Ceramic fabric analysis and survey archaeology: The Sphakia survey

Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 98, Issue , 2003, Pages

  Moody, Jennifer ^a   Robinson, Harriet Lewis ^a   Francis, Jane ^a   Nixon, Lucia ^a   Wilson, Lucy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 38949213539     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0068245400016828     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. D. Haggis and M. Mook, 'The Kavousi coarse wares: A Bronze Age chronology for survey in the Mirabello area, Crete', AJA 97 (1993), 265-93.
2. J. A. Moody, 'The development of a Bronze Age coarse ware chronology for the Khania region of west Crete', Temple University Aegean Symposium, 10 (1985), 51-65.
3. J. A. Moody, 'The Environmental and Cultural Prehistory of the Khania Region of West Crete' (Ph. D. dissertation; University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, 1987).
4. J. Moody and H. L. Robinson, 'The fabrics of life in Sphakia', in (Herakleion, 2001), A2, 349-57.
5. J. Moody and H. L. Robinson, 'Early Iron Age interaction in southwestern Crete: the Sphakia and Ag. Vasilcios Surveys', in.F. R. Matson (ed. ), Ceramics and Man (New York, 1965; London, 1966)
6. and H. W. Catling, E. E. Richards, and A. E. Blin-Stoyle, 'Correlations between composition and provenance of Mycenaean and Minoan Pottery, BSA 58 (1963), 94-115.
7. For example, R. E. Jones, Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies (Athens, 1986);
8. J. Riley, 'The contribution of ceramic petrology to our understanding of Minoan society', in O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds), Minoan Society. Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium 1981 (Bristol, 1983), 283-91;
9. Y. Maniatis and M. Tite, 'Technological examination of Neolithic to Bronze Age pottery from central and southeast Europe and from the Near East', JAS 8 (1981), 59-73;
10. D. Peacock, 'The scientific analysis of ancient ceramics', World Archaeology, 1 (1970), 275-89;
11. S. J. Vaughan, 'Observations from an Aegean perspective on the relationship of archaeology and science as reflected in the study of ancient pottery', in C. Morris (ed. ), Klados. Essays in Honour of J. N. Coldstream (BICS Supp. 63; London, 1995), 261-70;
12. and P. M. Day, 'Pottery production and consumption in the Sitia Bay area during the New Palace period', in M. Tsipopoulou and L. Vagnetti (eds), Achladia: scavi e ricerche della Missione Greco-Italiana in Creta Orientale 1991-1993 (Istituto per gli Studi Micenci ed Egeo-Anatolici; Incunabula Graeca 97; Rome, 1995), 149-75.
13. V. Kilikoglou, G. Vekinis, Y. Maniatis, and P. M. Day, 'Mechanical performance of quartz-tempered ceramics; Part I, strength and toughness'. Archaeometry, 40/1 (1998), 261-79;
14. E. Kiriatzi, S. Andreou, S. Dimitriadou et al. , 'Co-existing traditions: handmade and wheelmade pottery in Late Bronze Age central Macedonia', in R. Laffineur and P. Betancourt (eds), TEXNH (Aegaeum 16; Liège and Austin, Texas, 1997), 361-7;
15. C. Knappen, 'The provenance of red Iustrous wheel-made ware: Cyprus, Syria or Anatolia?', Internet Archaeology, 9 (2000; http://intarch. ac. uk/journal/issue9/knappett_index. html)
16. E. Aloupi, V. Kilikoglou, P. M. Day, and L. Joyner, 'Provenance and technological characterisation of fine tableware', in P. G. Themelis (ed. ), (Rethymnon, 2000), i/2. 207-35;
17. P. Tomkins and P. M. Day, 'Production and change in the earliest ceramic vessels in the Aegean. A view from early Neolithic Knossos, Crete', Antiquity, 75 (288) (2001), 259-60.
18. See the publications of G. Sanders, 'Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa 1988-91. Preliminary report, part I: Medieval pottery, BSA 88 (1993), 251-86;
19. Haggis-Mook, 'Kavousi';
20. Wilson-Day, 'Regionalism';
21. iid. , 'South front';
22. Moody-Robinson, 'Fabrics';
23. eaed. , 'Interaction'.
