Development of ASI psychiatric severity cut-off scores to identify co-occurring psychiatric disorders

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 77-92

  Cacciola, John S ^a,b   Pecoraro, Anna ^b,c   Alterman, Arthur I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b TREATMENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c WIDENER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Addiction Severity Index (ASI); Co occurring disorders; Comorbidity; Dual diagnosis; Mental health; Screening

Indexed keywords

EID: 38949138773     PISSN: 15571874     EISSN: 15571882     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11469-007-9103-7     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Alterman, A. I., McDermott, P. A., Cook, T., Cacciola, J. S., McKay, J. R., McLellan, A. T., et al. (2000). Generalizability of the clinical dimensions of the Addiction Severity Index to nonopiate dependent patients. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 287-294.
2. Alterman, A. I., McDermott, P. A., Cook, T. G., Metzger, D., Rutherford, M. J., Cacciola, J. S., et al. (1998). New scales to assess change in the Addiction Severity Index for the opioid, cocaine, and alcohol dependent. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(4), 233-246.
3. Alterman, A. I., Bovasso, G. B., Cacciola, J. S., & McDermott, P. A. (2001a). A comparison of the predictive validity of four sets of baseline ASI summary indices. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(2), 156-162.
4. Alterman, A. I., Mulvaney, F. D., Cacciola, J. S., Cnaan, A., McDermott, P. A., & Brown, L. (2001b). The validity of interviewer severity ratings in groups of ASI interviewers with varying training. Addiction, 96, 1297-1305.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.) Revised. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed). Washington, DC.: American Psychiatric Association.
7. American Psychiatric Association. (2006). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders (2nd ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
8. Bartels, S. J., Drake, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. (1995). Long-term course of substance use disorders among patients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 46, 248-251.
9. Battisti, F., De Franciscis, A., Tarsitani, L., Di Clemente, L., Di Stani, F., Calabresi, M., et al. (2004). Gender differences in anger, depression and anxiety dimensions and psychometric screening of psychopathology in a sample of students. Rivista di Psichiatria, 39(3), 184-188.
10. Beck, A. T., Ward, C., & Mendelson, M. (1961). Beck depression inventory. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
11. Brown, R. A., Monti, P. M., Myers, M. G., Martin R. A., Rivinus T., Dubreuil, M. E. (1998). Depression among cocaine abusers in treatment: Relation to cocaine and alcohol use and treatment outcome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 220-225.
12. Bultler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Goldman, R. J., Newman, F. J., Beckley, K. E., Trottier, D., et al. (2001). Initial validation of a computer-administered Addiction Severity Inventory: The ASI-MV. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(1), 4-12.
13. Cacciola, J. S, Alterman, A. I., McKay, J. R., & Rutherford, M. J. (2001a). Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with substance use disorders: Do not forget Axis II disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 31(5), 321-331.
14. Cacciola, J. S., Alterman, A. I., Rutherford, M. J., McKay, J., & Mulvaney, F. D. (2001b). The relationship of psychiatric comorbidity to treatment outcomes in methadone maintained patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 61, 271-280.
15. Cacciola, J., & Dugosh, K. (2003). Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders: A literature review. Document prepared by DeltaMetrics under contract for the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Fairfax, VA: Caliber Associates.
16. Cacciola, J. S., Rutherford, M. J., Alterman, A. I., McKay, J. R., & Mulvaney, F. D. (1999). Long-term test-retest reliability of personality disorder diagnoses in opiate dependent patients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12, 332-337.
17. Calsyn, D. A., Saxon, A. J., Bush, K. R., Howell, D. N., Baer, J. S., Sloan, K. L., et al. (2004). The Addiction Severity Index medical and psychiatric composite scores measure similar domains as the SF-36 in substance-dependent veterans: Concurrent and discriminant validity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, 165-171.
18. Carey, K. B., Cocco, K. M., & Correia, C. J. (1997). Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index among outpatients with severe mental illness. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 422-428.
19. Carroll, K. M., Power, M. E., Bryant, K., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1993). One-year follow-up status of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: Psychopathology and dependence severity as predictors of outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 71-79.
20. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2006a). Overarching principles to address the needs of persons with co-occurring disorders. COCE Overview Paper 3. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 06-4165. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
21. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2006b). Definitions and terms relating to co-occurring Disorders. COCE Overview Paper 1. DHHS Publication No. (SM) 06-4163. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and Center for Mental Health Services.
22. Clements, R., & Heintz, J. M. (2002). Diagnostic accuracy and factor structure of the AAS and APS scales of the MMPI-2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 564-582.
23. Compton, W. M., Cottler, L. B., Jacobs, J. L., Ben-Abdallah, A., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2003). The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 890-895.
24. Cottler, L. B., Schuckit, M. A., Helzer, J. E., Crowley, T. J., Woody, G., Nathan, P., et al. (1995). The DSM-IV field trial for substance use disorders: Major results. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 38, 59-69.
25. Davis, R. D., & Millon, T. (1999). Models of personality and its disorders. In T. Millon, P. H. Blaney, & R. D. Davis, (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology (pp. 485-522). New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Derogatis, L. R., & Cleary, P. A. (1977). Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 981-989.
27. Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., & Biesanz, J. C. (1995). The test-retest reliability of standardized instruments among homeless persons with substance use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 161-167.
28. Drake, R. E., Yovetich, N. A., Bebout, R. R., Harris, M., & McHugo, G. J. (1997). Integrated treatment for dually diagnosed homeless adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(5), 298-305.
29. Ebert, M. H., Loosen, P. T., & Nurcombe, B. (2003). Chapter 18. Substance-related disorders. In Current diagnosis and treatment in psychiatry. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.
30. Eland-Goossensen, A., Van de Goor, I., Garretsen, H., & Schudel, J. (1997). Screening for psychopathology in the clinical practice. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 14(6), 585-591.
31. Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Maudsley personality inventory. London, England: University of London Press LTD.
32. Fawcett, T. (2004). ROC graphs: Notes and practical considerations for researchers (HP Labs Tech Report HPL-2003-4). Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett Packard Laboratories.
33. Frank, E. (Ed). (2000). Gender and its effects on psychopathology. American Psychopathological Association series (pp. 61-84). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric. XVI, 315 pp.
34. Franken, I. H., & Hendriks, V. M. (2001). Screening and diagnosis of anxiety and mood disorders in substance abuse patients. The American Journal on Addictions, 10, 30-39.
35. Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., et al. (2004a). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 807-816.
36. Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004b). Co-occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 361-368.
37. Grella, C. E., & Stein, J. A. (2006). Impact of program services on treatment outcomes of patients with comorbid mental and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services, 57(7), 1007-1015.
38. Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 6, 278-298.
39. Harris, K. M., & Edlund, M. J. (2005). Use of mental health care and substance abuse treatment among adults with co-occurring disorders. Psychiatric Services, 56(8), 954-959.
40. Hasin, D., Liv, X., Nunes, E., McCloud, S., Samet, S., & Endicott, J. (2002). Effects of major depression on remission and relapse of substance dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 375-380.
41. Hendriks, V. M., Kaplan, C.D., van Limbeek, J., & Geerlings, P. (1989). The Addiction Severity Inventory: Reliability and validity in a Dutch addict population. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 6, 133-141.
42. Herman, S. E., Frank, K. A., Mowbray, C. T., Ribisl, K. M., Davidson, W. S. 2nd, BootsMiller, B., et al. (2000). Longitudinal effects of integrated treatment on alcohol use for persons with serious mental illness and substance use disorders. Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research, 27, 286-302.
43. Hodgins, D. C., & El-Guebaly, N. (1992). More data on the Addiction Severity Inventory: Reliability and validity with the mentally ill substance abuser. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 197-201.
44. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
45. Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Edlund, M. J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J. (1996). The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: Implications for prevention and service utilization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66(1), 17-31.
46. Kleinman, P. H., Miller, A. B., Millman, R. B., Woody, G. E., Todd, T., Kemp, J., et al. (1990). Psychopathology among cocaine abusers entering treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(7), 442-447.
47. Kokotailo, P. K., Egan, J., Gangnon, R., Brown, D., Mundt, M., & Fleming, M. (2004). Validity of the alcohol use disorders identification test in college students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 914-920.
