310-317.
38. Helgason, A.R., Adolfsson, J., Dickman, P., Arver, S., Fredrikson, M., & Steinbeck, G. (1997). Factors associated with waning sexual function among elderly men and prostate cancer patients. Journal of Urology, 158, 155-159.
39. Helgason, A.R., Dickman, P.W., Adolfsson, J., & Steineck, G. (2001). Emotional isolation: Prevalence and the effect on well-being among 50-80-year-old prostate cancer patients. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 35, 97-101.
40. Helgeson, V.S. (1990). The role of masculinity in a prognostic predictor of heart attack severity. Sex Roles, 22, 755-774.
41. Helgeson, V.S., & Lepore, S.J. (1997). Men's adjustment to prostate cancer: The role of agency and unmitigated agency. Sex Roles, 37, 251-266.
42. Helgeson, V.S., & Lepore, S.J. (2004). Quality of life following prostate cancer: The role of agency and unmitigated agency. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2559-2585.
43. Helgeson, V.S., Lepore, S.J., & Eton, D. T. (2006). Moderators of the benefits of psychoeducational interventions for men with prostate cancer. Health Psychology, 25, 348-354.
44. Husaini, B.A., Moore, S.T., & Cain, V.A. (1994). Psychiatric symptoms and help-seeking behavior among the elderly: An analysis of racial and gender differences. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 21, 177-193.
45. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
46. Kiesler, D.J. (1983). The 1982 interpersonal circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions. Psychological Review, 90, 185-214.
47. Kimmel, M. (1996). Manhood in America: A cultural history. New York: Free Press.
48. Kochanek, K.D., Murphy, S.L., Anderson, R.N., & Scott, C. (2004). Deaths: Final data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports, 53, 1-116.
49. Korenman, S.G. (1998). New insights into erectile dysfunction: A practical approach. American Journal of Medicine, 105, 135-144.
50. Kornblith, A.B., Herr, H.W., Ofman, U.S., Scher, H.I., & Holland, J.C. (1994). Quality of life of patients with prostate cancer and their spouses. Cancer, 73, 2791-2802.
51. Krane, R.J. (2000). Urinary incontinence after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Molecular Urology, 4, 279-286.
52. Lee, C., & Owens, R. (2002). The psychology of men's health series. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
53. Levant, R.F. (1998). Desperately seeking language: Understanding, assessing, and treating normative male alexithymia. In W. S. Pollack & R. F. Levant (Eds.), New psychotherapy for men (pp. 35-56). New York: John Wiley.
54. Levant, R.F., & Kopecky, G. (1995). Masculinity reconstructed: Changing the rules of manhood-at work, in relationships, and in family life. New York: Dutton.
55. Lewis, C., & O'Brien, M. (1987). Constraints on fathers: Research, theory and clinical practice. In C. Lewis & M. O'Brien (Eds.), Reassessing fatherhood (pp. 1-19). London: Sage.
56. Lintz, K., Moynihan, C., Steginga, S., Norman, A., Eeles, R., Huddart, R., et al. (2003). Prostate cancer patients' support and psychological care needs: Survey from a non-surgical oncology clinic. Psychooncology, 12, 769-783.
57. Litwin, M.S., Hays, R.D., Fink, M., Ganz, P.A., Leake, B., & Brook, R.H. (1998). The UCLA Prostate Cancer Index: Development, reliability, and validity of a health-related quality of life measure. Medical Care, 36, 1002-1012.
58. Litwin, M.S., McGuigan, K.A., Shpall, A.I., & Dhanani, N. (1999). Recovery of health related quality of life in the year after radical prostatectomy: Early experience. Journal of Urology, 161, 515-519.
59. Llorente, M.D., Burke, M., Gregory, G.R., Bosworth, H.B., Grambow, S.C., Horner, R.D., et al. (2005). Prostate cancer: A significant risk factor for late-life suicide. American Journal of Geriatric Suicide, 13, 195-201.
60. Locke, B.D., & Mahalik, J.R. (2005). Examining masculinity norms, problem drinking, and athletic involvement as predictors of sexual aggression in college men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 279-283.
61. Lytton, H., & Romney, D.M. (1991). Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 267-296.
62. Macias, D.J., Sarabia, M.J., & Sklar, D.P. (2000). Male discomfort during the digital rectal examination: Does examiner gender make a difference? American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 676-678.
63. Mahalik, J.R., Good, G.E., & Englar-Carlson, M. (2003). Masculinity scripts, presenting concerns, and help-seeking: Implications for practice and training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 123-131.
64. Mahalik, J.R., Lagan, H.D., & Morrison, J.A. (in press). Health behaviors and masculinity in Kenyan and U.S. college students. Psychology of Men and Masculinity.
65. Mahalik, J.R., Locke, B., Ludlow, L., Diemer, M., Scott, R.P.J., Gottfried, M., et al. (2003). Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4, 3-25.
66. Martino, W., & Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. (2003). " So what's a boy?" Addressing issues of masculinity in schooling. London: Open University Press.
67. McCarthy, J., & Holliday, E.L. (2004). Help-seeking and counseling within a traditional male gender role: An examination from a multicultural perspective. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 25-30.
68. McGovern, R.J., Heyman, E.N., & Resnick, M.I. (2002). An examination of coping style and quality of life of cancer patients who attend a prostate cancer support group. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 20, 57-68.
69. McKay, J.R., Rutherford, M.J., Cacciola, J.S., & Kabasakalian-McKay, R. (1996). Gender differences in the relapse experiences of cocaine patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 616-622.
70. Mintz, L., & O'Neil, J.M. (1990). Gender roles, sex, and the process of psychotherapy: Many questions and few answers. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 381-391.
