The emotional toll of spousal morbidity and mortality

American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 15, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 772-779

  Zivin, Kara ^a,b,d   Christakis, Nicholas A ^c  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d Res and Development Field Program   (United States)

Author keywords

Bereavement; Caregiving; Depression; Medicare; Mental health and substance abuse

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; BILLING AND CLAIMS; CAREGIVER BURDEN; DEATH; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICARE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; RISK FACTOR; SPOUSE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; ADDICTION; BEREAVEMENT; CAREGIVER; COHORT ANALYSIS; COST OF ILLNESS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FOLLOW UP; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BEREAVEMENT; CAREGIVERS; COHORT STUDIES; COST OF ILLNESS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RISK FACTORS; SICK ROLE; SPOUSES; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 38449121974     PISSN: 10647481     EISSN: 15457214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318050c9ae     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Schulz R, Beach SR: Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA 1999; 282:2215-2219
2. Baumgarten M, Battista RN, Infante-Rivard C, et al: Use of physician services among family caregivers of elderly persons with dementia. J Clin Epidemiol 1997; 50:1265-1272
3. Gallant MP, Connell CM: Predictors of decreased self-care among spouse caregivers of older adults with dementing illnesses. J Aging Health 1997; 9:373-395
4. Dunkin JJ, Anderson-Hanley C: Dementia caregiver burden: a review of the literature and guidelines for assessment and intervention. Neurology 1998; 51:S53-S60
5. Russo J, Vitaliano PP, Brewer DD, et al: Psychiatric disorders in spouse caregivers of care recipients with Alzheimer's disease and matched controls: a diathesis-stress model of psychopathology. J Abnormal Psychol 1995; 104:197-204
6. Scholte op, Reimer WJ, de Haan RJ, Rijnders PT, et al: The burden of caregiving in partners of long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 1998; 29:1605-1611
7. Boss P, Caron W, Horbal J, et al: Predictors of depression in caregivers of dementia patients: boundary ambiguity and mastery. Family Process 1990; 29:245-254
8. Fernandez HH, Tabamo RE, David RR, et al: Predictors of depressive symptoms among spouse caregivers in Parkinson's disease. Movement Dis 2001; 16:1123-1125
9. Knight RG, Devereux RC, Godfrey HP: Psychosocial consequences of caring for a spouse with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1997; 19:7-19
10. Nieboer AP, Schulz R, Matthews KA, et al: Spousal caregivers' activity restriction and depression: a model for changes over time. Social Sci Med 1998; 47:1361-1371
11. Collins C, Jones R: Emotional distress and morbidity in dementia carers: a matched comparison of husbands and wives. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 12:1168-1173
12. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Dura JR, Speicher CE, et al: Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosomatic Med 1991; 53:345-362
13. Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Shulman E, et al: A comprehensive support program: effect on depression in spouse-caregivers of AD patients. Gerontologist 1995; 35:792-802
14. Moritz DJ, Kasl SV, Berkman LF: The health impact of living with a cognitively impaired elderly spouse: depressive symptoms and social functioning. J Gerontol 1989; 44:S17-S27
15. Morris LW, Morris RG, Britton PG: The relationship between marital intimacy, perceived strain and depression in spouse caregivers of dementia sufferers. Br J Med Psychol 1988; 61:231-236
16. Pruchno RA, Resch NL: Husbands and wives as caregivers: antecedents of depression and burden. Gerontologist 1989; 29:159-165
17. Pruchno RA, Resch NL: Mental health of caregiving spouses: coping as mediator, moderator, or main effect? Psychol Aging 1989; 4:454-463
18. Pruchno RA, Kleban MH, Michaels JE, et al: Mental and physical health of caregiving spouses: development of a causal model. J Gerontol 1990; 45:P192-P199
19. Clipp EC, George LK: Dementia and cancer: a comparison of spouse caregivers. Gerontologist 1993; 33:534-541
20. Dura JR, Haywood-Niler E, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, : Spousal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease dementia: a preliminary comparison. Gerontologist 1990; 30:332-336
21. Hooker K, Manoogian-O'Dell M, Monahan DJ, et al: Does type of disease matter? Gender differences among Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease spouse caregivers. Gerontologist 2000; 40:568-573
22. Hooker K, Monahan DJ, Bowman SR, et al: Personality counts for a lot: predictors of mental and physical health of spouse caregivers in two disease groups. J Gerontol B 1998; 53:P73-P85
23. Mendes de Leon CF, Kasl SV, Jacobs S: A prospective study of widowhood and changes in symptoms of depression in a community sample of the elderly. Psychol Med 1994; 24:613-624
24. Anderson CS, Linto J, Stewart-Wynne EG, : A population-based assessment of the impact and burden of caregiving for long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 1995; 26:843-849
25. Barusch AS, Spaid WM: Gender differences in caregiving: why do wives report greater burden? Gerontologist 1989; 29:667-676
