The godly and the multitude in stuart England

Seventeenth Century

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1986, Pages 31-55

  Duffy, Eamon ^a  

^a Magdalene College   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3843115380     PISSN: 0268117X     EISSN: 20504616     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0268117X.1986.10555249     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, edited by Robert Latham and W. Matthews, VIII, 338-9
2. Margaret Spufford, ‘First Steps in Literacy the Reading and Writing Experience of the humblest seventeenth-century Autobiographers’, Social History, 4 (1979), 416-17
3. Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in seventeenth-century England (London, 1981), pp. 27-32. Pepys’ shepherd, however, had once been a domestic servant, and this may have some bearing on his reading ability.
4. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside down (London, 1972)
5. ‘William Perkins and the Poor’, Puritanism and Revolution (1958) (I have used the paperbacked edition, Panther Books, 1968)
6. ‘The many-headed monster’, Change and Continuity in Seventeenth Century England (1974)
7. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London, 1971)
8. Peter Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution (Harvester Press, 1977)
9. ‘The Alehouse and the Alternative Society’, D. Pennington and K. Thomas, Puritans and Revolutionaries (Oxford, 1978)
10. Christopher Haigh, Reformation and Resistance in Tudor Lancashire (Cambridge, 1975)
11. ‘Puritan Evangelism in Elizabethan England’, English Historical Review (1978)
12. Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village. Terling 1525-1700 (New York, San Francisco, London, 1979)
13. and K. Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (London, 1982).
14. For an example of the runaway tendency of the view I have described here, see the bizarre account of eighteenth-century English religion offered in R.W. Malcolmson, Life and Labour in England 1700-1780 (London, 1981), pp. 83-93
15. Malcolmson insists that ‘the evidence currently available on popular religion is so insubstantial... that there is precious little to say.’ However, he immediately launches into an account of popular religion which argues that religion had ‘anything but a commanding presence in many English parishes’ since ‘few clergymen, it seems, devoted much time to pastoral labours’. He feels ‘justified in omitting Methodism’ from his account because there were ‘only’ 25,000 Methodists by 1770 (!!)
16. instead of discussing religion, therefore, he spends eight pages discussing magic.
17. Wrightson and Levine, Poverty and Piety, pp. 12-13
18. cf. Wrightson, English Society, pp. 206-220, where the argument, though much more carefully nuanced, is essentially the same
19. Hill, ‘Perkins and the Poor’, pp. 214, 223, 225.
20. e.g. William Hunt, The Puritan Movement. The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Harvard, 1983), 130-55.
21. Reliquiae Baxterianae (London, 1696), Part I, pp. 2-3, 31-32.
22. William Perkins, The Foundations of Christian Religion gathered into six principles (London, 1627), sigs A2-A4.
23. Robert Bolton, Some General Directions for a comfortable walking with God, second edition (London, 1626), pp. 116-7
24. George Gifford, A Briefe discourse of certainepoints of religion, which is among the common sort of Christians, which may be termed the Countrey Divinitie (London, 1612), p. 39
25. Arthur Dent, Plaine Man’s Path-Way to Heaven (London, 1601), pp. 30-31.
26. Dent, Plaine Man’s Path-Way, pp. 285-87.
27. For warnings against this view, see Brian Tierney, ‘The Decretists and the “Deserving Poor’”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1958-1959), 360-76
28. Richard Smith, ‘Some Issues concerning Families and their Property in Rural England 1200-1800’, in Land, Kinship and Life-Cycle, edited by Richard Smith (Cambridge, 1984), especially pp. 78-85.
29. John Rogers, A Treatise of Love, third edition (London, 1637), pp. 215-18.
30. John Rogers, A Treatise of Love, third edition (London, 1637)., pp. 220-21
31. cf. John Downame, The Plea of the Poore, Or a Treatise of Beneficence (London, 1616): ‘Let us remember that Christ hath done the like for us and we... doe it againe to our Saviour Christ’.