48. Kosten, T. R., Rounsaville, B., & Kleber, H. D. (1983). Concurrent validity of the Addiction Severity Inventory. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 606-610.
49. Kranzler, H. R., Kadden, R. M., Babor, T. F., Tennen, H., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1996). Validity of the SCID in substance abuse patients. Addiction, 91(6), 859-868.
50. Lehman, A. F., Myers, C. P., Dixon, L. B., & Johnson, J. L. (1996). Detection of substance use disorders among psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 228-233.
51. Leonhard, C., Mulvey, K., Gastfriend, D. R., & Schwartz, M. (2000). The Addiction Severity Inventory: A field study of internal consistency and validity. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(2), 129-135.
52. Loong, T. (2003). Understanding sensitivity and specificity with the right side of the brain. British Medical Journal, 327, 716-719.
53. Mäkelä, K. (2004). Studies of the reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index. Addiction, 99, 398-410.
54. McDermott, P. A., Alterman, A. I., Brown, L., & Zabellero, A. (1996). Construct refinement and confirmation for the Addiction Severity Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 8(2), 182-189.
55. McKay, J. R., Alterman, A. I., McLellan, A. T., Boardman, C. R., Mulvaney, F. D., & O'Brien, C. P. (1998). Random versus nonrandom assignment in the evaluation of treatment for cocaine abusers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 697-701.
56. McLellan, A. T., Cacciola, J. S., & Alterman, A. I. (2004). Commentaries on Mäkelä: The ASI as a still developing instrument: Response to Mäkelä. Addiction, 99(4), 411-412.
57. McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., et al. (1992). The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Inventory. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9, 199-213.
58. McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Cacciola, J., & Griffith, J. E. (1985). New data from the Addiction Severity Inventory: Reliability and validity in three centers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 412-423.
59. McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., O'Brien, C. P., & Woody, G. E. (1980). An improved diagnostic instrument for substance abuse patients: The Addiction Severity Inventory. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 26-33.
60. McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., O'Brien, C. P., Druley, K. A. (1983a). Predicting response to alcohol and drug abuse treatments: Role of psychiatric severity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 620-625.
61. McLellan, A. T., Woody, G. E., Luborsky, L., O'Brien, C. P., & Druley, K. A. (1982). Is treatment for substance abuse effective? Journal of the American Medical Association, 247, 1423-1427.
62. McLellan, A. T., Woody, G. E., Luborsky, L., O'Brien, C. P., & Druley, K. A. (1983b). Increased effectiveness of substance abuse treatment: A prospective study of patient-treatment "matching." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 597-605.
63. Metz, C. E. (1978). Basic principles of ROC analysis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 8(4), 283-298.
64. Moos, R. H., Finney, J. W., Federman, E. B., & Suchinsky, R. (2000). Specialty mental health care improves patients' outcomes: Findings from a nation-wide program to monitor the quality of care for patients with substance use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 704-713.
65. National Association of State Mental Health Program directors & National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors. (1998). National dialogue on co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders. Washington, DC: National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from http://www.nasadad.org/Departments/Research/ ConsensusFramework/national_dialogue_on.htm.
66. Office of Applied Studies. (2005). Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings (DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062, NSDUH Series H-28). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
67. Ouimette, P. C., Moos, R. H., & Finney, J. W. (2000). Two-year mental health service use and course of remission in patients with substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 247-253.
68. Project MATCH Research Group. (1997). Matching alcoholism treatments to patient heterogeneity: Project match posttreatment drinking outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 7-29.
69. Ray, G. T., Weisner, C. M., & Mertens, J. R. (2005). Relationship between use of psychiatric services and five-year alcohol and drug treatment outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 56, 164-171.
70. Regier, D. A., Farmer, M., Rae, D., Locke, B., Keith, S., Judd, L., et al. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2511-2518.
71. Rikoon, S. H., Cacciola, J. S., Carise, D., Alterman, A. I., & McLellan, A. T. (2006). Predicting DSM-IV dependence diagnoses from the Addiction Severity Inventory. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31, 17-24.
