Reproductive biology and mating conflict in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum

American Malacological Bulletin

Volumn 23, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 157-172

  Baur, Bruno ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Gastropoda; Mating system; Reproductive behavior; Sex allocation; Sperm competition

Indexed keywords

ARIANTA ARBUSTORUM; GASTROPODA; HELICIDAE; STYLOMMATOPHORA;

EID: 38749099787     PISSN: 07402783     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4003/0740-2783-23.1.157     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Akçakaya, H. R. and B. Baur. 1996. Effects of population subdivision and catastrophes on the persistence of a land snail metapopulation. Oecologia 105: 475-483.
2. Alexander, R. D. 1974. The evolution of social behaviour. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 4: 325-383.
3. Anderson, A. W. and P. Personne. 1976. The molluscan spermatozoon: Dynamic aspects of its structure and function. American Zoologist 16: 293-313.
4. Andersson, M. 1994. Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
5. Angeloni, L., J. W. Bradbury, and R. S. Burton. 2003. Multiple mating, paternity, and body size in a simultaneous hermaphrodite, Aplysia californica. Behavioral Ecology 14: 554-560.
6. Armbruster, G. F. J., B. Koller, and B. Baur. 2005. Foot mucus and periostracum fraction as non-destructive sources of DNA in the land snail Arianta arbustorum, and the development of new microsatellite loci. Conservation Genetics 6: 313-316.
7. Arnqvist, G. and L. Rowe. 2005. Sexual Conflict. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
8. Arter, H. E. 1990. Spatial relationship and gene flow paths between populations of the alpine snail Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata: Helicidae). Evolution 44: 966-980.
9. Baminger, H. and M. Haase. 1999. Variation in spermathecal morphology and amount of sperm stored in populations of the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Journal of Zoology 249: 165-171.
10. Baminger, H. and M. Haase. 2000. Variation of distal genitalia in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) caused by sexual selection? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 599-613.
11. Baminger, H. and M. Haase. 2001. Spermatophore formation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Helicidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 51: 347-360.
12. Baminger, H., R. Locher, and B. Baur. 2000. Incidence of dart shooting, sperm delivery, and sperm storage in natural populations of the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1767-1774.
13. Bateman, A. J. 1948. Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 2: 349-368.
14. Baur, A. 1994. Within- and between-clutch variation in egg size and nutrient content in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Functional Ecology 8: 581-586.
15. Baur, A. and B. Baur. 1990. Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum? Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 613-617.
16. Baur, A. and B. Baur. 1992. Effect of corridor width on animal dispersal: A simulation study. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 2: 52-56.
17. Baur, A. and B. Baur. 1993. Daily movement patterns and dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Malacologia 35: 89-98.
18. Baur, A. and B. Baur. 1997. Seasonal variation in size and nutrient content of eggs of the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 32: 55-62.
19. Baur, A. and B. Baur. 1998. Altitudinal variation in size and composition of eggs in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 2067-2074.
20. Baur, A. and B. Baur. 2005. Interpopulation variation in the prevalence and intensity of parasitic mite infection in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Biology 124: 194-201.
21. Baur, B. 1984a. Shell size and growth rate differences for alpine populations of Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Pulmonata: Helicidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 91: 37-46.
22. Baur, B. 1984b. Early maturity and breeding in Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Pulmonata: Helicidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 50: 241-242.
23. Baur, B. 1986a. Patterns of dispersion, density and dispersal in alpine populations of the land snail Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Helicidae). Holarctic Ecology 9: 117-125.
24. Baur, B. 1986b. Geographic variation of resting behaviour in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (L.): Does gene flow prevent local adaptation? Genetica 70: 3-8.
25. Baur, B. 1987a. Effects of early feeding experience and age on the cannibalistic propensity of the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 3068-3070.
26. Baur, B. 1987b. Can cannibalistic hatchlings of the land snail Arianta arbustorum distinguish between sib and non-sib eggs? Behaviour 103: 259-265.
27. Baur, B. 1988a. Population regulation in the land snail Arianta arbustorum: Density effects on adult size, clutch size and incidence of egg cannibalism. Oecologia 77: 390-394.
28. Baur, B. 1988b. Repeated mating and female fecundity in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 14: 197-204.
29. Baur, B. 1988c. Egg-species recognition in cannibalistic hatchlings of the land snails Arianta arbustorum and Helix pomatia. Experientia 44: 276-277.
30. Baur, B. 1988d. Do the risks of egg cannibalism and desiccation influence the choice of oviposition sites in the land snail Arianta arbustorum? Journal of Zoology 216: 495-502.