32. John Downame, The Plea of the Poore, Or a Treatise of Beneficence., p. 224
33. for similar views, Richard Baxter, The Poor Man’s Family Book (London, 1674), pp. 100-02
34. Downame, Plea of the Poore, pp. 54-60.
35. Rogers, Of Love, p. 231
36. Downame, Plea of the Poore, pp. 240-44, for identical sentiments.
37. John Hart D.D., The Charitable Christian, Pepys’ Library, Magdalene College, ‘Penny Godlinesses’, pp. 571-73 (This edition 1682).
38. Richard Baxter, A Christian Directory (London, 1673), Book IV, p. a
39. cf. Rogers, Of Love, pp. 141-42: ‘Yea, they that be never so ignorant, profane, ungodly, whether rich or poore, we must wish well unto them, and seek their good... Our love towards them may be a meanes to winne them to God’.
40. Perkins, The Foundation of Christian Religion, title page.
41. Quoted in Pat Collinson, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford, 1982), p. 233.
42. Baxter, Poor Man’s Family Book, pp. 101-02.
43. Unpublished paper on ‘The emergence of the English Catechism under Elizabeth and the early Stuarts’. I am grateful to Dr Green for permission to quote his paper.
44. George Herbert, A Priest to the Temple, or, The Countrey Parson (1652)
45. in The Works of George Herbert edited by F.W. Hutchinson, (Oxford, 1967), p. 257
46. William Crashaw, Milkefor babes, or a north-countrie catechism (London, 1618), Sig A2v (I am indebted to Dr Green for this reference)
47. Richard Baxter, Gildas Salvianus or The Reformed Pastor (London, 1656), pp. 356-57
48. Richard Baxter, Gildas Salvianus or The Reformed Pastor (London, 1656)., p. 81.
49. John Rogers, The Doctrine of Faith, sixth edition (1634), pp. 97-99.
50. Mr Thomas Wadsworth’s last Warning to Secure Sinners...To which is prefixed an Epistle of Mr Richard Baxter (London, 1677), Sig. C3v-4r.
51. For example, Robert Muchembled, Culturepopulaire et culture des elites dans la France modeme (Paris, 1978)
52. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modem Europe (London, 1978) , especially chapter 8
53. and the discussion by Robert Muchembled and Jean Wirth in Religion and Society in Early Modem Europe 1500-1800 edited by Kasper von Greyerz, (London, 1984), pp. 56-78.
54. For Catholicism, see Christopher Haigh, ‘The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reformation’, Past and Present, no. 93 (1981)
55. ‘From monopoly to minority’, TRHS, 31 (1981).
56. For puritanism, most of the writers cited in note 3. But see also the very important and judicious discussion by Professor Collinson in The Religion of Protestants, pp. 189-241.
57. Margaret Spufford, ‘Can we count the Godly?’, Journal of Ecclesiastical Histoiy (July 1985), pp.428-38
58. And see now John Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1985), especially his remarks on p. 8.
59. Of Love, pp. 31, 35.
60. Gifford, Country Divinitie, p. 4.
61. Bolton, Comfortable walking, pp. 2-3.
62. William Hinde, A Faithfull Remonstrance of the Holy Life and Happy Death of John Bruen (London, 1641), pp. 104, 192
63. Gifford, Country Divinitie, pp. 4-5
64. Baxter, A Treatise ofSelf-Denyall (London, 1660), pp. 129-130
65. Poor Man’s Family Book pp. 98,145
66. See also Nicholas Bownd, Sabbathum Veteris etNovi (London, 1606), pp. 253-83, where gaming and profane activities are clearly associated with the propertied
67. I am indebted to Dr Ken Parker for a helpful discussion of the social scope of Sabbatarian complaint literature, on which see his Cambridge Ph.D. Thesis (1984), The English Sabbath 1558-1640, pp. 136-47, 178-81.
