메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 1349-1362

Convergent evolution of an ant-plant mutualism across plant families, continents, and time

Author keywords

Ant; Convergent evolution; Dispersal; Diversity; Formicidae; Mutualism; Myrmecochory; Seed

Indexed keywords

FORMICIDAE; HEXAPODA; LILIOPSIDA; PROSOPIS;

EID: 38949154868     PISSN: 15220613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (45)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0028993671 scopus 로고
    • Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in seagrasses: Functional mechanisms
    • Ackerman, J.D. 1995. Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in seagrasses: functional mechanisms. Evol. Ecol., 9: 139-153.
    • (1995) Evol. Ecol , vol.9 , pp. 139-153
    • Ackerman, J.D.1
  • 2
    • 38949118469 scopus 로고
    • Effects of a nuclear detonation on arthropods at the Nevada Test Site
    • Allred, D.M. 1973. Effects of a nuclear detonation on arthropods at the Nevada Test Site. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser., 18(4): 1-20.
    • (1973) Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-20
    • Allred, D.M.1
  • 3
    • 0024183076 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal distance as a benefit of myrmecochory
    • Andersen, A.N. 1988. Dispersal distance as a benefit of myrmecochory. Oecologia, 75: 507-511.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.75 , pp. 507-511
    • Andersen, A.N.1
  • 4
    • 0022850354 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the shrub Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Willd.: Dispersal and the dynamics of the soil seed-bank
    • Auld, T.D. 1986. Population dynamics of the shrub Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Willd.: dispersal and the dynamics of the soil seed-bank. Aust. J. Ecol., 11: 235-254.
    • (1986) Aust. J. Ecol , vol.11 , pp. 235-254
    • Auld, T.D.1
  • 5
    • 0001595391 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of ant-dispersed plants
    • K. Kubitzki, ed, pp, Hamburg: Parey
    • Beattie, A.J. 1983. The distribution of ant-dispersed plants. In Dispersal and Distribution (K. Kubitzki, ed.), pp. 249-270. Hamburg: Parey.
    • (1983) Dispersal and Distribution , pp. 249-270
    • Beattie, A.J.1
  • 7
    • 84971096057 scopus 로고
    • Myrmecochorous plants in Australia and their dispersal by ants
    • Berg, R.Y. 1975. Myrmecochorous plants in Australia and their dispersal by ants. Aust. J. Bot., 23: 475-508.
    • (1975) Aust. J. Bot , vol.23 , pp. 475-508
    • Berg, R.Y.1
  • 8
    • 0002551544 scopus 로고
    • Myrmecochory in Cape Fynbos
    • C.R. Huxley and D.F. Cutler, eds, pp, Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Bond, W.J., Yeaton, R. and Stock, W.D. 1991. Myrmecochory in Cape Fynbos. In Ant-Plant Interactions (C.R. Huxley and D.F. Cutler, eds.), pp. 448-462. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1991) Ant-Plant Interactions , pp. 448-462
    • Bond, W.J.1    Yeaton, R.2    Stock, W.D.3
  • 10
    • 0034712861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Cretaceous lineages of monocot flowering plants
    • Bremer, K. 2000. Early Cretaceous lineages of monocot flowering plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 4707-4711.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 4707-4711
    • Bremer, K.1
  • 11
    • 0002937934 scopus 로고
    • The fossil ants of North America
    • Carpenter, F.M. 1930. The fossil ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70: 1-66.
    • (1930) Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool , vol.70 , pp. 1-66
    • Carpenter, F.M.1
  • 12
    • 8144225346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptic consequences of a dispersal mutualism: Seed burial, elaiosome removal, and seed-bank dynamics
    • Christian, C.E. 2004. Cryptic consequences of a dispersal mutualism: seed burial, elaiosome removal, and seed-bank dynamics. Ecology, 85: 1101-1110.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 1101-1110
    • Christian, C.E.1
  • 14
    • 0000863074 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms
    • Crane, P.R. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 72: 716-793.