31. Baur, B. 1990a. Seasonal changes in clutch size, egg size and mode of oviposition in Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Gastropoda) from alpine populations. Zoologischer Anzeiger 225: 253-264.
32. Baur, B. 1990b. Possible benefits of egg cannibalism in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (L.). Functional Ecology 4: 679-684.
33. Baur, B. 1992a. Random mating by size in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum: Experiments and an explanation. Animal Behaviour 43: 511-518.
34. Baur, B. 1992b. Cannibalism in gastropods. In: M. A. Elgar and B. J. Crespi, eds., Cannibalism: Ecology and Evolution among Diverse Taxa. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 102-127.
35. Baur, B. 1993a. Population structure, density, dispersal and neighbourhood size in Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pulmonata: Helicidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum Wien 94/95B: 307-321.
36. Baur, B. 1993b. Intraclutch egg cannibalism by hatchlings of the land snail Arianta arbustorum: Non-random consumption of eggs? Ethology Ecology and Evolution 5: 329-336.
37. Baur, B. 1994a. Interpopulation variation in propensity for egg cannibalism in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Animal Behaviour 48: 851-860.
38. Baur, B. 1994b. Multiple paternity and individual variation in sperm precedence in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35: 413-421.
39. Baur, B. 1994c. Parental care in terrestrial gastropods. Experientia 50: 5-14.
40. Baur, B. 1998. Sperm competition in molluscs. In: T. R. Birkhead and A. P. Møller, eds., Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. Academic Press, London, Pp. 255-305.
41. Baur, B. and A. Baur. 1986. Proximate factors influencing egg cannibalism in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata, Helicidae). Oecologia 70: 283-287.
42. Baur, B. and A. Baur. 1992a. Reduced reproductive compatibility in Arianta arbustorum (Gastropoda) from distant populations. Heredity 69: 65-72.
43. Baur, B. and A. Baur. 1992b. Effect of courtship and repeated copulation on egg production in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 21: 201-206.
44. Baur, B. and A. Baur. 1993. Climatic warming due to thermal radiation from an urban area as possible cause for the local extinction of a land snail. Journal of Applied Ecology 30: 333-340.
45. Baur, B. and A. Baur. 1997. Random mating with respect to relatedness in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Biology 116: 294-298.
46. Baur, B. and A. Baur. 2000. Social facilitation affects longevity and lifetime reproductive success in a self-fertilizing land snail. Oikos 88: 612-620.
47. Baur, B. and M. Gosteli. 1986. Between and within population differences in geotactic response in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Helicidae). Behaviour 97: 147-160.
48. Baur, B., S. Ledergerber, and H. Kothbauer. 1997. Passive dispersal on mountain slopes: Shell shape-related differences in down-hill rolling in the land snails Arianta arbustorum and Arianta chamaeleon (Helicidae). The Veliger 40: 84-85.
49. Baur, B., R. Locher, and A. Baur. 1998. Sperm allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Animal Behaviour 56: 839-845.
50. Baur, B. and C. Raboud. 1988. Life history of the land snail Arianta arbustorum along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Animal Ecology 57: 71-87.
51. Beese, K. and B. Baur. 2006. Expandable spermatheca influences sperm storage in the simultaneously hermaphroditic snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 49: 93-101.
52. Beese, K., K. Beier, and B. Baur. 2006a. Coevolution of male and female reproductive traits in a simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 410-418.
53. Beese, K., K. Beier, and B. Baur. 2006b. Bursa tract diverticulum in the hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum (Stylommatophora: Helicidae): Morphology, function, and evolutionary implications. Journal of Morphology 267: 940-953.
54. Birkhead, T. R. 1998. Cryptic female choice: Criteria for establishing female sperm choice. Evolution 52: 1212-1218.
55. Birkhead, T. R. and A. P. Møller, eds. 1998. Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. Academic Press, London.
56. Bojat, N. C. and M. Haase. 2002. Sperm storage in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail, Arianta arbustorum. Journal of Zoology 258: 497-503.
57. Bojat, N. C., K. Beier, and M. Haase. 2003. Histological characterization of sperm storage organs in Arianta arbustorum and Bradybaena fruticum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). Malakologische Abhandlungen 21: 131-135.
58. Bojat, N. C., M. Durrenberger, and M. Haase. 2001a. The spermatheca in the land snail, Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora): Muscle system and potential role in sexual selection. Invertebrate Biology 120: 217-226.
59. Bojat, N. C., U. Sauder, and M. Haase. 2001b. The spermathecal epithelium, sperm and their interactions in the hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora). Zoomorphology 120: 149-157.