68. Dent, Plaine Mans Path-Way, pp. 30-408.
69. Baxter, Poor Man’s Family Book, pp. 89ff.
70. Gifford, Country Divinitie, pp. 2-3.
71. Richard Rogers, Seaven Treatises. Containing Such Directions as is gathered out of the Holy Scriptures, fourth edition (London, 1627), p. 161.
72. Some of the pitfalls here can be seen in the passage from Robert Bolton’s Two Sermons preached at Northampton (1635 edition, pp. 84-85)
73. used in both Poverty and Piety (p. 13)
74. English Society (p. 205) by Keith Wrightson. Bolton is discussing a range of people hostile to godliness and puritanism. The first group he singles out are ‘naturall Puritans’ or ‘true Iusticiaries’, that is, men and women ‘with a great opinion of their own integrity’, who accept the general notion of sin but do not apply specific sins to themselves. These people, of whom ‘you shall finde many,... especially among the common and ignorant people’, were well described, Bolton thinks
75. by Dent in his Plaine Man’s Path-way. He claims that they are also described in the Book of Proverbs, and cites chapter 30 verse 12. This is the first verse of a unit of three, which runs ‘There is a generation which are pure in their own eyes, and yet is not washed from their filthiness. There is a generation, O how lofty are their eyes! and their eyelids are lifted up. There is a generation, whose teeth are as swords, and their jaw teeth as knives to devour the poor from off the earth, and the needy from among men.’ Dent and Bolton are therefore not describing parishioners in globo (Bolton goes on to discuss other categories such as the ‘civill honest’ or merely respectable, the superstitious, the pharisaically self-righteous, ‘the giddy separatist’ as well as the truly godly), but a particular group found among the common people. The passage from Proverbs seems to rule out any simple identification with the mass of the poor the ignorance intended by Bolton is ignorance of true religion, not simple illiteracy - that is, it is a type of ignorance which can as readily be found in a literate as an illiterate man. Yet in Poverty and Piety and even more in English Society this group is equated with ‘the common people’, the clergy’s ‘stubborn flocks’.
76. Collinson, Religion of Protestants, pp. 139-40, 224-30
77. cf. Gifford, Country Divinitie', Lewis Bayly, The Practice of Piety (London, 1629), pp. 448-50
78. Reliquiae Baxterianae, III, p. 190 para 72
79. Martin Ingram, ‘Religion, Communities and Moral Discipline in Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century England’
80. von Greyerz, Religion and Society, pp. 177-93
81. J.A. Sharpe, ‘Crime and Delinquency in an Essex Parish 1600-1648’, Crime in England 1550-1800, edited byJ.S. Cockburn (London, 1977), pp. 90-109.
82. See also the testimony of Richard Condor, the Cambridge puritan, converted as a young man from profane life by his horror at hearing the Book of Sports read in his parish church he makes the point that sabbath-breaking by games was the activity ‘in our parish and many others’, of‘the young men’ - Spufford, Contrasting Communities, pp. 231-32.
83. And see the comments at pp. 8-9 of Jeremy Goring’s 1983 Dr Williams’ Library Lecture, Godly Exercises Or the Devils Dance? Puritanism and Popular Culture in Pre-Civil War England (Dr Williams’ Trust, 1983).
84. Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680, pp. 206-21.
85. Claire Cross, ‘The Church in England 1648-1660’ in The Interregnum, edited by G.E. Aylmer (London, 1972), p. 112
86. G.F. Nuttall, ‘Congregational Commonwealth Incumbents’, Trans.Cong.Hist.Soc., 14, 155-67
87. Poverty and Piety, pp. 161-64.
88. Wrightson, English Society, p. 220.
89. John Morrill, ‘The Church in England 1642-9’, pp. 89-114
90. in Reactions to the English Civil War, edited by J. Morrill (London, 1982).