24. Moody, 'Development';
25. ead. , 'Prehistory'.
26. Catling et al. (n. 2).
27. Matson (n. 2).
28. A. Furumark, Mycenaean Pottery: Analysis and Classification (Stockholm, 1941)
29. reprinted as Mycenaean Pottery, i: Analysis and Classification; ii: Chronology (Stockholm, 1972).
30. J. D. Beazley's method is clearly described in his article 'Citharoedus', JHS 42 (1922), 70-98.
31. Catling et. al. (n. 2) on Minoan and Mycenaean coarse stirrup jars;
32. and Peacock (n. 3).
33. The divide in approaches to ceramic analysis between prehistoric and later excavated pottery is seen very clearly at Knossos. While Wilson-Day, 'Regionalism', 'South front', use a combination of MICFA and MACFA for their assessments of Minoan pottery, the recently published handbook on Greek and Roman pottery from Knossos (J. N. Coldstream, L. J. Eiring, and G. Forster, Knossos Pottery Handbook. Greek and Roman (BSA Studies 7; Athens, 2001 ) has little detailed discussion of ceramic fabrics. The results of laboratory analysis are given where available and different fabrics are mentioned but never systematically described; the authors deliberately chose not to use Munsell numbers so that Knossian surface and core colours cannot be related to those from other sites. Inclusions are sometimes identified ('white calcite') but all too often listed as 'brown and grey particles' (p. 22). Discussions of coarse wares are mainly limited to cooking pots, and take up only 8% of the book (and 9% of the plates).
34. Note, however, the comparative work done of Iron Age ceramics from Tenos and other Cycladic islands by J. Gautier, ' "Les Cyclades Antiques". Caractérisation des centres de production céramique par microscopie optique', in R. Dalongeville and G. Rougemont (eds), Recherches dans les Cyclades. Résultats des travaux de la RCP 583 (Lyons and Paris, 1993), 167-204;
35. and the ongoing programme of analyses of 7th c. BC to Roman pottery from Abdera, carried out by the 19th Ephorate and the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, D. Blackman, 'Archaeology in Greece', AR 48 (2001-2), 88.
36. Haggis-Mook, 'Kavousi'.
37. cf. Day's work on MM-LM I material at Akhladia (n. 3) (1995).
38. We note that our definition of Ware differs to some extent from Wilson and Day's (see Ware section below).
39. For a description of the Sphakia Survey, list of publications, and personnel please see the Sphakia Survey website, L. Nixon, J. Moody, S. Price, O. Rackham, The Sphakia Survey; Internet Edition (2001), http://sphakia. classics. ox. ac. uk.
40. G. Weinberg, 'Excavations at Tarrha, 1959', Hesp. 29 (1960), 90-108.
41. Ashmolean Museum (inv. ae. 282-4).
42. R. C. Bosanquet and R. M. Dawkins, The Unpublished Objects from the Palaikastro Excavations, 1902-1906 (BSA supp. 1; London 1923), 90 and fig. 73;
43. 'Faranga (Pharangas) in Anopolis yielded Late Mycenaean vases (Ash. Mus. )' (J. L. Myres in letter of 1895 to Dawkins, quoted in A. Brown (ed. with K. Bennett), Arthur Evans's Travels in Crete 1894-1899 (BAR IS1000; Oxford, 2001) nos. 231-3).
44. S. Hood, 'Minoan sites in the far west of Crete', BSA 60 (1965), 99-113
45. and 'Some sites in south-west Crete', BSA 62 (1967), 47-56.
46. P. Faure, 'Sur trois sortes de sanctuaires crétois', BCH 91 (1967), 114-50;
47. 'Sur trois sortes de sanctuaires crétois (suite)', BCH 93 (1969), 174-213.
48. P. Rice, Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook (Chicago, 1987);
49. For a detailed treatment of the Wares issue, see P. Rice, 'Re-thinking the ware concept', American Antiquity, 141 (1976), 538-43.