    • (1985) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard , vol.72 , pp. 716-793
    • Crane, P.R.1
  • 15
    • 0028973842 scopus 로고
    • The origin and early diversification of angiosperms
    • Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M. and Pedersen, K.R. 1995. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature, 374: 27-33.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 27-33
    • Crane, P.R.1    Friis, E.M.2    Pedersen, K.R.3
  • 16
    • 0024180869 scopus 로고
    • Ecological studies of Neotropical ant gardens
    • Davidson, D.W. 1988. Ecological studies of Neotropical ant gardens. Ecology, 69: 1138-1152.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1138-1152
    • Davidson, D.W.1
  • 17
    • 0008060511 scopus 로고
    • Competition for dispersal in ant-dispersed plants
    • Davidson, D.W. and Morton, S. 1981. Competition for dispersal in ant-dispersed plants. Science, 213: 1259-1261.
    • (1981) Science , vol.213 , pp. 1259-1261
    • Davidson, D.W.1    Morton, S.2
  • 18
    • 0009158005 scopus 로고
    • New Formicoidea (Hymenoptera) of the Upper Cretaceous
    • Dlussky, G.M. 1988. New Formicoidea (Hymenoptera) of the Upper Cretaceous. Paleontol. J., 21: 146-150.
    • (1988) Paleontol. J , vol.21 , pp. 146-150
    • Dlussky, G.M.1
  • 19
    • 0000850793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two new species of aculeate Hymenoptera (Vespida = Hymenoptera) from the Middle Eocene of the United States
    • Dlussky, G.M. and Rasnitsyn, A.P. 1999. Two new species of aculeate Hymenoptera (Vespida = Hymenoptera) from the Middle Eocene of the United States. Paleontol. J., 33: 546-549.
    • (1999) Paleontol. J , vol.33 , pp. 546-549
    • Dlussky, G.M.1    Rasnitsyn, A.P.2
  • 20
    • 68549134668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal mutualisms with ants and patterns of plant diversity in Western Australia
    • in press, E.F. Vilela, I.A. Santos, J.H. Schoereder, L.A.O. Campos and J.E. Serrão, eds, Viçosa: Editora Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG
    • Dunn, R., Gove, A. and Majer, J. in press. Seed dispersal mutualisms with ants and patterns of plant diversity in Western Australia. In Fronteiras do conhecimento em Insetos Socais (E.F. Vilela, I.A. Santos, J.H. Schoereder, L.A.O. Campos and J.E. Serrão, eds.). Viçosa: Editora Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG.
    • Fronteiras do conhecimento em Insetos Socais
    • Dunn, R.1    Gove, A.2    Majer, J.3
  • 21
    • 33645115741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choosing benefits or partners: A review of the evidence for the evolution of myrmecochory
    • Giladi, I. 2006. Choosing benefits or partners: a review of the evidence for the evolution of myrmecochory. Oikos, 112: 481-492.
    • (2006) Oikos , vol.112 , pp. 481-492
    • Giladi, I.1
  • 22
    • 0002836785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive radiation of plants on oceanic islands: Classical patterns, molecular data, new insights
    • P. Grant, ed, pp, Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Givnish, T.J. 1998. Adaptive radiation of plants on oceanic islands: classical patterns, molecular data, new insights. In Evolution on Islands (P. Grant, ed.), pp. 281-304. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998) Evolution on Islands , pp. 281-304
    • Givnish, T.J.1
  • 23
    • 25444451142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated evolution of net venation and fleshy fruits among monocots in shaded habitats confirms a priori predictions: Evidence from an ndhF phylogeny
    • Givnish, T.J., Pires, J.C., Graham, S.W., McPherson, M.A., Prince, L.M., Patterson, T.B. et al. 2005. Repeated evolution of net venation and fleshy fruits among monocots in shaded habitats confirms a priori predictions: evidence from an ndhF phylogeny. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 272: 1481-1490.
    • (2005) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.272 , pp. 1481-1490
    • Givnish, T.J.1    Pires, J.C.2    Graham, S.W.3    McPherson, M.A.4    Prince, L.M.5    Patterson, T.B.6
  • 24
    • 0031722316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myrmecochorous dispersal distances: A world survey
    • Gomez, C. and Espadaler, X. 1998. Myrmecochorous dispersal distances: a world survey. J. Bio geogr., 25: 573-580.