91. Dent, Plaine Man’s Path-way, pp. 409-10
92. Herbert, Priest to the Temple, pp. 283-84.
93. Richard Baxter, Confirmation and Restoration, the Necessary means of Reformation and Reconciliation (London, 1658), pp. 157-65
94. Geoffrey F. Nuttall, Richard Baxter (London, 1965), pp. 46-47.
95. Reliquiae Baxterianae, I, 85.
96. Nuttall, Baxter, p. 47.
97. Cf. the account of Nottingham in Geoffrey Nuttall et al.. The Beginning of Nonconformity (London, 1964), pp. 15-22
98. and of Dursley (Glos.) in Edmund Calamy, An account of the Ministers... Ejected or Silenced, second edition (London, 1713), II, 319-27.
99. Reliquiae Baxterianae, I, 85.
100. Baxter, Confirmation, p. 160.
101. Spufford, ‘Can we count the godly?’, passim.
102. Bernard Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press: English alamanacks 1500-1800 (London, 1979) , p. 23.
103. Bownd, Sabbathum Veterum, pp. 224-26.
104. Dent, Plaine Man’s Path-way, p. 408.
105. Bownd, Sabbathum Veterum, p. 424 he has the psalms in mind here, but the point holds. Miss Tessa Watts of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge is currently at work on the religious dimension of popular printing in this period.
106. Dent, Plaine Man’s Path-way, p. 409.
107. Reliquiae Baxterianae, pp. 2-3
108. Nuttall, Baxter, p. 5.
109. Baxter, Treatise of Self-Denyall, pp. 115, 126, 127
110. cf. e.g. Christian Directory, I, chapter 2, p. 61,1 chapter 5, p. 292, II, chapter 10, p. 548, II, chapter 12, p. 552, II, chapter 31, pp. 580-1
111. Reliquiae, p. 2.
112. And in general, Spufford, Small Books, pp. 45-82.
113. Reliquiae, pp. 3-4.
114. Spufford, Small Books, table 2, p. 134
115. have adjusted Dr Spufford’s figures upwards, to give 94 rather than 79 ‘Godlies’, since some of the ‘Double books’ on Thackeray’s list were religious if one counts the broadside carol ‘Christus Natus Est’, there were fifty-two religious items on Thackeray’s trade-list, printed in part, Small Books, pp. 262-67
116. complete in Leslie Shephard, John Pitts, Ballad Printer of Seven Dials (London, 1969), pp. 20-21. I am deeply indebted to Margaret Spufford for this particular reference and for general clarification about religious chap-books though, as will be seen, I take a different view of them.
117. Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Penny Godlinesses (hereafter cited as P.G.), no. 15, Deacon’s List, p. 309. I am indebted to my colleague, Dr Richard Luckett, the Pepys Librarian, for permission to quote from these pamphlets.
118. e.g. P.G. no. 24, pp. 508-09, P.G. no. 37, pp. 809-10. This practice was not of course confined to chap-book publishers H. Brome, the publisher of Samuel Hardy’s A guide to Heaven: or Good Counsel How to close savingly with Christ (1664), thought that his customers might buy The Jovial Crew or The Love-Sick Conceit as well as Almost a Christian or Bloodfor Blood. Hardy’s work, though not a chap-book, is tiny enough to have been carried in a pedlar’s pack, and was intended for ‘a plaine people... in a familiar vulgar style’. The publisher had some titles on his list - Crumbs of Comfort and The History of the Bible - which appeared elsewhere as chap-books (Trinity College Library, Cambridge, D. 38.59).
119. SpufTord, Small Books, chapters 3 and 5 on readership and distribution.
120. I have omitted any consideration of the religion of the Almanacs here, for which see Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press, chapter 5. For a discussion of the balance of Pepys’ collection of chap-books in general, SpufTord, Small Books, chapter 6. No category of chap-book represented in the trade lists is absent from Pepys’ Collection, with one exception. Thackeray’s list for 1689 (see above, note 58) includes a version of an Elizabethan classic, Philip Stubbes’ life of his wife, A Christall Glasse for Christian women... the godly life and Christian death of mistress Katherine Stubbes (1592). Pepys did not have this. So far as I can see, this is the only biographical ‘godly’ current in the later seventeenth century. Since nothing survives of many of the advertized ‘godly’ chap-books but their title, it is difficult to assess the overall balance of Pepys’ collection. Fortunately chap-book titles tend to be fairly self-explanatory - Tormenting Topeth, Sinners Sobs, Posit of Prayers - and they suggest that Pepys’ collection does indeed reflect what was available, rather than any personal idiosyncrasies.