50. P. P. Betancourt, A History of Minoan Pottery (Princeton, 1985).
51. See discussion in E. Hallager and B. P. Hallager (eds), Late Minoan III Pottery: Chronology and Terminology: Acts of a Meeting held at the Danish Institute at Athens, August 12-14, 1994 (Monographs of the Danish Institute 1; Athens, 1997), 185-92.
52. This section and the petrographic descriptions included in the text are the result of analyses done by Lucy Wilson.
53. I. Tzedakis, A. Delt 25. 2 (1970), B. 473;
54. K. Davaras, A. Delt. 26. 2 (1971), B. 508-19, at 511. Very little pottery from Graeco-Roman Sphakia had been published prior to the Survey. Weinberg's excavations at Tarrha in 1959 (n. 18) and Hood's survey work on the Frangokastello Plain (n. 20) represent the bulk of the material. Excavations in north and central Crete have proven more helpful, with material from Knossos, Kommos, Gortyn, Phalasarna, and Khania, in particular, providing identifications, parallels and chronologies for some fragments.
55. I. K. Whitbread, Greek Transport Amphorae: A Petrological and Archaeological Study (Fitch laboratory Occasional Paper 4; Athens, 1995).
56. Cf. Moody, 'Development';
57. ead. , 'Prehistory';
58. See T. Whitelaw, P. M. Day, E. Kiriatzi, V. Kilikoglou and D. E. Wilson, 'Ceramic traditions at EM IIIB Myrtos, Fournou Korifi', in Laffineur-Betancourt (n. 4), 265-74
59. and P. M. Day, D. E. Wilson, and E. Kiriatzi, 'Pots, labels and people: burying ethnicity in the cemetery at Aghia Photia, Siteias', in K. Branigan (ed. ), Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1; Sheffield, 1998), 133-49.
60. We have conducted a number of experiments making pots from local, Cretan terra rossas and have found them to be satisfactory clay bodies. We plan to publish these results in another article.
61. Special thanks to Lucia Vagnetti for allowing us to examine the Nerokourou FN-EM material and for looking at our material.
62. Cf. Moody, 'Prehistory'.
63. Cf. Day et al. (n. 30).
64. Cf. Rice (n. 22), 230
65. and O. S. Rye, 'Keeping your temper under control: materials and the manufacture of Papuan pottery, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 11 (1976), 106-37, at 118.
66. Jerolyn Morrison and Moody have successfully replicated EM-MM calc fabrics from the Khania area using crushed aeolianite.
67. We thank Peter Day and David Wilson for this information.
68. The surface and core colours of Silver-Blue Spotted are very similar to those noted by Day and Kilikoglou for pottery fired in the LM I kiln from Kommos: J. W. Shaw, A. Van de Moortel, P. M. Day and V. Kilikoglou, A LM IA Ceramic Kiln in South-central Crete. Function and Pottery Production (Hesp. supp. 30; Princeton, 2001), 122.
69. It is possible that these speckles are fine feldspar, though this identification needs to be double-checked petrographically. Fine feldspar is a well-known fluxing agent; a fluxing agent reduces the firing temperature where a clay sinters and vitrifies, and would be desirable for ceramic functions where porosity is undesirable such as table ware, transport and long term storage (Rice (n. 22), 96-7). Although feldspar powder may have been added to the paste intentionally (if indeed the speckles prove to be feldspar), it seems more likely that clays naturally containing this material were sought out.
70. Similar conclusions have been reached by Shaw et al. (n. 38), 132, for their fabrics and wares from Kommos.
71. Haggis-Mook, 'Kavousi; discuss the use of non-local fabrics as chronological markers for the Kavousi area. In their example, pottery made out of the very distinctive Mirabello Fabric, and probably originating in the Vrokastro-Gournia area, does not occur after the Neopalatial period.
72. Moody-Robinson, 'Interaction'.
73. D. Peacock and D. Williams, Amphorae and the Roman Economy. An Introductory Guide (London, 1986), 86-92.
74. See Peacock and Williams (n. 43), 88-92, for distribution;
75. J. -Y. Empereur and A. Hesnard, 'Les amphores hellénistiques', in P. Levèque and J. -P. Morel (eds), Céramiques hellé nistiques et romaines, ii (Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Besançon 331; Paris, 1987), 9-71, fig. 29. 3;
76. R. Tomber and J. Dore, The National Roman Fabric Reference Collection: A Handbook (London, 1998), 88-9.
77. For a general description and history of ARS, see J. W. H. Hayes, A Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery (London, 1997), 59-62;
78. see also id. , Late Roman Pottery (London, 1972), 13-299.