60. Bojat, N. C., U. Sauder, and M. Haase. 2001c. Functional anatomy of the sperm storage organs in Pulmonata: The simple spermatheca of Bradybaena fruticum (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora). Zoomorphology 121: 243-255.
61. Bride, J., L. Gomot, and A. S. M. Saleuddin. 1991. Mating and 20-hydroxyectysone increased galactogen synthesis in the albumen gland expiants of Helix aspersa (Mollusca). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 98B: 369-373.
62. Burla, H. and W. Stahel. 1983. Altitudinal variation in Arianta arbustorum (Mollusca, Pulmonata) in the Swiss Alps. Genetica 62: 95-108.
63. Chapman, T., G. Arnqvist, J. Bangham, and L. Rowe. 2003. Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 41-47.
64. Charnov, E. L. 1979. Simultaneous hermaphroditism and sexual selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76: 2480-2484.
65. Charnov, E. L. 1982. The Theory of Sex Allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
66. Charnov, E. L. 1996. Sperm competition and sex allocation in simultaneous hermaphrodites. Evolutionary Ecology 10: 457-462.
67. Charnov, E. E., J. M. Smith, and J. J. Bull. 1976. Why be an hermaphrodite? Nature 263: 125-126.
68. Chase, R. 2007. The function of dart shooting in helicid snails. American Malacological Bulletin 23: 183-189.
69. Chen, X. 1993. Comparison of inbreeding and outbreeding in hermaphroditic Arianta arbustorum (L.) (land snail). Heredity 71: 456-461.
70. Chen, X. 1994. Self-fertilization and cross-fertilization in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (Mollusca, Pulmonata: Helicidae). Journal of Zoology 232: 465-471.
71. Chen, X. and B. Baur. 1993. The effect of multiple mating on female reproductive success in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 2431-2436.
72. Cook, E. M. and J. M. B. King. 1966. Some data on the genetics of shell-character polymorphism in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Genetics 53: 415-425.
73. Davies, M. S., S. J. Hawkins, and H. D. Jones. 1990. Mucus production and physiological energetics in Patella vulgata E. Journal of Molluscan Studies 56: 499-503.
74. Dewsbury, D. A. 1982. Ejaculate cost and male choice. American Naturalist 119: 601-610.
75. Eberhard, W. G. 1996. Female Control: Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
76. Eberhard, W. G. 2000. Criteria for demonstrating postcopulatory female choice. Evolution 54: 1047-1050.
77. Edvardsson, M. and G. Arnqvist. 2000. Copulatory courtship and cryptic female choice in red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 267: 1-5.
78. Fearnley, R. H. 1993. Sexual Selection, Dispersal and Reproductive Behaviour in Hermaphrodite Land Snails, with Particular Reference to Helix aspersa Müller (Pulmonata, Gastropoda). Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester, UK.
79. Fearnley, R. H. 1996. Heterogenic copulatory behaviour produces non-random mating in laboratory trials in the land snail Helix aspersa Müller. Journal of Molluscan Studies 62: 159-164.
80. Fischer, E. A. 1981. Sexual allocation in a simultaneously hermaphroditic coral reef fish. American Naturalist 117: 64-82.
81. Fischer, E. A. and C. W. Petersen. 1987. The evolution of sexual patterns in the seabasses. Bioscience 37: 482-489.
82. Ghiselin, M. T. 1969. The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals. Quarterly Review of Biology 44: 189-208.
83. Gittenberger, E. 1991. Altitudinal variation and adaptive zones in Arianta arhustorum: A new look at a widespread species. Journal of Molluscan Studies 57: 99-109.
84. Gosteli, M. 2005. Environmental influence on shell characters in alpine Arianta arbustorum (Gastropoda: Helicidae). Contribution to Natural History, Natural History Museum Bern 6: 1-13.
85. Greeff, J. M. and N. K. Michiels. 1999a. Low potential for sexual selection in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 266: 1671-1676.
86. Greeff, J. M. and N. K. Michiels. 1999b. Sperm digestion and reciprocal sperm transfer can drive hermaphrodite sex allocation to equality. American Naturalist 153: 421-430.
87. Haase, M. and B. Baur. 1995. Variation in spermathecal morphology and storage of spermatozoa in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 28: 33-41.
88. Haase, M., B. Misof, T. Wirth, H. Baminger, and B. Baur. 2003. Mitochondrial differentiation in a polymorphic land snail: Evidence for Pleistocene survival within the boundaries of permafrost. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 415-428.
89. Hanggi, C., R. Locher, and B. Baur. 2002. Intermating interval and number of sperm delivered in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata: Helicidae). The Veliger 45: 224-230.
