European mediators and Ukraine's orange revolution

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 54, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 28-42

  Pifer, Steven ^a  

^a CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38849098431     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216540603     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Wojciech Stanislawski's The Orange Ribbon: A Calendar of the Political Crisis in Ukraine, Autumn 2004 (Warsaw: Center for Eastern Studies, 2005) offers a useful chronology of the events in Ukraine from October 19 to December 31, 2004.
2. Andrew Wilson, Ukraine's Orange Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005) provides a good description of the election irregularities.
3. Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions, International Election Observation Mission (Kyiv, November 22, 2004), www.osce.org/documents/odihr/ 2004/11/3811_en.pdf.
4. "Yushchenko Receives 54%, Yanukovych 43% According to 100% of Exit Poll Inquiries Made by Consortium," Ukrainian News Service (November 21, 2004).
5. Much of the discussion of the period between November 22 and December 8, 2004, is based on oral or written interviews by the author with the following people (position held in November/December 2004): Nicolaas Biegman (ambassador, Special Representative of the Dutch EU Presidency in Kyiv during the Orange Revolution); Maridan Bilynskiy (vice president of field operations, U.S.-Ukraine Foundation, Kyiv); Andriy Fialko (foreign policy adviser to President Kuchma); Eugene Fishel (senior analyst, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department of State); Dan Fried (senior director, National Security Council); Sheila Gwaltney (deputy chief of mission, U.S. embassy, Kyiv); John Herbst (U.S. ambassador to Ukraine); Kostyantyn Hryshchenko (foreign minister of Ukraine); Elizabeth Jones (assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian affairs, U.S. Department of State); Jacek Kluchkowski (chief adviser to Polish prime minister Belka); Leonid Kozhara (deputy head of the Ukrainian presidential administration); David Kramer (member, Policy Planning Staff, U.S. Department of State); Leonid Kuchma (president of Ukraine); Aleksander Kwaśniewski (president of Poland); Michael McKinley (deputy chief of mission, U.S. mission to the European Union); Marcus Micheli (senior Ukraine desk officer, U.S. Department of State); Ken Myers (senior professional staff member, Senate Foreign Relations Committee); Oleksandr Pavliuk (acting head of external cooperation, OSCE Secretariat); Daniel Rotfeld (secretary of state/first deputy foreign minister, Polish Foreign Ministry); Oleh Rybachuk (Rada deputy and chief of staff of Yushchenko's campaign office); Yuriy Shcherbak (adviser to the Speaker of the Rada); Oleh Shamshur (Ukrainian deputy foreign minister); James Sherr (fellow, Conflict Studies Research Center, United Kingdom); Javier Solana (EU high representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy); Oleksandr Sushko (research director, Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation, Kyiv); Pirrka Tapiola (adviser to EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Solana); Borys Tarasyuk (Rada deputy and chair, National Rukh of Ukraine party); John Tefft (deputy assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian affairs, U.S. Department of State); Jan Lucas van Hoorn (director, South and Eastern Europe Department, Dutch Foreign Ministry); Kees van Rij (diplomatic adviser to EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Solana); and Wojciech Zajaczkowski (deputy director, CIS Countries Department, Polish Foreign Ministry).
6. Ahto Lobjakas, "Ukraine: EU Criticizes Elections," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (November 23, 2004), www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/ D25387CD-E904-47C8-8DB5-A3FDB0910B6D.html.
7. Statement released by the Deputy Press Secretary, Office of the Press Secretary (November 23, 2004), www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/11/ 20041123-2.html.
8. William Branigin, "U.S. Rejects Tally, Warns Ukraine," Washington Post (November 25, 2004): A36 (www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ articles/A10212-2004Nov24.html).
9. National Radio Company of Ukraine (November 23, 2004), www.nrcu. gov.ua/index.php?id=4&listid=7602/.
10. C.J. Chivers, "A Crackdown Averted: How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation's Path," New York Times (January 15, 2005): A1 (www. nytimes.com/2005/01/17/international/europe/17ukraine.html).
11. Olena Prytula, "The Ukrainian Media Rebellion," in Revolution in Orange, ed. Anders Åslund and Michael McFaul (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006), pp. 119-20.
12. National Radio Company of Ukraine (November 25, 2004), www.nrcu. gov.ua/index.php?id=4&listid=7661/.
13. Ahto Lobjakas, "Ukraine: Crisis Overshadows EU-Russia Summit," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (November 25, 2004), www.rferl. org/featuresarticle/2004/11 /744CB1AE-5E84-42DB-8C01-7FC2C4FEDA71. html.