121. Murthers Reward: Being a true and exact Account of a most cruel and most barbarous Murther, P.G. no. 45. The chap-book authenticates itself with names ‘the chiefest that live in the Parish’, - one ‘esquire’, one ‘gent’, five yeomen and five husbandmen.
122. An Allarum from Heaven: or, a Warning to Rash Wishers (1683), P.G. no. 46
123. A warning to Wicked Livers, or, A faithful and true Account of the Life and Death ofJohn Duncalf, whose Hands and Legs rotted off in Staffordshire, P.G. no. 6.
124. Simon Ford, A Discourse Concerning God’s Judgements (London, 1678). Both Ford and Illingworth, his co-author, were clients of the Foley family, and friends of Edward Reynolds and Richard Baxter.
125. The School of Godliness: Or, Divine Lesson by Way of Question and answer... by that faithful minister of the Gospel, lately deceased, Mr. Jo. Williams, P.G. no. 16 (Trance on p. 313): The Dying Minister’s last sermon... with the last sayings of thefaithful Divine, Mr Brooke, P.G. no. 11 (trance on p. 200).
126. P.G. no. 43, The School of Piety, Or, The Devout Christian’s Duty, P.G. no. 23, The School of Holiness or, The Penitent Souls Dayly Practice. Containing Godly Prayers for several OccasionsWith Heavenly Meditations, and Graces before and after Meat. Together with a short Catechism for the better instruction in the Christian Religion. Also the Holy Sayings of several of the ancient Fathers of the Primitive Church. Very Profitablefor all people, and usefulfor Families (1686) P.G. no. 20, A School of Divine Meditation, relating to the Frailty of Man... Also, Some DIVINE CA UTIONS, how they may avoid that great Mistake of taking Moral Parts for Spiritual Duties. Whereunto is added, Certain Prayers and Graces... By that Reverend Divine MrR.B.\ P.G. no. 16, The School of Godliness: Or, Divine Lessons by way ofQuestion and Answer... by that faithful minister lately deceased, MrJo. Williams, who after he had laine several days in a trance did write this his catechism... With the minister’s speech when he came out of his trance. With Rules of Civility and Carriage becoming Children-, P.G. no. 9 The New School of Education for the Behaviour of Children and their Instruction in the Protestant Religion Practiced by Q. Elizabeth of Blessed Memory. The sixth of these instructional works was P.G. no. 28 The Poor Man’s Help to Devotion or his Family Prayer-Book For there Divided Times of Trouble, attributed to Baxter.
127. The Golden Drops of Christian Comfort, or, a safe Sanctuaryfor all True Penitent Sinners. Setfor the Benefit of Youth, in order to their understanding of many Wonderful Things, which God in his Infinite Mercy has been pleased to perform for the Race of Mankind, by S.M., P.G. no. 25. Cf. SpufT no. 16, pp. 318-24 no. 43, pp. 931-32, 935.
128. P.G. no. 16, pp. 315-16.
129. The Mother’s Blessing: Being Several Godly Admonitions... upon her Death-bed (1685), P.G. no. 31, p. 658.
130. See also P.G. no. 34, Dying Man’s last sermon (prose)
131. P.G. no. 7, The Dying Christian’s Pious Exhortation
132. P.G. no. 15, The Young Man’s Last Legacy.
133. 71(a) For the medieval models of these sententious godlies, see The Good Wife taught her Daughter, edited by T.F. Mustanoja, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (Helsinki, 1948)
134. Peter Idley’s Instructions to his Son, edited by Charlotte D’Evelyn (Boston and Oxford, 1935). I am grateful to Dr Ian Doyle of the U niversity Library, Durham, for alerting me to these medieval prototypes.