90. Hodgson, A. N., S. Ridgway, G. M. Branch, and S. J. Hawkins. 1996. Spermatozoan morphology of 19 species of prosobranch limpets (Patellogastropoda) with a discussion of patellid relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) 351: 339-347.
91. Hofmann, E. 1923. Über den Begattungsvorgang von Arianta arbustorum L. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 59 (NF 52): 363-400.
92. Jarne, P. and D. Charlesworth. 1993. The evolution of the selfing rate in functionally hermaphrodite plants and animals. Annual Review Ecology and Systematics 24: 441-466.
93. Kempenaers, B., K. Foerster, S. Questiau, B. C. Robertson, and E. L. M. Vermeirssen. 2000. Distinguishing between female sperm choice versus male sperm competition: A comment on Birkhead. Evolution 54: 1050-1052.
94. Kerney, M. P. and R. A. D. Cameron. 1979. A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and North-West Europe. Collins, London.
95. Kleewein, D. 1999. Population size, density, spatial distribution and dispersal in an Austrian population of the land snail Arianta arbustomm styriaca (Gastropoda: Helicidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 65: 303-315.
96. Koene, J. M. and H. Schulenberg. 2005. Shooting darts: Coevolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 25.
97. Lamotte, M. 1951. Recherches sur la structure génétique des populations naturelles de Cepaea nemoralis. Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique (Supplement) 35: 1-239.
98. Landolfa, M. A. 2002. On the adaptive function of the love dart of Helix aspersa. The Veliger 45: 231-249.
99. Landolfa, M. A., D. M. Green, and R. Chase. 2001. Dart shooting influences paternal reproductive success in the snail Helix aspersa (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora). Behavioral Ecology 12: 773-777.
100. Lang, A. 1904. Über Vorversuche zu Untersuchungen über die Varietätenbildung von Helix hortensis Müller und Helix nemoralis L. Denkschrift der medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Jena 11: 437-506.
101. Leonard, J. L. 1991. Sexual conflict and the mating systems of simultaneously hermaphroditic gastropods. American Malacological Bulletin 9: 45-58.
102. Levitan, D. R. 1993. The importance of sperm limitation to the evolution of egg size in marine invertebrates. American Naturalist 141: 517-536.
103. Levitan, D. R. 2000. Sperm velocity and longevity trade off each other and influence fertilization in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 267: 531-534.
104. Lind, H. 1973. The functional significance of the spermatophore and the fate of spermatozoa in the genital tract of Helix pomatia (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Journal of Zoology 168: 39-64.
105. Lind, H. 1988. The behaviour of Helix pomatia L. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) in a natural habitat. Videnskablige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk forening i København 147: 67-92.
106. Locher, R. and B. Baur. 1997. A new technique to assess the number of spermatozoa in spermatophores of stylommatophoran gastropods. Journal of Molluscan Studies 63: 555-556.
107. Locher, R. and B. Baur. 1999. Effects of intermating interval on spermatophore size and sperm number in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Ethology 105: 839-849.
108. Locher, R. and B. Baur. 2000a. Sperm delivery and egg production of the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta ar bustorum exposed to an increased sperm competition risk. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 38: 53-60.
109. Locher, R. and B. Baur. 2000b. Mating frequency and resource allocation to male and female functions in the simultaneous hermaphrodite land snail Ananta arbustorum. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13: 607-614.
110. Locher, R. and B. Baur. 2001. Isolation of microsatellite markers in the hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum (Gastropoda). Molecular Ecology Notes 1: 39-40.
111. Locher, R. and B. Baur. 2002. Nutritional stress changes sex-specific reproductive allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Functional Ecology 16: 623-632.
112. Michiels, N. K. 1998. Mating conflicts and sperm competition in simultaneous hermaphrodites. In: T. R. Birkhead and A. P. Møller, eds., Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. Academic Press, London. Pp. 219-254.
113. Minoretti, N. and B. Baur. 2006. Among- and within-population variation in sperm quality in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 60: 270-280.
114. Murray, J. 1964. Multiple mating and effective population size in Cepaea nemoralis. Evolution 18: 283-291.
115. Nakatsuru, K. and D. L. Kramer. 1982. Is sperm cheap? Limited male fertility and female choice in the lemon tetra (Pisces, Characiae). Science 216: 753-755.
116. Oldham, C. 1934. Some albinistic varieties of Ananta arbustorum (L.). Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 21: 103-108.
117. Parker, G. A. 1970. Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Biological Review 45: 535-567.
118. Parker, G. A. 1982. Why are there so many tiny sperm? Sperm competition and the maintenance of two sexes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 96: 281-294.