79. Gortyn: A. Di Vita and A. Martin, Gortina II. Pretorio: il materiale degli scavi Colini: 1970-1977 (Monografie della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente 7; Padua, 1997), 132-54;
80. Knossos: Hayes (n. 45) (1972), 112-16, fig. 19; 166-9, fig. 32.
81. Research on the mechanical and thermal properties of ceramics and pottery has a long and distinguished history (see Rice (n. 22) for summaries). The pioneering work by Maniatis and Tite (n. 3);
82. M. S. Tite, V. Kilikoglou, G. Vekinis, 'Strength, toughness and thermal shock resistance of ancient ceramics, and their influence on technological science', Archaeometry, 43 (2001), 301-24;
83. Kilikoglou et al. 1988 (n. 4)
84. and G. Vekinis and V. Kilikoglou, 'Mechanical properties of quartz tempered ceramics: Part II, Hertzian strength, wear resistance and applications to ancient ceramics'. Archaeometry, 40 (1988), 281-92, is of special interest. They differentiate between 'toughness', the ability of a pot to stand up to mechanical and thermal shock, and 'strength', the ability of the pot to hold its contents. They note that, in general, 'strong' pottery is made from fabrics with low densities of inclusions and high firing temperatures. However, 'tough' pottery and pottery with high thermal shock resistance require high inclusion densities and lowfiring temperatures (Tite et al. , 321).
85. See H. L. Robinson, 'Potters' use of natural resources for cooking pottery: examples from the Sphakia Survey', in Πεπραγ μένα Θ' for a discussion of tripod cooking fabrics from Sphakia.
86. O. S. Rye, Pottery Technology: Principles and Reconstruction (Washington, DC, 1981), 27;
87. Rice (n. 22), 237.
88. M. K. Herron, 'A formal and functional analysis of St. John's series pottery from two sites in St. Augustine, Florida', in P. Rice (ed. ), Papers in Ceramic Analysis (Ceramic Notes 3; Gainesville, Fla. , 1986), 31-45.
89. Rye (n. 49), 27;
90. M. Schiffer, J. Sibbo, T. Boelke, M. Neupert, and M. Aronson, 'New perspectives in experimental archaeology: surface treatment and response of the clay cooking pot', American Antiquity, 59 (1994), 197-217.
91. Rye (n. 35);
92. G. Bronitsky and R. Hamer, 'Experiments in ceramic technology: the effects of various tempering materials on impact and thermal shock resistance', American Antiquity, 51 (1986), 89-101;
93. Rice (n. 22).
94. R. W. Grimshaw, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Materials (New York, 1971), 791;
95. Rye (n. 35) (1976), 110-1;
96. Rice n. 22, 367-8;
97. Kilikoglou et al. (n. 4).
98. 'The process of adhesion and densification (but not complete fusion or vitrification) of a particular material upon heating close to but below the melting point' (Rice (n. 22), 482).
99. D. Arnold, Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process (Cambridge, 1985), 128.
100. W. G. Lawrence, Ceramic Science for the Potter (Philadelphia, 1972), 181;
101. D. Braun, 'Pots as tools', in A. Keene and J. Moore (eds), Archaeological Hammers and Theories (New York, 1983), 107-34;
102. Tite et al. (n. 47), 321.
103. Rye (n. 35), 117.
104. Tite et al. (n. 47), 312.
105. Bronitsky-Hamer (n. 53), 97-8;
106. Kilikoglou et al. (n. 4), 272.
107. Robinson (n. 48).
108. H. Lewis [now Robinson], The Manufacture of Early Mycenaean Pottery (Ph. D. dissertation; Ann Arbor, 1983), 71.
109. L. Nixon, 'Specialised prehistoric ceramic objects from Sphakia', in.
110. For more technical analyses on the properties of 'strength' and 'toughness' in amphorae see Kilikoglou et al. 1988 (n. 4);
111. Vekinis and Kilikoglou (n. 47).
112. Rice (n. 22), 362-3.
113. Tite et al. (n. 47).
114. Maniatis and Tite (n. 3)
115. and Vekinis and Kilikoglou (n. 47), 288-9, have analysed the 'strength' and 'toughness' of Punic amphorae made out of sand tempered fabrics. They found that 'stronger' fabrics had smaller inclusions, while 'tougher' fabrics had greater quartz content. They note that high 'toughness' would be especially important when transporting liquids by boat.