26. Bedard M, Molloy DW, Pedlar D, et al: 1997 IPA/Bayer Research Awards in Psychogeriatrics. Associations between dysfunctional behaviors, gender, and burden in spousal caregivers of cognitively impaired older adults. Int Psychogeriatrics 1997; 9:277-290
27. Blood GW, Simpson KC, Dineen M, et al: Spouses of individuals with laryngeal cancer: caregiver strain and burden. J Comm Dis 1994; 27:19-35
28. Bodnar JC, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, : Caregiver depression after bereavement: chronic stress isn't over when it's over. Psychol Aging 1994; 9:372-380
29. Carnelley KB, Wortman CB, Kessler RC: The impact of widowhood on depression: findings from a prospective survey. Psychol Med 1999; 29:1111-1123
30. Gallagher DE, Breckenridge JN, Thompson LW, et al: Effects of bereavement on indicators of mental health in elderly widows and widowers. J Gerontol 1983; 38:565-571
31. Lindstrom TC: Immunity and health after bereavement in relation to coping. Scand J Psychol 1997; 38:253-259
32. Zisook S, Shuchter SR, Sledge PA, et al: The spectrum of depressive phenomena after spousal bereavement. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55Suppl:29-36
33. Christakis NA, Allison PD: Mortality after the hospitalization of a spouse. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:719-730
34. Elwert F, Christakis NA: Widowhood and Race. Am Soc Rev 2006; 71:16-41
35. Arno PS, Levine C, Memmott MM: The economic value of informal caregiving. Health Affairs 1999; 18:182-188
36. Gray L: Caregiver depression: a growing mental health concern. Available at: http://www.caregiver.org/caregiver/jsp/content/pdfs/op-2003-caregiver- depression.pdf; 2003.
37. Haley WE: The costs of family caregiving: implications for geriatric oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003; 48:151-158
38. Iwashyna TJ, Zhang JX, Lauderdale DS, et al: A methodology for identifying married couples in Medicare data: mortality, morbidity, and health care use among the married elderly. Demography 1998; 35:413-419
39. Iwashyna TJ, Brennan G, Zhang JX, et al: Finding married couples in Medicare claims data. Health Serv Out Res Methodol 2002; 3:75-86
40. Hart AC, Parvis SR: Professional ICD-9-CM Code Book. Reston, VA, St. Anthony's Publishing, 1998
41. Robinson RL, Long SR, Chang S, et al: Higher costs and therapeutic factors associated with adherence to NCQA HEDIS antidepressant medication management measures: analysis of administrative claims. J Man Care Pharm 2006; 12:43-54
42. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al: A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40:373-383
43. Kenny DA: The effect of nonindependence on significance testing in dyadic research. Personal Relation 1995; 2:67-75
44. Arean PA, Unutzer J: Inequities in depression management in low-income, minority, and old-old adults: a matter of access to preferred treatments? J Am Geriatrics Soc 2003; 51:1808-1809
45. Bambauer KZ, Prigerson HG: The stigma receptivity scale and its association with mental health service use among bereaved older adults. J Nerv Mental Dis 2006; 194:139-141
46. Department of Health and Human Services: Older adults and mental health: issues and opportunities. Washington, DC, Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging; 2001
47. George LK, Gwyther LP: Caregiver well-being: a dimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. Gerontologist 1986; 26:253-259
48. Hadjiconstantinou M, McGuire L, Duchemin AM, et al: Changes in plasma nerve growth factor levels in older adults associated with chronic stress. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:102-106
49. Robinson-Whelen S, Tada Y, MacCallum RC, et al: Long-term caregiving: what happens when it ends? J Abnormal Psychol 2001; 110:573-584
50. House JS, Landis KR, Umberson D: Social relationships and health. Science 1988; 241:540-545
51. Thoits PA: Stress, coping, and social support processes: where are we? What next? J Health Soc Behav 1995; 35:53-79
52. Cannuscio CC, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, et al: Employment status, social ties, and caregivers' mental health. Social Sci Med 2004; 58:1247-1256
53. Christakis NA: Social networks and collateral health effects. BMJ 2004; 329:184-185
54. Bambauer KZ, Zhang B, Maciejewski PK, et al: Mutuality and specificity of mental disorders in advanced cancer patients and caregivers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol; 2006; 41:819-824
55. Hepburn KW, Tornatore J, Center B, et al: Dementia family caregiver training: affecting beliefs about caregiving and caregiver outcomes. J Am Geriatrics Soc 2001; 49:450-457
56. McCorkle R, Robinson L, Nuamah I, et al: The effects of home nursing care for patients during terminal illness on the bereaved's psychological distress. Nurs Res 1998; 47:2-10
57. Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Shulman E, et al: A family intervention to delay nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996; 276:1725-1731
58. Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Steinberg G, et al: An intervention that delays institutionalization of Alzheimer's disease patients: treatment of spouse-caregivers. Gerontologist 1993; 33:730-740
59. Mittelman MS, Roth DL, Coon DW, et al: Sustained benefit of supportive intervention for depressive symptoms in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:850-856
60. Fengler AP, Goodrich N: Wives of elderly disabled men: the hidden patients. Gerontologist 1979; 19:175-183
61. Hill J: The hidden patient. Lancet 2003; 362:1682