135. Gifford, Country Divinitie, pp. 10-11, 52.
136. See Small Books, pp. 198-213.
137. P.G. nos. 1, 26, 29, 35, 36, 39
138. the quotation is from no. 29, A Serious Call to Obstinate Sinners, or a Sounding Trumpet to the Unconverted, by William Knowles (1684), p. 609.
139. P.G. no. 5, The Black Book of Conscience or God’s High Court of Justice in the Soul... Very Seasonable for these Times..., by Andrew Jones. P.G. no. 14, An Almanack Butfor one Day, Or the Son of Man Reckoning with Man upon High Account Day P.G. no. 17 The Great Assizes: or General Day of Judgement (1681), by William Knowles, pp. 348-55 P.G. no. 21, Heaven’s Messengers, Denouncing Judgement Against this Sinful Nation: But Proclaiming Merty to the Truly Pentient therein, pp. 436-38.
140. P.G. no. 14, pp. 288-89.
141. The Charitable Christian. Or, A Word of Comfortfrom the God of Comfort, to such as are truly Poor. And a word of Christian counsel and Advice to such as are Worldly Rich... (1682), P.G. no. 27. The author is the mysterious ‘John Hart D.D.’ who also wrote as Andrew Jones (possibly his first publisher was John Andrews) and William Jones. Cf. John Summerville, Popular Religion in Restoration England (University of Florida, 1977), pp. 45-6.
142. The Black book of Conscience was in its forty-second edition by the time Pepys bought itThe Charitable Christian first appeared in the 1650s, was in its eighth edition by 1662, and was acquired by Pepys in an edition of 1682. The Great Assizes has a number of recorded editions for the 1660s, and was still in print in the 1680s.
143. P.G. no. 8, The Door of Salvation Openedor A Voicefrom Heaven to Unregenerate Sinners P.G. no. 12, The Day of Grace, or Christ’s Tears overJerusalem by Nathan Vincent P.G. no. 19, Death Triumphant or, The most Reverend, Mighty, Puissant and irresistable Champion and Conqueror General of the whole world, Death, Described...by Andrew Jones P.G. no. 29, A Serious Call to Obstinate Sinners, or a Sounding Trumpet to the Unconverted, by William Knowles P.G. no. 32, Christ’s Voice to England, Calling for Repentance P.G. no. 42, Now or Never, by Richard BaxterP.G. no. 44, An Almanack for two Days, Viz the Day of Death, and the Day of Judgement.
144. P.G. no. 2, Saints Blessedfor Ever, or God’s People never Forsaken by Roger HoughP.G. no. 13, The Christian’s Triumph over Temptation, Tribulation and Persecution, or, a Sanctuaryfor the afflicted', P.G. no. 22, A Christian Indeed, or Heaven’s Assurance P.G. no. 24, The Danger of Dispair, Arising from a Guilty Conscience P.G. no. 30, The Poor Doubting Christian Drawn to Christ (by Thomas Hooker) P.G. no. 38 A Knock at the Door of Christless Ones P.G. no. 40, The Christian Temptation and Tryals, as a Sweet Cordial of Comfort for true Believers, by Ralph Vennings.
145. P.G. no. 19, pp. 388, 392.
146. P.G. no. 19., p. 404.
147. P.G. no. 32, p. 677 cf. p. 691.
148. P.G. no. 8, p. 162.
149. For which see R.T. Kendall, Calvin and the English Calvinists (Oxford, 1979).
150. P.G. no. 22, pp. 453, 455-57.
151. P.G. no. 38, p. 828.
152. P.G. no. 30, The Poor Doubting Christian Drawn unto Christ. I have collated it with the fifth edition of Hooker’s work of the same title (1638). The quotation is from p. 120 of the 1638 edition, and p. 635 of the P.G.