    • (1998) J. Bio geogr , vol.25 , pp. 573-580
    • Gomez, C.1    Espadaler, X.2
  • 25
    • 34547794209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A keystone ant species promotes seed dispersal in a 'diffuse' mutualism
    • Gove, A.D., Dunn, R.R. and Majer, J.D. 2007. A keystone ant species promotes seed dispersal in a 'diffuse' mutualism. Oecologia, 153: 687-697.
    • (2007) Oecologia , vol.153 , pp. 687-697
    • Gove, A.D.1    Dunn, R.R.2    Majer, J.D.3
  • 26
    • 0034610277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants
    • Grimaldi, D. and Agosti, D. 2000. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 13678-13683.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 13678-13683
    • Grimaldi, D.1    Agosti, D.2
  • 28
    • 0025329388 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by ants
    • Handel, S.N. and Beattie, A.J. 1990. Seed dispersal by ants. Sci. Am., 263: 76-83.
    • (1990) Sci. Am , vol.263 , pp. 76-83
    • Handel, S.N.1    Beattie, A.J.2
  • 29
    • 0000758804 scopus 로고
    • Seed predation by rodents on three ant-dispersed plants
    • Heithaus, E.R. 1981. Seed predation by rodents on three ant-dispersed plants. Ecology, 62: 136-145.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 136-145
    • Heithaus, E.R.1
  • 30
    • 0002211918 scopus 로고
    • The fossil history of the monocotyledons
    • P.J. Rudall, P.J. Cribb, D.F. Cutler and C.J. Humphries, eds, pp, London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
    • Herendeen, P.S. and Crane, P.R. 1995. The fossil history of the monocotyledons. In Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution (P.J. Rudall, P.J. Cribb, D.F. Cutler and C.J. Humphries, eds.), pp. 1-21. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
    • (1995) Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution , pp. 1-21
    • Herendeen, P.S.1    Crane, P.R.2
  • 31
    • 0027048084 scopus 로고
    • Capitula on stick insect eggs and elaiosomes on seeds - convergent adaptations for burial by ants
    • Hughes, L. and Westoby, M. 1992. Capitula on stick insect eggs and elaiosomes on seeds - convergent adaptations for burial by ants. Funct. Ecol., 6: 642-648.
    • (1992) Funct. Ecol , vol.6 , pp. 642-648
    • Hughes, L.1    Westoby, M.2
  • 32
    • 0242584907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative effects of macro invertebrates and habitat on the chemistry of litter during decomposition
    • Hunter, M.D., Adl, S., Pringle, C.M. and Coleman, D.C. 2003. Relative effects of macro invertebrates and habitat on the chemistry of litter during decomposition. Pedobiologia, 47: 101-115.
    • (2003) Pedobiologia , vol.47 , pp. 101-115
    • Hunter, M.D.1    Adl, S.2    Pringle, C.M.3    Coleman, D.C.4
  • 33
    • 0038477012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On ectotherm abundance in a seasonal environment - studies of a desert ant assemblage
    • Kaspari, M. and Valone, T.J. 2002. On ectotherm abundance in a seasonal environment - studies of a desert ant assemblage. Ecology, 83: 2991-2996.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2991-2996
    • Kaspari, M.1    Valone, T.J.2
  • 34
    • 0000534215 scopus 로고
    • Relative and seasonal abundance of predaceous arthropods in Alabama peanut fields as indexed by pitfall traps
    • Kharboutli, M.S. and Mack, T.P. 1991. Relative and seasonal abundance of predaceous arthropods in Alabama peanut fields as indexed by pitfall traps. J. Econ. Entomol., 84: 1015-1023.
    • (1991) J. Econ. Entomol , vol.84 , pp. 1015-1023
    • Kharboutli, M.S.1    Mack, T.P.2
  • 35
    • 0002692474 scopus 로고
    • Insects of the Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Washington
    • Lewis, S.E. 1992. Insects of the Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Washington. Washington Geol., 20: 15-19.
    • (1992) Washington Geol , vol.20 , pp. 15-19
    • Lewis, S.E.1
  • 36
    • 33745604946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation, speciation, and convergence: A hierarchical analysis of adaptive radiation in Caribbean Anolis lizards
    • Losos, J.B., Glor, R.E., Kolbe, J.J. and Nicholson, K. 2006. Adaptation, speciation, and convergence: a hierarchical analysis of adaptive radiation in Caribbean Anolis lizards. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 93: 24-33.