71. Neighbors, H.W., & Howard, C.S. (1987). Sex differences in professional help seeking among adult Black Americans. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 403-417.
72. Oliffe, J.L. (2004). Constructions of masculinity following prostatectomy-induced impotence. Social Science and Medicine, 60, 2249-2259.
73. Padesky, C.A., & Hammen, C.L. (1981). Sex differences in depressive symptom expression and help-seeking among college students. Sex Roles, 7, 309-320.
74. Penson, D.F., McLerran, D., Feng, Z., Li, L., Albertsen, P.C., Gilliland, F.D., et al. (2005). 5-year urinary and sexual outcomes after radical prostatectomy: Results from the prostate cancer outcomes study. Journal of Urology, 173, 1701-1705.
75. Perez, M.A., Meyerowitz, B.E., Lieskovsky, G., Skinner, D.G., Reynolds, B., & Skinner, E.C. (1997). Quality of life and sexuality following radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer who use or do not use erectile aids. Urology, 50, 740-746.
76. Petersson, L.M., Berglund, G., Brodin, O., Glimelius, B., & Sjoden, P.O. (2000). Group rehabilitation for cancer patients: Satisfaction and perceived benefits. Patient Education and Counseling, 40, 197-199.
77. Pirl, W.F., Siegel, G.I., Goode, M.J., & Smith, M.R. (2002). Depression in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: A pilot study. Psychooncology, 11, 518-523.
78. Pleck, J.H., Sonenstein, F.L., & Ku, L.C. (1994). Attitudes toward male roles among adolescent males: A discriminant validity analysis. Sex Roles, 30, 481-501.
79. Powel, L.L., & Clark, J.A. (2005). The value of the marginalia as an adjunct to structured questionnaires: Experiences of men after prostate cancer surgery. Quality of Life Research, 14, 827-835.
80. Ptacek, J.T., Pierce, G.R., Dodge, K.L., & Ptacek, J.J. (1997). Social support in spouses of cancer patients: What do they get and to what end? Personal Relationships, 4, 431-449.
81. Quartana, P.J., Schmaus, B.J., & Zakowski, S.G. (2005). Gender, neuroticism, and emotional expressivity: Effects on spousal constraints among individuals with cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 769-776.
82. Rabinowitz, F.E. (2001). Group therapy for men. In G. R. Brooks & G. E. Good (Eds.), The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men (pp. 603-621). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
83. Ramsawh, H.J., Morgentaler, A., Covino, N., Barlow, D.H., & DeWolf, W. C. (2005). Quality of life following simultaneous placement of penile prosthesis with radical prostatectomy. Journal of Urology, 174, 1395-1398.
84. Rappaport, B.M. (1984). Family planning: Helping men ask for help. In J. M. Swanson & K. A. Forrest (Eds.), Men's reproductive health (pp. 245-259). New York: Springer.
85. Robertson, J.M. (2001). Counseling men in college settings. In G. R. Brooks & G. E. Good (Eds.), The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men (pp. 146-169). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
86. Roesch, S.C., Adams, L., Hines, A., Palmores, A., Vyas, P., Tran, C., et al. (2005). Coping with prostate cancer: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 281-293.
87. Schnoll, R.A., Knowles, J.C., & Harlow, L. (2002). Correlates of adjustment among cancer survivors. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 20, 37-60.
88. Schuetz-Mueller, D., Tiefer, L., & Melman, A. (1995). Follow-up of vacuum and nonvacuum constriction devices as treatments for erectile dysfunction. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 21, 229-238.
89. Seale, C., Ziebland, S., & Charteris-Black, J. (2006). Gender, cancer experience and Internet use: A comparative keyword analysis of interviews and online cancer support groups. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 2577-2590.
90. Sharpe, M.J., Heppner, P.P., & Dixon, W.A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality, expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1-8.
91. Shepard, D.S. (2002). A negative state of mind: Patterns of depressive symptoms among men with high gender role conflict. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 3, 3-8.
92. Sher, L. (2004). Type D personality, cortisol and cardiac disease. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 652-653.
93. Shrader-Bogen, C.L., Kjellberg, J.L., McPherson, C.P., & Murray, C.L. (1997). Quality of life and treatment outcomes: Prostate carcinoma patients' perspectives after prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Cancer, 79, 1977-1986.
94. Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 93-159.
95. Stansbury, J.P., Mathewson-Chapman, M., & Grant, K.E. (2003). Gender scheme and prostate cancer: Veterans' cultural model of masculinity. Medical Anthropology, 22, 175-204.
96. Swindle, R., Cameron, A., & Rosen, R. (2006). A 15-item short form of the psychological and interpersonal relationship scales. International Journal of Impotence Research, 18, 82-88.
97. Thom, B. (1986). Sex differences in help-seeking for alcohol problems: 1. Barriers to help-seeking. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 777-788.
98. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1998). Health, United States, 1998: Socioeconomic status and health chartbook (DHHS Publication No. PHS 98-1232-1). Hyattsville, MD: Author.
99. van Middendorp, H., Geenen, R., Sorbi, M.J., Hox, J.J., Vingerhoets, A.J., van Doornen, L.J., et al. (2005). Gender differences in emotion regulation and relationships with perceived health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Women and Health, 42, 75-97.
100. Watkins, P.L., Eisler, R.M., Carpenter, L., Schechtman, K.B., & Fisher, E.B. (1991). Psychosocial and physiological correlates of male gender role stress among employed adults. Behavioral Medicine, 17, 86-90.
101. Weissman, M.M., & Klerman, G.L. (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98-111.