Continuous glucose monitoring and diabetes health outcomes: A critical appraisal

Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 69-80

  Reach, Gérard ^a,b,c  

^a ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE HÔPITAUX DE PARIS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 13   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 13   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN;

ACCURACY; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVICE; DIABETES MELLITUS; HOLTER MONITORING; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INCIDENCE; INSULIN TREATMENT; IONTOPHORESIS; METABOLIC REGULATION; MICRODIALYSIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; TECHNOLOGY;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD GLUCOSE SELF-MONITORING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN;

EID: 38949154486     PISSN: 15209156     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2007.0261     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Pickup JC, Kidd J, Burmiston S, Yemane N: Determinants of glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during intensified therapy with multiple daily insulin injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: importance of blood glucose variability. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006;22:232-237.
2. Hirsch IB, Brownlee M: Should minimal blood glucose variability become the gold standard of glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications 2005;19:178-181.
3. Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, Colette C: Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia. JAMA 2006; 295:1681-1687.
4. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL: The effect of glucose variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1486-1490.
5. Irvine AA, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick L: Fear of hypoglycemia: relationship to physical and psychological symptoms in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Health Psychol 1992;11:135-138.
6. Thompson CJ, Cummings JF, Chalmers J, Gould C, Newton RW: How have patients reacted to the implications of the DCCT? Diabetes Care 1996;19:876-879.
7. Choleau C, Albisser AM, Bar-Hen A, Bihan H, Campinos C, Gherbi Z, Jomaa R, Aich M, Cohen R, Reach G: A novel method for assessing insulin dose adjustments by diabetic patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2007;1:3-7.
8. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-986.
9. Cox DJ, Kovatchev BP, Julian DM, Gonder-Frederick LA, Polonsky WH, Schlundt DG, Clarke WL: Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus can be predicted from self-monitoring blood glucose data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1659-1662.
10. Cryer PE: Mechanisms of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure and its component syndromes in diabetes. Diabetes 2005;54:3592-3601.
11. Frier BM: Morbidity of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;65(Suppl 1):S47-S52.
12. MacLeod KM, Hepburn DA, Frier BM: Frequency and morbidity of severe hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1993;10:238-245.
13. McCrimmon RJ, Frier BM: Hypoglycemia, the most feared complication of insulin therapy. Diabetes Metab 1994;20:503-512.
14. Choleau C, Klein JC, Reach G, Aussedat B, Demaria-Pesce V, Wilson GS, Gifford R, Ward WK: Calibration of a subcutaneous amperometric glucose sensor implanted for 7 days in diabetic patients. Part 1. Effect of measurement uncertainties on the determination of sensor sensitivity and background current. Biosens Bioelectron 2002;17:641-646.
15. Kulcu E, Tamada JA, Reach G, Potts RO, Lesho MJ: Physiological differences between interstitial glucose and blood glucose measured in human subjects. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2405-2409.
16. Rossetti P, Porcellati F, Fanelli CG, Bolli GB: Evaluation of the accuracy of a microdialysis-based glucose sensor during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, its recovery, and post-hypoglycemic hyperglycemia in humans. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:326-337.
17. Boyne MS, Silver DM, Kaplan J, Saudek CD: Timing of changes in interstitial and venous blood glucose measured with a continuous subcutaneous glucose sensor. Diabetes 2003;52:2790-2794.
18. Metzger M, Leibowitz G, Wainstein J, Glaser B, Raz I: Reproducibility of glucose measurements using the glucose sensor. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1185-1191.