    • (2006) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard , vol.93 , pp. 24-33
    • Losos, J.B.1    Glor, R.E.2    Kolbe, J.J.3    Nicholson, K.4
  • 37
    • 38949162745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maddison, W. and Maddison, D.R. 2005. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.06 available at
    • Maddison, W. and Maddison, D.R. 2005. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.06 (available at: http://mesquiteproject.org).
  • 38
    • 0002247974 scopus 로고
    • Ant-plant interactions in the Darling botanical district of Western Australia
    • R.C. Buckley, ed, pp, The Hague: Dr. W. Junk
    • Majer, J.D. 1982. Ant-plant interactions in the Darling botanical district of Western Australia. In Ant-Plant Interactions in Australia (R.C. Buckley, ed.), pp. 45-61. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk.
    • (1982) Ant-Plant Interactions in Australia , pp. 45-61
    • Majer, J.D.1
  • 39
    • 26844470365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive advantages of myrmecochory: The predator-avoidance hypothesis tested over a wide geographic range
    • Manzaneda, A.J., Fedriani, J.M. and Rey, P.J. 2005. Adaptive advantages of myrmecochory: the predator-avoidance hypothesis tested over a wide geographic range. Ecography, 28: 583-592.
    • (2005) Ecography , vol.28 , pp. 583-592
    • Manzaneda, A.J.1    Fedriani, J.M.2    Rey, P.J.3
  • 40
    • 0001888117 scopus 로고
    • Convergence of myrmecochory in mediterranean Australia and South Africa
    • R.C. Buckley, ed, pp, The Hague: Dr. W. Junk
    • Milewski, A.V. and Bond, W.J. 1982. Convergence of myrmecochory in mediterranean Australia and South Africa. In Ant-Plant Interactions in Australia (R.C. Buckley, ed.), pp. 89-98. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk.
    • (1982) Ant-Plant Interactions in Australia , pp. 89-98
    • Milewski, A.V.1    Bond, W.J.2
  • 41
    • 0031852663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food from seed-dispersal mutualism shifts sex ratios in colonies of the ant Aphaenogaster rudis
    • Morales, M.A. and Heithaus, E.R. 1998. Food from seed-dispersal mutualism shifts sex ratios in colonies of the ant Aphaenogaster rudis. Ecology, 79: 734-739.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 734-739
    • Morales, M.A.1    Heithaus, E.R.2
  • 42
    • 33645665925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of the ants: Diversification in the age of angiosperms
    • Moreau, C., Bell, C.D., Vila, R., Archibald, S.B. and Pierce, N.E. 2006. Phylogeny of the ants: diversification in the age of angiosperms. Science, 312: 101-104.
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 101-104
    • Moreau, C.1    Bell, C.D.2    Vila, R.3    Archibald, S.B.4    Pierce, N.E.5
  • 43
    • 0033566527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Un gisement sparnacien exceptionnel a plantes, arthropodes et vertebres (Eocene basal, MP7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France)
    • Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes
    • Nel, A., De Ploeg, G., Dejax, J., Dutheil, D., de Fraceschi, D., Gheerbrant, E. et al. 1999. Un gisement sparnacien exceptionnel a plantes, arthropodes et vertebres (Eocene basal, MP7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes, 329: 65-72.
    • (1999) Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences , vol.329 , pp. 65-72
    • Nel, A.1    De Ploeg, G.2    Dejax, J.3    Dutheil, D.4    de Fraceschi, D.5    Gheerbrant, E.6
  • 44
    • 2142764030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The oldest ant in the Lower Cretaceous amber of Charente-Maritime (SW France) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
    • Nel, A., Perrault, G., Perrichot, V. and Neraudeau, N. 2004. The oldest ant in the Lower Cretaceous amber of Charente-Maritime (SW France) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Geologica Acta, 2: 23-29.
    • (2004) Geologica Acta , vol.2 , pp. 23-29
    • Nel, A.1    Perrault, G.2    Perrichot, V.3    Neraudeau, N.4
  • 45
    • 0028165763 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of leaf litter invertebrates along a neotropical altitudinal gradient
    • Olson, D.M. 1994. The distribution of leaf litter invertebrates along a neotropical altitudinal gradient. J. Trop. Ecol., 10: 129-150.