153. Reliquiae Baxterianae, pp. 3-4-.
154. P.G. no. 30 Pepys’ copy is the ‘ninth impression’ dated, 1683. It is stated to be by ‘EC’ - this is Elizabeth Clark, a chap-book publisher of the 1660s.
155. Reliquiae BaxterianaCE'e, p. 115.
156. P.G. no. 41, The Pilgrim’s Progress to the Other World: or a Dialogue Between Two Pilgrims on their way to Paradise... by way of Visionary Representation. By J.B. an unworthy labourer in Christ’s Vineyard (London, 1684). Its quality can be judged from its opening: ‘As I wandered through a wild and spacious forest, which was stowed with all manner of Rationals, Animals and Vegetives, I came to a mossy bank, and there laying my head upon the root of a blasted oak I fell asleep, and a dream soon seized my fancywhen I dreamed and low I saw a man in poor cloathing standing at a distance...’.
157. P.G. no. 37, The Wicked Life and Penitent Death of Thomas Savage, n.d.
158. the original from which this is derived is A Murderer Punished, and Pardoned. Or a True Relation of the Wicked Life, and Shameful-Happy death of Thomas Savage... (London, 1668). Wing attributes this to Richard Alleine
159. Edward Calamy, A Continuation of the Account (London, 1727), II, 963 says it is by James Janeway, and this seems more plausible, since Alleine appears to have no connection with Savage, whereas Janeway is named in the pamphlet as one of the five ministers who visited Savage in Newgate, and is the only one whose words are not reported in the account, suggesting that he was indeed its author.
160. (i) Ejected ministers who were the authors of Godlies in the Pepys’ Collection: Thomas Brooks (P.G. no. 11, The Dying Ministers Last Sermon)
161. James Janeway (the author of the original from which P.G. no. 37 see note 95)
162. George Swinnock (P.G. no. 8, The Door of Salvation Opened)
163. Ralph Venning P.G. no. 40, The Christian’s Temptation and Trial
164. Nathaniel Vincent (P.G. no. 12, The Day of Grace)
165. Thomas Wadsworth (P.G. no. 36, Christ in the Clouds).
166. (ii) Ejected ministers who wrote godlies advertized in the trade lists in P.G.: T. Calvert, The Wise Merchant or the Peerless Pearl
167. Henry Stubbs, A Voice from Heaven... with his last prayer (Stubbs is also the true author of the ‘will’ published in P.G. no. 11, and there wrongly attributed to Brooks - see Calamy, edited by S. Palmer, The Nonconformists Memorial, second edition (London, 1802), II, 240ff.)
168. Thomas Vincent, God’s Terrible Voice. To these could be added Joseph Alleine, whose Call to the Unconverted is recommended in the anonymous P.G. no. 38 A Knock at the Door, which itself reads like a work by a non-conformist.
169. See the account of Stubbs in Calamy, An Account of the Ministers... Ejected or Silenced, second edition (London, 1713), II, 318-20. Stubbs learned his methods from Joseph Woodward, of Dursley, under whom he served for a time. Woodward passed this preoccupation with the catechizing and conversion of the poor to his son Josiah, who was to become a pillar of and the principal apologist for the Religious and Reformation Societies of William’s and Anne’s reigns, and an ardent supporter of S.P.C.K.
170. See his very revealing account of his father printed in Calamy, An Account of the Ministers... Ejected or Silenced., pp. 324-27.
171. Richard Baxter’s address ‘To the Reader’ prefixed to Thomas Wadsworth’s Last Warning to Secure Sinners (London, 1677), sigs b2v - b3v. I am indebted to Margaret SpufTord for the point about Newington Butts and the chap-book trade.
172. On Gouge’s Trust and Baxter’s involvement, and on the type of books circulated, see G. Nuttall, Beginnings of Nonconformity, pp. 26-32.
173. P.G. no. 38, p. 810.