116. Rice (n. 22), 231.
117. A third century AD pottery lease from Oxyrhynchus mentions both sandy earth as one of the components of the wine jars to be made, and pitch for lining; H. Cockle, 'Pottery manufacture in Roman Egypt: a new papyrus', JRS 71 (1981), 87-97; text p. 87, II. 14-16 and translation p. 90.
118. M. Lawall, 'Graffiti, wine-selling, and the reuse of amphorae in the Athenian agora, ca. 430 to 400 B. C. ', Hesp. 69 (2000), 3-90; for dried meat, see p. 80.
119. Columella, De re rustica xii. 20. 8. For adding calcium carbonate to wine in order to lower acidity, see A. Pandell, 'The acidity of wine', http://www. wine. perspective. com/ (1999).
120. A. Marangou-Lerat, Le Vin et les amphores de Crète de l'époque classique à l'époque impériale (Études crétoises 30; Athens, 1995), 35-122.
121. Tomber-Dore (n. 44), 101-2 for two North African amphora fabrics.
122. Marangou-Lerat (n. 71);
123. Coldstream et al. (n. 12), 161.
124. Rice (n. 22), 228.
125. Rye (n. 47), 27;
126. Rice (n. 22), 227.
127. Tite et al. (n. 47), 321;
128. Vekinis and Kilikoglou (n. 47), 274.
129. For the movement of pithoi see M. Voyatzoglou, 'The jar makers of Thrapsano in Crete', Expedition, 16 (1974), 18-24;
130. and Whitelaw et al. (n. 30), 268, where the transport of large pithoi from the Mirabello area on the north coast of Crete, to the site of Myrtos Fournou Korifi on the south coast, has been demonstrated by MACFA and MICFA methodologies for the Early Minoan period.
131. Recent experiments in the replication of Minoan ceramic fabrics Jerolyn Morrison and Marie Archambeault have demonstrated this for olive oil and honey (AIA, New Orleans 2002/3 Poster Session).
132. Nixon (n. 64).
133. This fabric is a refinement of the ceramic Fabric called Mixed Metamorphic Sand+ in Robinson (n. 48).
134. For general discussions of ancient beekeeping, see J. E. Jones, A. J. Graham, and L. H. Sackett, 'An Attic country house below the Cave of Pan at Vari', BSA (1973), 355-452;
135. V. R. Anderson-Stojanović and J. E. Jones, 'Ancient beehives from Isthmia', Hesp. 71 (2002), 345-76.
136. No securely identified clay beehive lids have been found by the Sphakia Survey; J. Francis, 'Beehives and beekeeping in Graeco-Roman Sphakia', in.
137. We are grateful to Aleydis Van de Moortel for discussing this manufacturing technique with us, and for allowing us to mention the Kommos material here. She adds that the same combination of coarse and fine fabrics probably occurred also at Phaistos and Ag. Triada, but that their fabrics have not yet been published in detail. Note also Van de Moortel, 'Adopting Knossian ways: Neopalatial versus Protopalatial pottery production in the western Mesara', in.
138. Coldstream et al. (n. 12), 141.
139. Tomber-Dore (n. 44), 26-7 publish in-depth descriptions of fabrics from two Terra Sigillata workshops, Lyons and Pisa.
140. For a more detailed discussion of Italian Terra Sigillata in Crete see: Knossos: Coldstream et al. (n. 12), 141-3;
141. Gortyn: Di Vita-Martin (n. 46), 125-6.
142. Apokoronas: Moody, 'Development';
143. Riley (n. 3), 283-91.
144. A study of ceramic fabrics done by Moody in the mid 1980s shows that sponge spicule fabrics form 0. 9% of a subsample of the MM II-LM I Nerokourou pottery; 17% of a subsample of the LM III pottery from the Ag. Aikaterini Square excavations in Khania; 26% of a subsample of the LM III pottery from Samonas; and 26% of a subsample of the LM III pottery from Stylos.