14. In addition to interviews, the account of the three roundtables also draws on Jason Campbell and Andrew Wilson, "The Mariyinsky Palace Negotiations: Maintaining Peace Throughout Ukraine's Orange Revolution" (case study prepared for the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, January 2007, and the appended translation of a partial transcript of the three roundtables).
15. "Kwaśniewski: At the Dacha I Told Kuchma: While You Sit in the Woods, You Have No Power," Polityka (December 22, 2004), www.polityka. pl/archive/do/registry/secure/showArticle ?id=2002124/;
16. reported in Ukrainska pravda (December 22, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/22/15085. htm.
17. "Meetings in Mariyinskiy Have Finished; Yushchenko, Kuchma and Solana Have Agreed on Negotiations and Peace," Ukrainska pravda (November 26, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/1 1/26/14224.htm.
18. Chivers, "Crackdown Averted."
19. Marcin Bosacki and Marcin Wojciechowski, "Behind the Scenes of the Ukrainian Revolution," Gazeta Wyborcza [Warsaw] (April 3, 2005), www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,75477,2636171.html; translated by Maciej Mark Karpinski for the Ukraine List, www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/ukraine_list/uk1354_11. html.
20. "National Congress of Local Self-Government Organs Decides to Hold Referendum on Creation of a Southeastern Republic on December 12 if Yanukovych is Not Recognized as President," Ukrainian News Agency (November 28, 2004).
21. Chivers, "Crackdown Averted."
22. "Lytvyn Proposes Package in Order Not to Waste Time on Details," Ukrainska pravda (December 1, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/ news/2004/12/1/14407.htm.
23. "Yanukovych Offering Yushchenko Post of Prime Minister If Supreme Court Upholds Results of Presidential Election," Ukrainian News Agency (November 30, 2004).
24. "Yanukovych Calls on Yushchenko to Refuse with Him from Competing in New Elections If Such Take Place," Ukrainian News Agency (November 30, 2004).
25. "Solana, Adamkus and Kwaśniewski Are Again Flying to Kyiv," Ukrainskapravda (November 30,2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/ 2004/11/30/14365.htm.
26. "Kwaśniewski Bringing Plan with Five Points and a Revote Before Christmas," Ukrainska pravda (December 1, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/1/14404.htm.
27. "Kuchma Wants New Elections and Will Not Allow a Revote," Ukrainska pravda (December 1, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/1/ 14428.htm.
28. Wilson, Ukraine's Orange Revolution, p. 144.
29. "Yanukovych Breaks Off Negotiations and Says He Does Not Recognize the Parliament's Decision," Ukrainska pravda (December 1, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/1/14418.htm.
30. "New Mariyinskiy Negotiations: Lifting the Blockade, Political Reform, and a Handshake," Ukrainska pravda (December 1, 2004), www.pravda.com. ua/news/2004/12/1/14390.htm.
31. "Putin Criticizes Ukrainian Push for New Vote," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (December 2, 2004), www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/12/ 47BCC654-CA02-4E9D-9536-5E6E011E5A82.html.
32. "European Parliament Calls for a Revote with the Participation of Yushchenko and Yanukovych," Ukrainska pravda (December 2, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/2/14459.htm.
33. "Kwaśniewski Proposes a Revote on December 19; Australia Also Wants a Revote," Ukrainska pravda (December 3, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/3/14508.htm.
34. "Adamkus and the OSCE Secretary General Again Will Fly to Ukraine," Ukrainska pravda (December 3, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/ news/2004/12/3/14484.htm.
35. "Supreme Court Rules Yanukovych Victory Invalid; Rerun Election on December 26," Ukrainska pravda (December 3, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/3/14490.htm.
36. "Council of Europe and PACE Support Supreme Court Decision; Solana Calls for Its Implementation," Ukrainska pravda (December 3, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/3/14498.htm.
37. "Duma Condemns West's 'Destructive Role' in Ukraine," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (December 3, 2004), www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/ 2004/12/EEAF5CF4-B448-4452-A2CB-4814640A65C1.html.
38. "Ukraine's Parliament Makes No Headway on New Vote," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (December 4, 2004), www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/12/ 797C8DD0-31E8-459C-B88B-2386F17262DA.html.
39. "Kuchma Will Dismiss Yanukovych and Yield to Yushchenko, But Only on One Condition," Ukrainska pravda (December 6,2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/6/14577.htm.
40. "On Tuesday They May Pass Changes to the Constitution; Before That Kuchma Will Remove Yanukovych," Ukrainska pravda (December 6, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/6/14574.htm.
41. "Third Roundtable: Collapse of the Negotiations or Tactical Victory for Yushchenko?" Ukrainska pravda (December 7, 2004), www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/12/7/14584.htm.
42. "Vote Clears Path to New Ukrainian Election," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (December 8,2004), www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/12/ 2548D588-83E8-4ECC-BC25-677796C38B89.html.