A review of the Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in Canada

Canadian Field-Naturalist

Volumn 117, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 360-376

  Poole, Kim G ^a  

^a Aurora Wildlife Research   (Canada)

Author keywords

Canada; Canada Lynx; COSEWIC; Ecology; Lynx canadensis; Review; Status

Indexed keywords

FELID; HABITAT SELECTION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION ECOLOGY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA;

FELIDAE; FELIS CATUS; LEPUS; LEPUS AMERICANUS; LYNX; LYNX CANADENSIS; LYNX LYNX;

EID: 3843090703     PISSN: 00083550     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.22621/cfn.v117i3.738     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Apps, C. D. 2000. Space-use, diet, demographics, and topographic associations of lynx in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: a study. Pages 351-371 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
2. Aubry, K. B., G. M. Koehler, and J. R. Squires. 2000. Ecology of Canada lynx in the southern boreal forests. Pages 373-396 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
3. Bailey, R. G. 1998. Ecoregions map of North America: Explanatory note. Miscellaneous Publications Number 1548. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
4. Bailey, T. N. 1974. Social organization in a bobcat population. Journal of Wildlife Management 38: 435-446.
5. Bailey, T. N., E. E. Bangs, M. F. Portner, J. C. Malloy, and R. J. McAvinchey. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population in the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 279-290.
6. Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
7. Banville, D. 1986. Étude écologique du lynx du Canada sur la haute Côte-Nord. Québec Ministère du Loiser, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Québec, Canada.
8. Beltrán, J. F., J. E. Rice, and R. L. Honeycutt. 1996. Taxonomy of the Iberian lynx. Nature 379: 407-408.
9. Berrie, P. M. 1974. Ecology and status of the lynx in interior Alaska. Pages 4-41 in The world's cats. Volume 1. Edited by R. L. Eaton. World Wildlife Safari, Winston, Oregon, USA.
10. Bergerud, A. T. 1971. The population dynamics of the Newfoundland caribou. Wildlife Monographs 25: 1-55.
11. Boutin, S., C. J. Krebs, R. Boonstra, M. R. T. Dale, S. J. Hannon, K. Martin, A. R. E. Sinclair, J. N. M. Smith, R. Turkington, M. Blower, A. Byrom, F. I. Doyle, C. Doyle, D. Hik, L. Hofer, A. Hubbs, T. Karels, D. L. Murray, V. Nams, M. O'Donoghue, C. Rohner, and S. Schweiger. 1995. Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos 74: 69-80.
12. Brainerd, S. M. 1985. Reproductive ecology of bobcats and lynx in western Montana. M.S. thesis, University of Montana. Missoula, Montana, USA. 85 pages.
13. Brand, C. J., L. B. Keith, and C. A. Fischer. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416-428.
14. Brand, C. J., and L. B. Keith. 1979. Lynx demography during a snowshoe hare decline in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 827-849.
15. Brittell, J. D., R. J. Poelker, S. J Sweeney, and G. M. Koehler. 1989. Native cats of Washington. Section III: Lynx. Washington Department of Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA.
16. Buskirk, S. W., L. F. Ruggiero, and C. J. Krebs. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pages 83-100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
17. Butler, L. 1953. The nature of cycles in populations of Canadian mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 31: 242-262.
18. Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC). 2001. Wild species 2000: the general status of species in Canada. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
19. Carbyn, L. N., and D. Patriquin. 1983. Observations on home range sizes, movements and social organization of lynx, Lynx canadensis, in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist 97: 262-267.
20. Chubbs, T. E., and F. R. Phillips. 1993. An apparent longevity record for Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in Labrador. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107: 367-368.
21. de Vos, A., and S. E. Matel. 1952. The status of the lynx in Canada, 1929-1952. Journal of Forestry 50: 742-745.
22. Dwyer, P. M., F. F. Mallory, and J. R. Pitblado. 1989. Preliminary assessment of lynx habitat and distribution during cyclic population lows in northern Ontario. Musk-ox 37: 129-136.
23. Elton, C., and M. Nicholson. 1942. The ten year cycle in numbers of lynx in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 11: 215-244.
24. Fortin, C., and J. Huot. 1995. Ecologie comparée du Coyote, du Lynx du Canada et du Renard roux au parc national Forillon. Rapport Final for Parcs Canada, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