    • (1994) J. Trop. Ecol , vol.10 , pp. 129-150
    • Olson, D.M.1
  • 46
    • 38949110504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at
    • Pagel, M. 2006. Discrete (available at: www.ams.reading.ac.uk/zoology/ pagel).
    • (2006) Discrete
    • Pagel, M.1
  • 47
    • 0348019098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic cohesion, chromosomal evolution, parallel adaptive radiations, and consequent floral adaptations in Calochortus (Calochortaceae): Evidence from a cpDNA phylogeny
    • Patterson, T.B. and Givnish, T.J. 2004. Geographic cohesion, chromosomal evolution, parallel adaptive radiations, and consequent floral adaptations in Calochortus (Calochortaceae): evidence from a cpDNA phylogeny. New Phytol., 161: 253-264.
    • (2004) New Phytol , vol.161 , pp. 253-264
    • Patterson, T.B.1    Givnish, T.J.2
  • 49
    • 0030304968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ant communities in taiga clearcuts: Habitat effects and species interactions
    • Punttila, P., Haila, Y. and Tukia, H. 1996. Ant communities in taiga clearcuts: habitat effects and species interactions. Ecography, 19: 16-28.
    • (1996) Ecography , vol.19 , pp. 16-28
    • Punttila, P.1    Haila, Y.2    Tukia, H.3
  • 50
    • 0002596228 scopus 로고
    • Hymenopteran insects in Baltic amber with respect to the overall history of the order
    • Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Kulicka, R. 1990. Hymenopteran insects in Baltic amber with respect to the overall history of the order. Prace Muzeum Ziemi., 41.
    • (1990) Prace Muzeum Ziemi , vol.41
    • Rasnitsyn, A.P.1    Kulicka, R.2
  • 51
    • 33750526838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary basis of parallelism in North American scincid lizards
    • Richmond, J.Q. 2006. Evolutionary basis of parallelism in North American scincid lizards. Evol. Develop., 8: 477-490.
    • (2006) Evol. Develop , vol.8 , pp. 477-490
    • Richmond, J.Q.1
  • 52
    • 38949094025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sanderson, M.J. 2002. r8s, version 1.5 (available at: http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/PDF/r8smanual.pdf).
    • Sanderson, M.J. 2002. r8s, version 1.5 (available at: http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/PDF/r8smanual.pdf).
  • 54
    • 0003202226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descriptive terminology of the phasmid egg capsule, with an extended key to the phasmid genera based on egg structure
    • Sellick, J.T. 1997. Descriptive terminology of the phasmid egg capsule, with an extended key to the phasmid genera based on egg structure. Syst. Entomol., 22: 97-122.
    • (1997) Syst. Entomol , vol.22 , pp. 97-122
    • Sellick, J.T.1
  • 55
    • 0002058268 scopus 로고
    • Entwurf einer Monographie der europäischen Myrmekochoren.
    • Sernander, R. 1906a. Entwurf einer Monographie der europäischen Myrmekochoren. K. Sven. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 41: 1-410.
    • (1906) K. Sven. Vetensk. Akad. Handl , vol.41 , pp. 1-410
    • Sernander, R.1
  • 56
    • 38949126748 scopus 로고
    • Ueber postflorale Nektarien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der myrmekotrophen Anpassungen im Dienste der Verbreitungsbiologie
    • Sernander, R. 1906b. Ueber postflorale Nektarien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der myrmekotrophen Anpassungen im Dienste der Verbreitungsbiologie. Botan Studier. Uppsala, 1906: 275-287.
    • (1906) Botan Studier. Uppsala , pp. 275-287
    • Sernander, R.1
  • 57
    • 0006979220 scopus 로고
    • Fossil resin in Sicily and the northern Apennines: Geology and organic content
    • Skalski, A.W. and Veggiani, A. 1990. Fossil resin in Sicily and the northern Apennines: geology and organic content. Prace Muzeum Ziemi., 41: 37-49.