72. Ritsher, J. B., McKellar, J. D., & Finney, J. W. (2002). Psychiatric comorbidity, continuing care, and mutual help as predictors of five-year remission from substance use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 709-715.
73. Robins, L. N., Witchen, H. U., Helzer, J. E., Babor, T. F., Burke, J., Farmer, A., et al. (1989). The Composite international diagnostic interview: An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1069-1077.
74. Rounsaville, B. J., Anton, S. F., Carroll, K., Budde, D., Prusoff, B. A., & Gawin, F. (1991). Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 43-51.
75. Rounsaville, B. J., Dolinsky, Z. S., Babor, T. F., & Meyer R. E. (1987). Psychopathology as a predictor of treatment outcome in alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 505-513.
76. Rounsaville, B. J., Kosten, T. R., Weissman, M. M., & Kleber, H. D. (1986). Prognostic significance of psychopathology in treated opiate addicts: A 2.5 year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 739-745.
77. Rumpf, H. J., Hapke, U., Meyer, C., & John, U. (2002). Screening for alcohol use disorders and at-risk drinking in the general population: Psychometric performance of three questionnaires. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37, 261-268.
78. Shear, M., Greeno, C., Kang, J., Ludewig, D., Frank, E., Swartz, H. A., et al. (2000). Diagnosis of nonpsychotic patients in community clinics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 581-587.
79. Skyre, I. O., Torgersen, S., & Kringlen, E. (1991). High interrater reliability for the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R Axis I (SCID-I). Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavia, 2(84), 167-173.
80. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, P. R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, A. G. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists.
81. Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1975). Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
82. Spitzer, R. L, Williams, J., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1990). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Patient Edition/Non-patient Edition, (SCID-P/SCID-NP). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric.
83. Steiner, J. L., Tebes, J. K., Sledge, W. H, & Walker, M. L. (1995). A comparison of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R and clinical diagnoses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183(6), 365-369.
84. Stoffelmayr, B. E., Mavis, B. E., & Kasim, R. M. (1994). The longitudinal stability of the Addiction Severity Inventory. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 11(4), 373-378.
85. Swets, J. A. (1992). The science of choosing the right decision threshold in high-stakes diagnostics. American Psychologist, 47, 522-532.
86. Swets, J. A., Dawes, R. M., & Monahan, J. (2000). Psychological science can improve diagnostic decisions. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1(1), 1-26.
87. Swindle, R. W., Phibbs, C. S., Paradise, M. J., Recine, B. P., & Moos, R. H. (1995). Inpatient treatment for substance abuse patients with psychiatric disorders: A national study of determinants of readmission. Journal of Substance Abuse, 7, 79-97.
88. Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M. A., & Keller, S. D. (1994). SF-36 physical and mental component summary measures: A User's manual. Boston: The Health Institute of New England Medical Center.
89. Watkins, K. E., Hunter, S. B., Burnam, M. A., Pincus, H. A., & Nicholson, G. (2005). Review of treatment recommendations for persons with a co-occurring affective or anxiety and substance use disorder. Psychiatric Services, 56(8), 913-926.
90. Weisner, C., Matzger, H., & Kaskutas, L. A. (2003). How important is treatment? One-year outcomes of treated and untreated alcohol-dependent patients. Addiction, 98, 901-911.
91. Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Davis, M., Borus, J., et al. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) II. Multi-site test-retest reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 630-636.
92. Winkler, D., Pjrek, E., Heiden, A., Wieseger, G., Klein, N., Konstantinidis, A., et al. (2004). Gender differences in the psychopathology of depressed inpatients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254(4), 209-214.
93. Zanarini M. C., & Frankenburg, F. R. (2001). Attainment and maintenance of reliability of Axis I and Axis Ii disorders over the course of a longitudinal study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(5), 369-374.
94. Zanis, D. A., McLellan, A. T., Cnaan, R. A., & Randall, M. (1994). Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index with a homeless sample. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 11(6), 541-548.
95. Ziedonis, D. M., & Kosten, T. R. (1991). Depression as a prognostic factor for pharmacologic treatment of cocaine dependence. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 27, 337-343.