25. Greenwood, P. J. 1980. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behavior 28: 1140-1162.
26. Hall, E. R. 1981. Mammals of North America. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., USA. 1181 pp.
27. Hatler, D. F. 1988. A lynx management strategy for British Columbia. Wildlife working report WR-34. B.C. Ministry of Environment and Parks, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
28. Hodges, K. E. 2000a. The ecology of snowshoe hares in northern boreal forests. Pages 117-161 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
29. Hodges, K. E. 2000b. Ecology of snowshoe hares in southern boreal and montane forests. Pages 163-206 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
30. Howard, W. E. 1960. Innate and environmental dispersal of individual vertebrates. American Midland Naturalist 63: 152-161
31. Johnson, W. N., T. F. Paragi, and D. D. Katnik. 1995. The relationships of wildland fire to lynx and marten populations and habitat in interior Alaska. Final Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Galena, Alaska, USA.
32. Keith, L. B. 1963. Wildlife's ten-year cycle. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
33. Keith, L. B., A. W. Todd, C. J. Brand, R. S. Adamcik, and D. H. Rusch. 1977. An analysis of predation during a cyclic fluctuation of snowshoe hares. Proceedings of the International Congress of Game Biologists 13: 151-175.
34. Kelsall, J., E. S. Telfer, and T. D. Wright. 1977. The effects of fire on the ecology of the boreal forest, with particular reference to the Canadian north: a review and selected bibliography. Canadian Wildlife Service, Occasional Paper Number 32, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
35. Kesterson, M. B. 1988. Lynx home range and spatial organization in relation to population density and prey abundance. M.S. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
36. Koehler, G. M. 1990. Population and habitat characteristics of lynx and snowshoe hares in north central Washington. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 845-853.
37. Koehler, G. M., and K. B. Aubry. 1994. Lynx. Pages 74-98 in The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski. U. S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254.
38. Krebs, C. J., G. S. Gilbert, S. Boutin, and R. Boonstra. 1987. Estimation of snowshoe hare population density from turd transects. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 565-567.
39. Krebs, C. J., R. Boonstra, V. Nams, M. O'Donoghue, K. E. Hodges, and S. Boutin. 2001. Estimating snowshoe hare population density from pellet plots: a further evaluation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1-4.
40. Kurtén, B., and R. Rausch. 1959. Biometric comparisons between North American and European mammals. II. A comparison between the northern lynxes of Fennoscandia and Alaska. Acta Arctica 11: 21-45.
41. Legendre, P., F. Long, R. Bergeron, and J-M. Levasseur. 1978. Inventaire aérien de la faune dans le Moyen Nord québécois. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56: 451-462.
42. Litvaitis, J. A., D. Kingman, Jr., and E. Orff. 1991. Status of lynx in New Hampshire. Transactions of the Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society 48: 70-75.
43. McCord, C. M., and J. E. Cardoza. 1982. Bobcat and lynx. Pages 728-766 in Wild mammals of North America. Edited by J. A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
44. McKelvey, K. S., K. B. Aubry, and Y. K. Ortega. 2000. History and distribution of lynx in the contiguous United States. Pages 207-264 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
45. Maj, M., and E. O. Garton. 1994. Fisher, lynx, wolverine summary of distribution information. Pages 169-175 in The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski. U. S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254.
46. Major, A. R. 1989. Lynx, Lynx canadensis canadensis (Kerr) predation patterns and habitat use in the Yukon Territory, Canada. M.S. thesis, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA.
47. Mech, L. D. 1973. Canada lynx invasion of Minnesota. Biological Conservation 5: 151-152.
48. Mech, L. D. 1977. Record movement of a Canadian lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 676-677.
49. Meilen, J. D. 1993. A comparative analysis of scent-marking, social and reproductive behavior in 20 species of small cats (Felis). American Zoologist 33: 151-166.
50. Mowat, G. 1993. Lynx recruitment in relation to snowshoe hare density. M.S. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
51. Mowat, G., S. Boutin, and B. G. Slough. 1996a. Using placental scars to estimate litter size and pregnancy rate in lynx. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 430-440.