145. J. Francis, S. Price, L. Nixon, and J. Moody, 'Agiasmatsi: a cult cave in Sphakia, SW Crete', BSA 95 (2000), 427-71.
146. We should like to thank Athanasia Kanta for allowing one of us to study this material in the mid 1980s.
147. Day (n. 3).
148. L. Joyner and K. D. Politis, 'Catering for pilgrims: petrographic analysis of late antique kitchenware from the Monastery of St Lot at Deir 'Ain 'Abata, Jordan', Internet Archaeology, 9 (2000; http://intarch. ac. uk/journal/issue9/ daa_index. html);
149. P. Tyers, Potsherd. Atlas of Roman Pottery (Internet edition, 2002, http://www. potsherd. uklinux. net/).
150. Tomber-Dore (n. 44).
151. Nixon et al. (n. 17);
152. L. Nixon, 'Paper, video, website: new technologies and the Sphakia Survey', in Canadian Archaeological Institute at Athens' Colloquium on Ancient Greece at the Turn of the Millennium: Recent Work and Future Perspectives (in press). The authors of the present article note that Sanders sent them information about his work at Corinth and Sparta by e-mail, after seeing the Sphakia Survey website; and further, that Van de Moortel, whose work on the Kommos material is acknowledged in n. 87, was able to recognize a fabric from one of the digital images on our website.
153. P. Armstrong and H. Hatcher, 'Byzantine and allied pottery, phase 2: past works on materials analysis and future prospects', in H. Maguire (ed. ), Materials Analysis of Byzantine Pottery (Washington DC, 1995), 1-8.
154. J. F. Cherry,'Frogs around the pond: perspectives on current archaeological survey projects in the Mediterranean region', in D. Keller and D. Rupp (eds), Archaeological Survey in the Mediterranean (BAR IS 155; Oxford, 1983), 375-416.
155. The Beazley Archive at Oxford has investigated ways of linking online resources, so that researchers can search more than one database at a time. In spring 2001 the Archive inaugurated a project to develop a model for searching across datasets in classical archaeology held at a selection of sites elsewhere in Europe with considerable experience in electronic documentation. These are the Forschungsarchiv für antike Plastik in Cologne; the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Department of the Musée du Louvre; and the Paris office of the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC) in the University of Paris X. In June 2001 the Foundation Council of the LIMC, representing some forty countries, agreed to participate in the project (introduction to the Beazley Archive website, http://www. beazley. ox. ac. uk). To be more specific, D. Kurtz and G. Parker (pers. comm. ) have proposed a distributed model, where a web front-end processes a query, sends it to individual servers, then combines and display results, e. g. in summary format, or in a browsing screen with full information and images. The same kind of cross-searching could be used for databases containing information about ceramic fabrics, including images.
156. Jones (n. 3);
157. Y. Tzedakis and H. Martlew, Minoans and Mycenaeans: Flavours of Their Times (Athens, 1999).
158. K. D. Vitelli, 'Greek Neolithic pottery by experiment', in P. M. Rice (ed. ), Pots and Potters. Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 24; Los Angeles, 1987), 113-31.
159. Matson (n. 2);
160. H. Blitzer, "Traditional pottery production in Kentri, Crete: workshops, materials, techniques and trade', in P. P. Betancourt (ed. ), East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware (Philadelphia, 1984), 143-58;
161. ead. , 'Koroneika: storage-jar production and trade in the traditional Aegean', Hesp. 59 (1990), 675-711.
162. R. Hampe and A. Winter, Bei Töpfern und Töpferinnen in Kreta, Messenien, und Zypern (Mainz, 1962);
163. Voyatzoglou (n. 76);
164. Blitzer (n. 104) (1984, 1990).
165. See Rice (n. 22), 311-12 for a history.
166. Peacock (n. 3);
167. Tomber-Dore (n. 44) (1998);
168. Tyers (n. 96).