119. Parker, G. A. 1983. Mate quality and mating decisions. In: P. Bateson, ed., Mate Choice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Pp. 141-164.
120. Parker, G. A. 1990a. Sperm competition games: Raffles and roles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 242: 120-126.
121. Parker, G. A. 1990b. Sperm competition games: Sneaks and extra-pair copulations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 242: 127-133.
122. Parker, G. A. and M. E. Begon. 1993. Sperm competition games: Sperm size and number under gametic control. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 253: 255-262.
123. Pitnick, S. and W. D. Brown. 2000. Criteria for demonstrating female sperm choice. Evolution 54: 1052-1056.
124. Pizzari, T. and T. R. Birkhead. 2002. The sexually-selected sperm hypothesis: Sex-biased inheritance and sexual antagonism. Biological Reviews 77: 183-209.
125. Pizzari, T. and R. R. Snook. 2003. Sexual conflict and sexual selection: Chasing away paradigm shifts. Evolution 57: 1223-1236.
126. Reichardt, A., C. Raboud, H. Burla, and B. Baur. 1985. Causes of death and possible regulatory processes in Arianta arbustorum (L., 1758) (Pulmonata, Helicidae). Basteria 49: 37-46.
127. Ridley, M. 1983. The Explanation of Organic Diversity. Claredon Press, Oxford.
128. Rogers, D. W. and R. Chase. 2001. Dart receipt promotes sperm storage in the garden snail Helix aspersa. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 122-127.
129. Rogers, D. W. and R. Chase. 2002. Determinants of paternity in the garden snail Helix aspersa. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52: 289-295.
130. Saleuddin, A. S. M., B. Griffond, and M.-L. Ashton. 1991. An ultrastructural study of the activation of the endocrine dorsal bodies in the snail Helix aspersa by mating. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1203-1215.
131. Schilder, A. 1950. Die Ursachen der Variabilität bei Cepaea. Biologisches Zentralblatt 69: 79-103.
132. Schlichting, C. D. and V. A. Delesalle. 1997. Stressing the differences between male and female functions in hermaphroditic plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 51-52.
133. Schneller, M. 1950. Veränderungen der genetischen Konstitution in natürlichen Populationen der polymorphen Bänderschnecken. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 13: 192-206.
134. Sella, G. 1990. Sex allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic polychaete worm Ophryotrocha diadema. Ecology 71: 27-32.
135. Simmons, L. W. and M. Siva-Jothy. 1998. Sperm competition in insects: Mechanisms and the potential for selection. In: T. R. Birkhead and A. P. Møller, eds., Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. Academic Press, London. Pp. 341-434.
136. Snook, R. R. 2005. Sperm in competition: Not playing by the numbers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 46-53.
137. Speiser, B. and M. Rowell-Rahier. 1991. Effects of food availability, nutritional value, and alkaloids on food choice in the generalist herbivore Arianta arbustorum (Gastropoda: Helicidae). Oikos 62: 306-318.
138. Speiser, B. and M. Rowell-Rahier. 1993. Does the land snail Arianta arbustorum prefer sequentially mixed over pure diets? Functional Ecology 7: 403-410.
139. Speiser, B., J. Harmatha, and M. Rowell-Rahier. 1992. Effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and sesquiterpenes on snail feeding. Oecologia 92: 257-265.
140. Takeda, N. 1983. Endocrine regulation of reproduction in the snail, Euhadra peliomphala. In: J. Lever and H. H. Boer, eds., Molluscan Neuroendocrinology. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Pp. 106-111.
141. Terhivuo, J. 1978. Growth, reproduction and hibernation of Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Gastropoda, Helicidae) in southern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 15: 8-16.
142. Thompson, T. E., 1973. Euthyneuran and other molluscan spermatozoa. Malacologia 14: 167-206.
143. Tischler, W. 1973. Zur Biologie und Ökologie der Weinbergschnecke (Helix pomatia). Faunistisch-ökologische Mitteilungen 4: 283-298.
144. Trivers, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In: B. Campbell, ed., Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man 1871-1971. Aldine, Chicago. Pp. 136-179.
145. Wacker, A. and B. Baur. 2004. Effects of protein and calcium concentrations of artificial diets on the growth and survival of the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 46: 47-53.
146. Wolda, H. 1963. Natural populations of the polymorphic landsnail Cepaea nemoralis (L.). Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie 15: 381-471.
147. Woyciechowski, M. and L. Lomnicki. 1977. Mating frequencies between resident and added individuals in a population of the land snail Helix pomatia L. Bulletin of the Academy of Poland (Science, Biology) 25: 159-162.