Design optimization of a controllable camber rotor airfoil

AIAA Journal

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 142-153

  Gandhi, Farhan ^a,b   Frecker, Mary ^a,b   Nissly, Andrew ^a,b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b 231C Hammond Building ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ROTOR AIRFOIL CAMBERS; TRAILING-EDGE DEFLECTION; TRAILING-EDGE FLAPS;

AIRFOILS; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; LINEAR PROGRAMMING; MACHINE DESIGN; OPTIMIZATION; VIBRATIONS (MECHANICAL);

HELICOPTER ROTORS;

EID: 38549095192     PISSN: 00011452     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2514/1.24476     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Milgram, J., Chopra, I., and Straub, F., "Rotors with Trailing Edge Flaps: Analysis and Comparison with Experimental Data," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 43, No. 4, 1998, pp. 319-332.
2. Bernhard, A. P. F., and Chopra, I., "Hover Testing of Active Rotor Blade-Tips Using a Piezo-Induced Bending-Torsion Coupled Beam," Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 9, No. 12, 1999, pp. 963-974.
3. Myrtle, T., and Friedmann, P., "Application of a New Compressible Time Domain Aerodynamic Model to Vibration Reduction in Helicopters Using an Actively Controlled Flap," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2001, pp. 32-43.
4. Straub, F., and King, R., "Application of Smart Materials to Control of a Helicopter Rotor," Proceedings of the Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, Vol. 2721, 1996, pp. 66-77.
5. Lee, T., and Chopra, I., "Design Issues of a High-Stroke, On-Blade Piezostack Actuator for a Helicopter Rotor with Trailing-Edge Flaps," Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2000, pp. 328-342.
6. Clement, J. W., Brei, D., and Barret, R., "Wind Tunnel Testing of a High Authority Airspeed Insensitive Rotor Blade Flap," AIAA Paper 99-1503, Apr. 1999.
7. Chattopadhyay, A., Seeley, C. E., and Mitchell, L., "Design of A Smart Flap Using Polymeric C-Block Actuators and A Hybrid Optimization Technique," Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1997, pp. 134-144. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/6/2/002
8. Hall, S., and Tzianetopoulou, T., "Design and Testing of a Double X-Frame Piezoelectric Actuator," Proceedings of the Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, Vol. 3985, 2000, pp. 26-37.
9. Straub, F., Ngo, H. T., Anand, V., and Domzalski, D., "Development of a Piezoelectric Actuator for Trailing Edge Flap Control of Full Scale Rotor Blades," Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2001, pp. 25-34. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/10/1/303
10. Koratkar, N. A., and Chopra, I., "Wind Tunnel Testing of a Smart Rotor Model with Trailing-Edge Flaps," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2002, pp. 263-272.
11. Fulton, M., and Ormiston, R. A., "Hover Testing of a Small-Scale Rotor with On-Blade Elevons," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2001, pp. 96-106.
12. Saggere, I., and Kota, S., "Static Shape Control of Smart Structures Using Compliant Mechanisms," AMA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 5, 1999, pp. 572-578.
13. Hetrick, J., and Kota, S., "Energy Formulation for Parametric Size and Shape Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms," Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 121, No. 2, 1999, pp. 229-234.
14. Xu, D., and Ananthasuresh, G. K., "Freeform Skeletal Shape Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms," Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 125, No. 2, 2003, pp. 253-261. doi:10.1115/1.1563634
15. Rediniotis, O. K., Wilson, L. N., Lagoudas D. C., and Khan, M. M., "Development of a Shape-Memory-Alloy Actuated Biomimetic Hydrofoil," Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2002, pp. 35-49.
16. Kudva, J., Sanders, B., Pinkerton-Florance, J., and Garcia, E., "Overview of DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing Phase 2 Program," Proceedings of the Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, Vol. 4332, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, 2001, pp. 383-389.
17. Raney, D., Montgomery, R., Green, L., and Park, M., "Flight Control Using Distributed Shape-Change Effector Arrays," AIAA Paper 2000-1560, Apr. 2000.
18. Anusonti-Inthra, P. R., Frecker, M., and Gandhi, F., "Design of a Conformable Rotor Airfoil Using Distributed Piezoelectric Actuators," AIAA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 8, Aug. 2005, pp. 1684-1695.
19. Abbot, I. H., and Von Doenhoff, A. E., Theory of Wing Sections, Dover, New York, 1959.
20. Katz, J., and Plotkin, A., Low-Speed Aerodynamics: From Wing Theory to Panel Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991.
21. Frecker, M., Ananthasuresh, G. K., Nishiwaki, S., Kikuchi, N., and Kota, S., "Topological Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms Using Multi-Criteria Optimization," Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 119, No. 2, 1997, pp. 238-245.
22. Drela, M., "XFOIL - An Analysis and Design System for Low Reynolds Number Airfoils," Proceedings of the Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics Conference, Notre Dame, IN, 1989, pp. 1-12.