    • (1990) Prace Muzeum Ziemi , vol.41 , pp. 37-49
    • Skalski, A.W.1    Veggiani, A.2
  • 58
    • 0022236323 scopus 로고
    • The influence of ants on the dispersal distance and seedling recruitment of Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) Buek (Proteaceae)
    • Slingsby, P. and Bond, W.J. 1985. The influence of ants on the dispersal distance and seedling recruitment of Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) Buek (Proteaceae). S. Afr. J. Bot., S. Afr. Tydskr. Plantkd., 51: 30-34.
    • (1985) S. Afr. J. Bot., S. Afr. Tydskr. Plantkd , vol.51 , pp. 30-34
    • Slingsby, P.1    Bond, W.J.2
  • 59
    • 0001050486 scopus 로고
    • Seed size, dispersal syndromes, and the rise of the angiosperms - evidence and hypothesis
    • Tiffney, B.H. 1984. Seed size, dispersal syndromes, and the rise of the angiosperms - evidence and hypothesis. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 71: 551-576.
    • (1984) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard , vol.71 , pp. 551-576
    • Tiffney, B.H.1
  • 60
    • 11244289722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate dispersal of seed plants through time
    • Tiffney, B.H. 2004. Vertebrate dispersal of seed plants through time. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 35: 1-29.
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst , vol.35 , pp. 1-29
    • Tiffney, B.H.1
  • 61
    • 0029110497 scopus 로고
    • Angiosperm growth habit, dispersal and diversification reconsidered
    • Tiffney, B.H. and Mazer, S.J. 1995. Angiosperm growth habit, dispersal and diversification reconsidered. Evol. Ecol., 9: 93-117.
    • (1995) Evol. Ecol , vol.9 , pp. 93-117
    • Tiffney, B.H.1    Mazer, S.J.2
  • 62
    • 0001616702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales
    • Vinnersten, A. and Bremer, K. 2001. Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales. Am. J. Bot., 88: 1695-1703.
    • (2001) Am. J. Bot , vol.88 , pp. 1695-1703
    • Vinnersten, A.1    Bremer, K.2
  • 63
    • 0026282164 scopus 로고
    • Why do more plant species use ants for dispersal on infertile compared with fertile soils
    • Westoby, M., French, K., Hughes, L., Rice, B. and Rodgerson, L. 1991a. Why do more plant species use ants for dispersal on infertile compared with fertile soils. Aust. J. Ecol., 16: 445-455.
    • (1991) Aust. J. Ecol , vol.16 , pp. 445-455
    • Westoby, M.1    French, K.2    Hughes, L.3    Rice, B.4    Rodgerson, L.5
  • 64
    • 0001853095 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by ants: Comparing infertile with fertile soils
    • C.R. Huxley and D.F. Cutler, eds, pp, Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Westoby, R.L., Hughes, L. and Rice, B.L. 1991b. Seed dispersal by ants: comparing infertile with fertile soils. In Ant-Plant Interactions (C.R. Huxley and D.F. Cutler, eds.), pp. 434-447. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1991) Ant-Plant Interactions , pp. 434-447
    • Westoby, R.L.1    Hughes, L.2    Rice, B.L.3
  • 65
    • 1942420586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal for distance? Acacia ligulata seeds and meat ants Iridomyrmex viridiaeneus
    • Whitney, K.D. 2002. Dispersal for distance? Acacia ligulata seeds and meat ants Iridomyrmex viridiaeneus. Austral Ecol., 27: 589-595.
    • (2002) Austral Ecol , vol.27 , pp. 589-595
    • Whitney, K.D.1
  • 66
    • 33646690277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles
    • Wiens, J.J., Brandley, M.C. and Reeder, T.W. 2006. Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles. Evolution, 60: 123-141.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 123-141
    • Wiens, J.J.1    Brandley, M.C.2    Reeder, T.W.3
  • 67
    • 0000490559 scopus 로고
    • Ants from the Cretaceous and Eocene amber of North America
    • Wilson, E.O. 1985. Ants from the Cretaceous and Eocene amber of North America. Psyche, 92: 205-216.
    • (1985) Psyche , vol.92 , pp. 205-216
    • Wilson, E.O.1
  • 68
    • 19644378267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of the ants: A phylogenetic and ecological explanation
    • Wilson, E.O. and Holldobler, B. 2005. The rise of the ants: a phylogenetic and ecological explanation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102: 7411-7414.
    • (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.102 , pp. 7411-7414
    • Wilson, E.O.1    Holldobler, B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.