52. Mowat, G., B. G. Slough, and S. Boutin. 1996b. Lynx recruitment during a snowshoe hare population peak and decline in southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 441-452.
53. Mowat, G., and B. G. Slough. 1998. Some observations on the natural history and behaviour of the Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112: 32-36.
54. Mowat, G., K. G. Poole, and M. O'Donoghue. 2000. Ecology of lynx in northern Canada and Alaska. Pages 265-306 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. Edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
55. Mowat, G., and B. G. Slough. 2003. Habitat preference of Canada lynx through a cycle in snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81: 1736-1745.
56. Murray, D. L., and S. Boutin. 1991. The influence of snow on lynx and coyote movements: does morphology effect behavior? Oecologia 88: 463-469.
57. Murray, D. L., S. Boutin, and M. O'Donoghue. 1994. Winter habitat selection by lynx and coyotes in relation to snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1444-1451.
58. Murray, D. L., S. Boutin, M. O'Donoghue, and V. O. Nams. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203-1210.
59. Nellis, C. H., S. P. Wetmore, and L. B. Keith. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320-329.
60. Noiseux, F., and G. J. Doucet. 1987. Étude de la population du lynx du Canada (Lynx canadensis) de la Réserve Faunique des Laurentides, Québec. Québec Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Québec, Canada.
61. Nowell, K., and P. Jackson. 1996. Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
62. O'Brien, S. J. 1996. Molecular genetics and phylogenetics of the Felidae. Pages xxii-xxiv in Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Edited by K. Nowell and P. Jackson. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.
63. O'Connor, R. M. 1984. Population trends, age structure and reproductive characteristics of female lynx in Alaska, 1963 through 1973. M.S. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
64. O'Donoghue, M., E. Hofer, and F. I. Doyle. 1995. Predator versus predator. Natural History 104(3): 6-9.
65. O'Donoghue, M., S. Boutin, C. J. Krebs, and E. J. Hofer. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150-162.
66. O'Donoghue, M., S. Boutin, C. J. Krebs, D. L. Murray, and E. J. Hofer. 1998a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169-183.
67. O'Donoghue, M., S. Boutin, C. J. Krebs, G. Zuleta, D. L. Murray, and E. J. Hofer. 1998b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193-1208.
68. O'Donoghue, M., S. Boutin, D. L. Murray, C. J. Krebs, E. J. Hofer, U. Breitenmoser, C. Breitenmoser-Wüersten, G. Zuleta, C. Doyle, and V. O. Nams. 2001. Coyotes and lynx. Chapter 13 in Ecosystem dynamics in the boreal forest: the Kluane Project. Edited by C. J. Krebs, S. Boutin, and R. Boonstra. Oxford University Press.
69. Paragi, T. F., W. N. Johnson, and D. D. Katnik. 1997. Selection of post-fire seres by lynx and snowshoe hares in the Alaskan taiga. Northwest Naturalist 78: 77-86.
70. Parker, G. R. 1981. Winter habitat use and hunting activities of lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Pages 221-248 in Worldwide Furbearer Conference proceedings, Aug. 3-11, 1980. Edited by J. A. Chapman, and D. Pursley. Frostburg, Maryland, USA.
71. Parker, G. R., J. W. Maxwell, L. D. Morton, and G. E. J. Smith. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770-786.
72. Perham, C. T. 1995. Home range, habitat selection, and movements of lynx in eastern interior Alaska. M. Sc. thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
73. Perham, C., T. Doyle, and B. Route. 1993. Mortality factors, home range characteristics, and habitat preferences of lynx inhabiting Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, Tok, Alaska, USA.
74. Poole, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608-618.
75. Poole, K. G. 1995. Spatial organization of a lynx population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 632-641.
76. Poole, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497-505.
77. Poole, K. G., L. A. Wakelyn, and P. N. Nicklen. 1996. Habitat selection by lynx in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 845-850.
78. Powell, R. A. 1979. Mustelid spacing patterns: variations on a theme by Mustela. Zoologica Tierpsychologica 50: 153-165.
79. Quinn, N. W. S., and J. F. Gardner. 1984. Relationships of age and sex to lynx pelt characteristics. Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 953-956.
80. Quinn, N. W. S., and G. Parker. 1987. Lynx. Pages 683-694 in Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Edited by M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch. Ontario Trappers Association, North Bay, Ontario, Canada.