19. Guerci B, Floriot M, Böhme P, Durain D, Benichou M, Jellimann S, Drouin P: Clinical performance of CGMS in type 1 diabetic patients treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using insulin analogs. Diabetes Care 2003;26:582-589.
20. King A, Armstrong D, Chu C, Sharma M, Price D: Use of multiple CGMS sensors shows agreement in glucose values but significant difference in rates of glucose change [abstract]. Diabetes 2007;56(Suppl 1):85-OR.
21. Zisser H, Shwartz S, Ratner R, Wise J, Bailey T: Accuracy of seven-day continuous glucose sensor compared to YSI blood glucose values [abstract]. Diabetes 2007;56(Suppl 1):92-OR.
22. Von Dobeln A, Adamson U: Nocturnal differences in subcutaneous tissue glucose between forearm and abdominal sites during continuous glucose monitoring in normal subjects. Diabetes Metab 2005;31:347-352.
23. Kovatchev BP, Gonder-Frederick LA, Cox DJ, Clarke WL: Evaluating the accuracy of continuous glucose-monitoring sensors: continuous glucose-error grid analysis illustrated by TheraSense Freestyle Navigator data. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1922-1928.
24. Diabetes in Research Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group: Evaluation of factors affecting CGMS calibration. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:318-325.
25. Amin E, Ross K, Acerini CL, Edge JA, Warner J, Dunger DB: Hypoglycemia prevalence in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes on standard insulin regimen: use of continuous glucose monitoring system. Diabetes Care 2003;26:662-667.
26. McGowan K, Thomas W, Moran A: Spurious reporting of nocturnal hypoglycemia by CGMS in patients with tightly controlled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;1499-1503.
27. Diabetes in Research Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group: Eight-point glucose testing versus the continuous glucose monitoring system in evaluation of glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3387-3391.
28. Larsen J, Ford T, Lyde E, Colling C, Mack-Shipman L, Lane J: What is hypoglycemia in patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes treated by subcutaneous insulin pump with use of the continuous glucose monitoring system? Endocr Pract 2004;10:324-329.
29. Bode BW, Gross TM, Thornton KR, Mastrototaro JJ: Continuous glucose monitoring used to adjust diabetes therapy improves glycosylated hemoglobin: a pilot study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999;46:183-190.
30. 1c in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1840-1844.
31. Kaufman FR, Gibson LC, Halvorson M, Carpenter S, Fisher LK, Pitukcheewanont P: A pilot study of the continuous glucose monitoring system: clinical decisions and glycemic control after its use in pediatric type 1 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2001;24:2030-2034.
32. Schaepelynck-Belicar P, Vague Ph, Simonin G, Lassmann-Vague V: Improved metabolic control in diabetic adolescents using the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Diabetes Metab 2003;29:608-612.
33. Rosilio M, Cotton JB, Wieliczko MC, Gendrault B, Carel JC, Couvaras O, Ser N, Bougneres PF, Gillet P, Soskin S, Garandeau P, Stuckens C, Le luyer B, Jos J, Bony-Trifunovic H, Bertrand AM, Leturcq F, Lafuma A: Factors associated with glycemic control. A cross-sectional nationwide study in 2,579 French children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1146-1153.
34. Karter AJ, Ackerson LM, Darbinian JA, D'Agostino RB Jr, Ferrara A, Liu J, Selby JV: Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and glycemic control: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Am J Med 2001;111:1-9.
35. Tanenberg R, Bode B, Lane W, Levetan C, Mestman J, Harmel AP, Tobian J, Gross T, Mastrototaro J: Use of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System to guide therapy in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:1521-1526.
36. Chase HP, Kim LM, Owen SL, MacKenzie TA, Klingensmith GJ, Murtfeldt R, Garg SK: Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics 2001;107:222-226.
37. Chico A, Vidal-Rios P, Subira M, Novials A: The continuous glucose monitoring system is useful for detecting unrecognized hypoglycemias in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes but is not better than frequent capillary glucose measurements for improving metabolic control. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1153-1157.
38. Yates K,Milton AH, Dear K, Ambler G: Continuous glucose monitoring-guided insulin adjustment in children and adolescents on near-physiological insulin regimens: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1512-1517.
39. Lagarde WH, Barrows FP, Davenport ML, Kang M, Guess HA, Calikoglu AS: Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes 2006;7:159-164.
40. Ludvigsson J, Hanas R: Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring improved metabolic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: a controlled crossover study. Pediatrics 2003;111:933-938.
41. Deiss D, Hartman R, Schmidt J, Kordonouri O: Results of a randomised controlled cross-over trial on the effect of continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CGMS) on glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006;114:63-67.
42. Chase HP, Roberts MD, Wightman C, Klingensmith G, Garg SK, Van Wyhe M, Desai S, Harper W, Lopatin M, Bartkowiak M, Tamada J, Eastman RC: Use of the GlucoWatch Biographer in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics 2003;111:790-794.
43. The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group: A randomized multicenter trial comparing the GlucoWatch Biographer with standard glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1101-1106.
44. Garg SK, Schwartz S, Edelman SV: Improved glucose excursions using an implantable real-time continuous glucose sensor in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:734-738.
45. Garg SK, Zisser H, Schwartz S, Bailey T, Kaplan R, Ellis S, Jovanovic L: Improvement in glycemic excursions with a transcutaneous, real-time continuous glucose sensor: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2006;29:44-50.
46. Garg SK, Jovanovic L: Relationship of fasting and hourly blood glucose levels to HbA1c values: safety, accuracy, and improvements in glucose profiles obtained using a 7-day continuous glucose sensor. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2644-2649.
47. Bailey TS, Zisser HC, Garg SK: Reduction in hemoglobin A1c with real-time continuous glucose monitoring: results from a 12-week observational study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007;9:299-306.
48. Deiss D, Bolinder J, Riveline JP, Battelino T, Bosi E, Tubiana-Rufi N, Kerr D, Philip M: Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring, Diabetes Care 2006;29:2730-2732.
49. Bugler JR, Bergenstal RM, Bode BW, Weinstein RL, Schwartz SL, Bernstein RM, El-Deiry SS: Home use evaluation of the Free-Style Navigator continuous glucose monitoring system [abstract]. Diabetologia 2006;49(Suppl 1):0957.
50. Nielsen JK, Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Carus AC, Granild-Jensen J, Orskov H, Christiansen JS: Continuous glucose monitoring in interstitial subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle reflects excursions in cerebral cortex. Diabetes 2005;54:1635-1639.
51. Hirsch IB, Bode BW, Abelseth J, Fischer JS, Kaufman FR, Mastrototaro J, Wolpert HA, Buckingham BA: Sensor augmented pump therapy: results of the first treat-to-target study [abstract]. Diabetes 2007;56(Suppl 1):90-OR.
52. Pitzer KR, Desai S, Dunn T, Edelman S, Jayalakshmi Y, Kennedy J, Tamada JA, Potts RO: Detection of hypoglycemia with the GlucoWatch Biographer. Diabetes Care 2001;24:881-885.
53. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group: Accuracy of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer and the continuous glucose monitoring system during hypoglycemia: experience of the Diabetes Research in Children Network. Diabetes Care 2004;27:722-726.
54. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group: Psychological aspects of continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2006;7:32-38.
55. Melki V, Ayon F, Fernandez M, Hanaire-Broutin H: Value and limitations of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in the management of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2006;32:123-129.
56. Kerssen A, de Valk HW, Visser GH: Day-to-day glucose variability during pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: glucose profiles measured with the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. BJOG 2004;111:919-924.
57. Skyler JS, Skyler DL, Seigler DE, O'Sullivan MJ: Algorithms for adjustment of insulin dosage by patients who monitor blood glucose. Diabetes Care 1981;4:311-318.
58. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00406133?order=1. Accessed January 8, 2008.
59. Lenz M, Steckelberg A, Richter B, Mühlhauser I: Meta-analysis does not allow appraisal of complex interventions in diabetes and hypertension self-management: a methodological review. Diabetologia 2007;50:1375-1383.
60. Sämann A, Mühlhauser I, Bender R, Hunger-Dathe W, Kloos C, Müller UA: Flexible intensive insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes and high risk for severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2196-2199.