Kinetics and mechanism of hydrothermal alteration from pentlandite to violarite

Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)

Volumn 81, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 1378-1390

  Xia, Fang ^a   Chen, Guorong ^b   Pring, Allan ^c   Brugger, Joël ^c   Ngothai, Yung ^a   O'Neill, Brain ^a   Colby, Chris ^a   Tenailleau, Christophe ^c   Wang, Haipeng ^d   Yang, Yunxia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^b East China University of Science and Technology   (China)

^c SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM   (Australia)

^d BHP Billiton Innovation   (Australia)

Author keywords

Hydrothermal reaction; Kinetics; Pentlandite; Pyrrhotite; Replacement reaction; Violarite

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; DISSOLUTION; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; KINETICS; MICROCRACK; MINERALOGY; PENTLANDITE; PYRRHOTITE; REACTION RATE; RIETVELD ANALYSIS; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 38849152253     PISSN: 10009515     EISSN: 17556724     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Chinese source.
2. Chinese source.
3. Chinese source.
4. Chinese source.
5. Alsen N. 1925. Roentgenographische Untersuchungen der Kristallstrukturen von Magnetkies, Breithauptit, PentlanditMillerit und verwandten Verbindungen. Geologiska Foereningens i Stockholm Foerhandlingar,47:19-73.
6. Arvidson R S,Mackenzie F T. 1999. The dolomite problem:control of precipitation kinetics by temperature and saturation state. American Journal of Science, 299:257-288.
7. Brenan J. 1993. Kinetics of fluorine, chlorine and hydroxyl exchange in fluorapatite.Cbemical Geology, 110(1-3) :195-210.
8. Brostigen G, Kjekshus A, Romming C. 1973. Compounds with the marcasite type crystal structure VIII. Redetermination of the prototype. Acta Cbemica Scandinavica, 27(8) :2791-2796.
9. Drebushchak V A, Kravchenko T A, Pavlyuchenko V S. 1998. Synthesis of pure pentlandite in bulk. Journal of Crystal Growth, 193:728-731.
10. Dunn J G, Howes V L. 1996. The oxidation of violarite. Thermochimica Acta,283:305-316.
11. 8 from the monosulfide solid solution ( Fe, Ni ) S. American Mineralogist, 89(1) :39-50.
12. Francis C A, Fleet M E, Misra K, Craig J R. 1976. Orientation of exsolved pentlandite in natural and synthetic nickeliferous pyrrhotite. American Mineralogist, 61:913-920.
13. Ganor J, Huston T J, Walter L M. 2005. Quartz precipitation kinetics at 180°C in NaCl solutions - Implications for the usability of the principle of detailed balancing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,69(8) :2043-2056.
14. Grguric B A. 2002. Hypogene violarite of exsolution origin from Mount Keith, Western Australia: field evidence for a stable pentlandite-violarite tie line. Mineralogical Magazine, 66 (2) : 313-326.
15. Hunter B A. 1997. IUCr Powder Diffraction 21,22. Rietica. 1. 7. 7.
16. Keele R A, Nickel E H. 1974. The geology of a primary millerite-bearing sulfide assemblage and supergene alteration at the Otter Shoot, Kambalda, Western Australia. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 69 (7) :1102-1117.
17. Kelly D P, Vaughan D J. 1983. Pyrrhotite-pentlandite ore textures: a mechanistic approach. Mineralogical Magazine,47 :453-463.
18. Labotka T C, Cole D R, Fayek M, Riciputi L R, Stadermann F J. 2004. Coupled cation and oxygen-isotope exchange between alkali feldspar and aqueous chloride solution. American Mineralogist,89:1822-1825.
19. Lasaga A C. 1998. Kinetic theory in the earth sciences. Princeton Princeton University Press.
20. Merino E, Dewers T. 1998. Implication of replacement for reaction-transport modelling. Journal of Hydrology, 209: 137-146.
21. Michener C E, Yates A B. 1944. Oxidation of primary nickel sulfides. Economic Geology, 39; 506-514.
22. Misra K C, Fleet M E. 1974. Chemical composition and stability of violarite. Economic Geology, 69:391-403.
23. Nahon D, Merino E. 1997. Pseudomorphic replacement in tropical weathering: evidence, geochemical consequences, and kinetic-rheological origin. American Journal of Science,297 :393-417.
24. Naldrett A J, Craig J R,Kullerud G. 1967. The central portion of the Fe-Ni-S system and its bearing on pentlandite exsolution in iron-nickel sulfide ores. Economic Geology,62:826-847.
25. - a key mineral in the supergene alteration of nickel sulphide ores. Australia I. M. M. Conference, 111-116. Australia Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Parkville,Australia.
26. Nickel E H,Ross J R,Thornber M R. 1974. The supergene alteration of pyrrhotite-pentlandite ore at Kambalda, Western Australia. Economic Geology,69:93-107.
27. O'Neill J R. 1977. Stable isotope in mineralogy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2:105-123.
28. O'Neill J R, Taylor H P. 1967. The oxygen isotope and cation exchange chemistry of feldspars. American Mineralogist, 52: 1414-1437.
29. Pearson A D, Buerger M J. 1956. Confirmation of the crystal structure of pentlandite. American Mineralogist, 41 (9-10) : 804-805.
30. Putnis A. 1992. Introduction to mineral science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Putnis A, Mauthe G. 1994. The microstructure of analcime phenorysts in igneous rocks. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6: 627-632.
32. Putnis A. 2002. Mineral replacement reactions: from macroscopic observations to microscopic mechanisms. Mineralogical Magazine,66(4) :689-708.
33. Putnis A, Prieto M, Fernandez-Diaz L. 1995. Fluid supersatuation and crystallization in porous media. Geological Magazine,132(1) :1-13.
34. Putnis C V, Tsukamoto K, Nishimura Y. 2005. Direct observation of pseudomorphism: compositional and textural evolution at a fluid-solid interface. American Mineralogist, 90:1909-1912.
35. Rendón-Angeles J C, Yanagisawa K, Ishizawa N, Oishi S. 2000a. Conversion of calcium fluorapatite into calcium hydroxyapatite under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 151:65-72.
36. Rendón-Angeles J C, Yanagisawa K, Ishizawa N, Oishi S. 2000b. Effect of metal ions of chlorapatites on the topotaxial replacement by hydroxyapatite under hydrothermal conditions. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 154:569-578.
37. Richardson S, Vaughan D J. 1989. Surface alteration of pentlandite and spectroscopic evidence for secondary violarite formation. Mineralogical Magazine, 53:213-222.
38. Rimstidt J D, Barnes H L. 1980. The kinetics of silica-water reactions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,44:1683-1699.
39. Thornber M R. 1975. Supergene alteration of sulphides, I. A chemical model based on massive nickel sulphide deposits at Kambalda, Western Australia. Chemical Geology, 15:1-14.
40. Thornber M R. 1983. Mineralogical and electrochemical stability of the nickel-iron sulphides-pentlandite and violarite. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 13: 253-267.
41. Vaughan D J, Craig J R. 1985. The crystal chemistry of iron-neckel thiospinels. American Mineralogist, 70:1036-1043.
42. Wang H, Pring A, Ngothai Y, O'Neill B. 2005. A low-temperature kinetic study of the exsolution of pentlandite from the monosulfide solid solution using a refined Avrami method. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,69: 415-425.
43. Wang Y, Wang Y, Merino E. 1995. Dynamic weathering model: constraints required by coupled dissolution and pseudomorphic replacement. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acts, 59: 1559-1570.
44. Warner T E,Rice N M,Taylor N. 1992. An electrochemical study of the oxidative dissolution of synthetic pentlandite in aqueous media. Hydrometallurgy,31:55-90.