81. Quinn, N. W. S., and J. E. Thompson. 1987. Dynamics of an exploited Canada lynx population in Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 51: 297-305.
82. Saunders, J. K. 1963a. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384-390.
83. Saunders. J. K. 1963b. Movements and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390-400.
84. Seidensticker, J. C., IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildlife Monographs 35: 1-60.
85. Seton, E. T. 1929. Lives of game animals. Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York, N.Y., USA.
86. Slough, B. G., R. H. Jessup, D. I. McKay, and A. B. Stephenson. 1987. Wild furbearer management in western and northern Canada. Pages 1062-1076 in Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Edited by M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch. Ontario Trappers Association, North Bay, Ontario, Canada.
87. Slough, B. G. 1996. Estimating lynx population age ratio with pelt length data. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 495-499.
88. Slough, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian Field-Naturalist 113: 605-608.
89. Slough, B. G., and G. Mowat. 1996. Population dynamics of lynx in a refuge and interactions between harvested and unharvested populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 946-961.
90. Smith, C. H. 1983. Spatial trends in Canadian snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus, population cycles. Canadian Field-Naturalist 97: 151-160.
91. Smith, J. D., E. M. Addison, D. G. Joachim, and L. M. Smith. 1986. Helminth parasites of Canada lynx (Felis canadensis) from northern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 358-364.
92. Staples, W. R. 1995. Lynx and coyote diet and habitat relationships during a low hare population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. M.S. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
93. Stephenson, R. O., D. V. Grangaard, and J. Burch. 1991. Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall Sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105: 255-262.
94. Thompson, I. D. 1988. Habitat needs of furbearers in relation to logging in boreal Ontario. The Forestry Chronicle 64: 251-261.
95. Thompson, I. D., I. J. Davidson, S. O'Donnell, and F. Brazeau. 1989. Use of track transects to measure the relative occurrence of some boreal mammals in uncut forest and regeneration stands. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 1816-1823.
96. Todd, A. W. 1985. The Canada lynx: ecology and management. Canadian Trapper 13: 15-20.
97. Tumlison, R. 1987. Felis lynx. Mammalian Species 269: 1-8.
98. van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1966a. Parasites of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis (Kerr). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 499-509.
99. van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1966b. Food habits of the lynx in Alberta and the Mackenzie District, N. W. T. Canadian Field-Naturalist 80: 18-23.
100. van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1971. The status and management of the Canada lynx in Canada. Pages 16-22 in Symposium on the native cats of North America. Edited by S. E. Jorgensen and L. D. Mech. U.S. Bureau of Sports Fish and Wildlife, Federal Building, Fort Snelling, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA.
101. van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1975. Differentiation of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis subsolana, in Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 699-705.
102. Viereck, L. A. 1983. The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska and northern Canada. Pages 201-220 in The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Edited by R. W. Wein and D. A. MacLean. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
103. Ward, R. M. P., and C. J. Krebs. 1985. Behavioural responses of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 2817-2824.
104. Werdelin, L. 1981. The evolution of lynxes. Annales Zoologica Fennici 18: 37-71.
105. Werdelin, L. 1983. Small Pleistocene felines of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 194-210.
106. Werdelin, L. 1996. The history of Felid classification. Pages xviii-xxiii in Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Edited by K. Nowell and P. Jackson. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural resources, Gland, Switzerland.
107. Wolff, J. O. 1994. More on juvenile dispersal in mammals. Oikos 71: 349-352.
108. Wozencraft, W. C. 1993. Order Carnivora. Pages 286-346 in Mammal species of the world, second edition. Edited by D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA.