A comprehensive overview of the population and conservation status of sea turtles in China

Chelonian Conservation and Biology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 185-198

  Chan, Simon Kin Fung ^a   Cheng, I Jiunn ^b   Zhou, Ting ^c   Wang, Hua Jie ^d   Gu, He Xiang ^c   Song, Xiao Jun ^e  

^a DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (Hong Kong)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c Gangkou Sea Turtle National Nature Reserve   (China)

^d Ocean and Fisheries Environment Monitoring Center   (China)

^e South China Institute of Endangered Animals   (China)

Author keywords

Caretta caretta; Chelonia mydas; Cheloniidae; China; Conservation; Dermochelyidae; Dermochelys coriacea; Eretmochelys imbricata; Foraging ground; Lepidochelys olivacea; Nesting site; Population status; Sea turtle

Indexed keywords

CARETTA CARETTA; CHELONIA MYDAS; CHELONIIDAE; DERMOCHELYIDAE; DERMOCHELYS CORIACEA; ERETMOCHELYS IMBRICATA; LEPIDOCHELYS OLIVACEA; TESTUDINES;

EID: 38349193104     PISSN: 10718443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[185:ACOOTP]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. AFCD. 2005. Unpublished sighting records of sea turtles in Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, Hong Kong.
2. ANONYMOUS. 1975. A preliminary observation on the reproductive behaviour of sea turtles in Xisha Archipelago - Report from the Biological Resources Group, South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Science. Zoological Bulletin 10(4): 34-35 (In Chinese).
3. ANONYMOUS. 1992. Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife, PRC.
4. ANONYMOUS. 1997. Chapter 170 Wild Animals Protection Ordinance. Laws of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, Hong Kong.
5. ANONYMOUS. 1999. Wildlife Protection Rules, Amendment. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuen, Taiwan.
6. ANONYMOUS. 2002a. Fishery Rules, Amendment. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuen, Taiwan.
7. ANONYMOUS. 2002b. 500 important wetlands in Japan-Eastern Okinawa-honto nearshore waters (from Henoko to Kanna). The Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
8. ANONYMOUS. 2004. China Species Information Service-China Species Red List. Wildlife Conservation Society and Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
9. CHAN, S. 2004. Green Turtles in Hong Kong. Second Edition. Hong Kong: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department/Friends of the Country Parks, Cosmos Books Ltd., 127 pp. (In Chinese and English).
10. CHAN, S.K.F., CHAN, J.K., LO, L.T., AND BALAZS, G. 2003. Satellite tracking of the post-nesting migration of a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) from Hong Kong. Marine Turtle Newsletter 102:2-4.
11. CHEN, H.J. 2002. The influence of the characteristic of beaches on the nest-site distribution of green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago. MS thesis, Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan (In Chinese with English abstract).
12. CHEN, J.L. 1998. The influence of the variation in the nest temperature to the hatchling sex ratio and hatching condition of green turtle on Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago. MS thesis, Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan (In Chinese with English abstract).
13. CHEN, J.L., TSAI, W.S., AND CHENG, I.J. 2004. Records of the sea turtle rehabilitation in Penghu Waters (Abstract). 2004 Annual Symposium on the Animal Behavior and Ecology, Taipei.
14. CHEN, T.H. AND CHENG, I.J. 1995. Breeding biology of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (Reptilia: Cheloniidae) on Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan. I. Nesting ecology. Marine Biology 124:9-15.
15. CHENG, I.J. 1995a. Sea turtle status and research in Taiwan. In: Devaux, B. (Ed.). Proceedings of the International Congress of Chelonian Conservation, SOPTOM. France: Gonfaron, pp. 87-88.
16. CHENG, I.J. 1995b. Sea turtles at Dungsha Tao, South China Sea. Marine Turtle Newsletter 70:13-14.
17. CHENG, I.J. 1995c. The Taiwan Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas. Taiwan: Council of Agriculture, 16 pp. (In Chinese).
18. CHENG, I.J. 1995d. Tourism and the green turtle in conflict on Wanan Island, Taiwan. Marine Turtle Newsletter 68:4-6.
19. CHENG, I.J. 1996. Sea turtles at Taipin Tao, South China Sea. Marine Turtle Newsletter 75:6-8.
20. CHENG, I.J. 1997. Studies on Chinese sea turtles. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 15 (Suppl.): 27-50 (In Chinese).
21. CHENG, I.J. 1998a. The Green Sea Turtle in Taiwan-the Reproductive Biology and Conservation Status of an Endangered Species. Taiwan: Council of Agriculture, 36 pp. (In Chinese).
22. CHENG, I.J. 1998b. The problems of sea turtle conservation in China. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 17(2):74-75 (In Chinese).
23. CHENG, I.J. 2000a. Post-nesting migrations of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan. Marine Biology 137:747-754.
24. CHENG, I.J. 2000b. Sea turtle conservation in Taiwan and the using of satellite telemetry as a tool to reach the goal of international and regional conservation cooperation. Testudo 5(4):37-44.
25. CHENG, I.J. 2000c. Sea turtles at Dungsha Tao (Pratas Islands) and Taipin Tao (Spratly Islands), South China Sea. In: Pilcher, N. and Ismail, G. (Eds.). Sea Turtles of the Indo-Pacific: Research Management and Conservation. Malaysia: ASEAN, Academic Press, pp. 59-68.
26. CHENG, I.J. 2000d. Workshop on marine turtles in Taiwan. Marine Turtle Newsletter 87:15-16.
27. CHENG, I.J. 2002. Current sea turtle research and conservation in Taiwan. In: Kinan, I. (Ed.). Proceedings of the Western Pacific Sea Turtle-Cooperative Research and Management Workshop held in February 5-8, 2002, Honolulu, HI, pp. 185-190.
28. CHENG, I.J. 2003. Looking for the sea turtles on Taipin Tao. Coast Guard Bimonthly Magazine 006:12-19 (in Chinese).
29. CHENG, I.J. 2007. Nesting ecology and post-nesting migration of sea turtles on Taipin Tao, Nansha Archipelago, South China Sea. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6(2):277-282.
30. CHENG, I.J., CHEN, H.C., CHUANG, J.H., AND PAN, H.P. 2006. Report for the International Workshop on Sea Turtle Stranding and Necropsy in Taiwan. Taiwan: National Taiwan Ocean University, 182 pp.
31. CHENG, I.J., CHEN, C.M., AND WEI, T.P. 2000. Report on the International Workshop on the Migration, Foraging Habitats and Nesting Ecology of Marine Turtles in Taiwan. Taiwan: Council of Agriculture, 87 pp.
32. CHENG, I.J. AND CHEN, T.H. 1997. The incidental capture of five species of sea turtle by coastal setnet fisheries in the eastern waters of Taiwan. Biological Conservation 82:255-259.
33. CHENG, I.J. AND LIN, Z.S. 1996. Manual for Ecological Interpretation of Green Turtles on Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago. Taiwan: Penghu County Government, 124 pp. (In Chinese).
34. CING, H.B., ZHENG, J., AND CAI, M.Z. 1980. A study on the geographical distribution and regional faunistic composition of the amphibian and reptilian of Fujian Province. Biological Bulletin of Fukien Christian University 5:57-74 (In Chinese with English abstract).
35. FRAZIER, S.S., FRAZIER, J.G., DING, H.B., HUANG, Z.J., ZHENG, J., AND Lu, L. 1988. Sea turtles in Fujian and Guangdong Provinces. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 7(1): 16-46.
36. GODLEY, B.J., THOMPSON, D.R., AND FURNESS, R.W. 1999. Do heavy metal concentrations pose a threat to marine turtles from the Mediterranean Sea? Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(6): 497-502.
37. GOMEZ, E.D. 1996. Sea turtles in the cross-fire. Marine Turtle Newsletter 72:19-20.
38. GSTNNR. 2005. Unpublished sea turtle records of the Gangkou Sea Turtle National Nature Reserve. Huidong, PRC: Gangkou Sea Turtle National Nature Reserve (GSTNNR).
39. HALL, M.A., DAYTON, L.A., AND KAIJA, I.M. 2000. Bycatch: problems and solutions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41(1-6): 204-219.
40. HAMANN, M., CUONG, C.T., HONG, N.D., THUOC, P., AND THUHIEN, B.T. 2006. Distribution and abundance of marine turtles in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. Biodiversity and Conservation 15:3703-3720.
41. HATASE, H., TAKAI, N., MATSUZAWA, Y., SAKAMOTO, W., OMUTA, K., GOTO, K., ARAI, N., AND FUJIWARA, T. 2002. Size-related differences in feeding habitat use of adult female loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta around Japan determined by stable isotope analyses and satellite telemetry. Marine Ecology Progress Series 233:273-281.
42. HAYS, G.C., BRODERICK, A.C., GODLEY, B.J., LUSCHI, P., AND NICHOLS, W.J. 2003. Satellite telemetry suggests high levels of fishing-induced mortality in marine turtles. Marine Ecology Progress Series 262:305-309.
43. HEPPELL, S.S. 1998. Application of life-history theory and population model analysis to turtle conservation. Copeia 1998(2):367-375.
44. HEPPELL, S.S., CASWELL, H., AND CROWDER, L.B. 2000. Life histories and elasticity patterns: perturbation analysis for species with minimal demographic data. Ecology 81:654-665.
45. HSIEN, Y.T. 2004. The influence of light pollution to the nesting behavior of green turtle on Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago. MS thesis. Institute of Marine Biology. National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan (In Chinese with English abstract).
46. HUA, H.L. AND YIN, J.W. 1993. Protected Animals in China. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Education Publishing Co., 168 pp. (In Chinese).
47. HUANG, C.C. 1979a. Distribution of sea turtles in China seas. In: Bjorndal, K.A. (Ed.). Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles (Revised Edition, 1995). Washington DC and London: Smithsonian Institute Press, pp. 321-322.
48. HUANG, C.C. 1986. Sea turtle work in China. Marine Turtle Newsletter 36:1-2.
49. HUANG, C.C. 1987. Chinese turtle resources survey. Marine Turtle Newsletter 40:4.
50. HUANG, C.C., TAN, Y.X., AND WANG, X.Y. 1991. The status of research and conservation of marine turtles in China. In: Uchida, I. (Ed.). International Symposium on Sea Turtles '88 in Japan. Himeji City Aquarium, Himeji City, Japan, pp. 101-102.
51. HUANG, D. Y., SHI, Q., AND ZHANG, Y.C. 2003. Contents of heavy metals in coral Porites in Sanya Bay and their environmental significance. Marine Environmental Science 22(3):35-38 (In Chinese).
52. HUANG, K.C. AND ZHU, Z.X. 1987. Surveys on the reptiles of the coastal sea of Liaoning. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 6(1):78-79 (In Chinese).
53. HUANG, J.T. 2001. Comparisons in the nesting environments and nesting behavior of green turtles on two different beaches of Lanyu Tao, Taitung County. MS thesis. Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan (In Chinese with English abstract).
54. HUANG, W.S. 2000. Biodiversity, food web relationships, and conservation of amphibians and reptiles on Lanyu Island, Taiwan Province. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 19(3):116-123 (In Chinese).
55. HUANG, Z.J. 1979b. Marine amphibians and reptiles. Marine Science 4:32-34 (In Chinese).
56. JEN, L.J. 2001. The estimation of the hatchling sex ratio and its influential factors at Lanyu Tao, Taitung County. MS thesis, Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan (In Chinese with English abstract).
57. JIANG, H.S., SONG, X.J., FENG, J.N., LIU, S.Y., GUAN, W.P., CHEN, H.F., AND OUYANG, Z.Z. 2000. Status of green turtles and their conservation in China. Proceedings of the Fourth Asian Herpetological Conference, Chengdu, China, pp. 1-8.
58. KARSEN, S.J., LAU, M.W.N., AND BOGADEK, A. 1998. Hong Kong Amphibians and Reptiles. Second Edition. Hong Kong: Provisional Urban Council, 136 pp.
59. KIKUKAWA, A., KAMEZAKI, N., HIRATE, K., AND OTA, H. 1996. Distribution of nesting sites of sea turtles in Okinawajima and adjacent islands of the central Ryukyus, Japan. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2(1):99-101.
60. LAI, P.Z. 2000. The influence of beach slope to the emergence and nesting of the green turtle on Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago. MS thesis, Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan (In Chinese with English abstract).
61. LAM, J.C.W., TANABE, S., CHAN, S.K.F., LAM, M.H.W., MARTIN, M., AND LAM, P.K.S. 2006. Levels of trace elements in green turtle eggs collected from Hong Kong: evidence of risks due to selenium and nickel. Environmental Pollution 144:790-801.
62. LAM, J.C.W., TANABE, S., CHAN, S.K.F., YUEN, E.K.W., LAM, M.H.W., AND LAM, P.K.S. 2004. Trace element residues in tissues of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from South China Waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(1-2): 174-182.
63. LEWISON, R., FREEMAN, S.A., AND CROWDER, L.B. 2004. Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology Letters 7:221-231.
64. LI, J.L. 2000. Two new reptile records from Liaoning Province. Acta Herpetologica Sinica(8):337-338 (In Chinese).
65. LI, Y.H., HUANG, X.P., AND YUE, W.Z. 2004. Environmental quality and management measures in Yongxing Island of Xisha Archipelago, South China Sea. Marine Environmental Science 23(1):50-53 (In Chinese).
66. LIANG, C.Y., ZHANG, H.H., WU, J.F., LI, M.Z., WANG, J.Y., AND YU, M.Y. 2000. The major economic animals in the coastal habitats at Guiling Island. Journal of Zhanjiang Ocean University 20(3):71-74 (In Chinese).
67. LIANG, Y.L., DAI, Y.R., LIU, Y.Q., LIU, S.Y., WAN, X.J., SONG, Z.H., CHEN, D.T., CHEN, C.A., LU, Z.L., XU, G.Y., LU, J.S., ZHANG, X.R., ZHANG, Z.Q., LIN, R.C., AND LIN, R.J. 1990. The investigation of sea turtle resources in the South China Sea and the development of artificial hatching techniques for sea turtles. Report of the South China Sea Turtle Resources Conservation Station, Major Research Project of the Aquaculture Department. China: Bureau of Agriculture, 39 pp (In Chinese).
68. LIEW, H.C., CHAN, E.H., LUSCHI, P., AND PAPI, F. 1995. Satellite tracking data on Malaysian green turtle migration. Rendi conti Lincei Scienze Fisiche e Naturali; 9(6):239-246.
69. LIMPUS, C.J. AND LIMPUS, D.J. 2003. Loggerhead turtles in the Equatorial and Southern Pacific Ocean: a species in decline. In: Bolten, A.B. and Wiltherington, B.E. (Eds.). Loggerhead Sea Turtles. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 199-209.
70. LIN, J.S. 1999. Management strategy of the green turtle refuge site on Wanan Island, Penghu Archipelago. MS thesis, Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan (In Chinese with English abstract).
71. LIN, Y.Y. 2001. A study of strategy designing and feasibility analysis for establishing marine protected area for Dongsha Islands. MS thesis, National Sun Yat Sen University, Taiwan, 118 pp. (In Chinese with English abstract).
72. LU, Y.Y., WANG, X.A., AND LI, P.P. 1999. The biodiversity of herpetofauna in Shandong Province. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 18(3): 128 (In Chinese).
73. MAO, H. AND ZHENG, X. 2000. Trials on artificial rearing of hawksbill turtles. Chinese Journal of Zoology 35(1):26-28 (In Chinese).
74. AND GEERMANS, S. 1997. The status of the green turtle in Hong Kong and an action plan for its survival. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Marine Conservation Society, 31 pp.
75. MCKENZIE, C., GODLEY, B.J., FURNESS, R.W., AND WELLS, D.E. 1999. Concentrations and patterns of organochlorine contaminants in marine turtles from Mediterranean and Atlantic waters. Marine Environmental Research 47:117-135.
76. NISHIMURA, W. AND NAKAHIGASHI, S. 1990. Incidental capture of sea turtles by Japanese research and training vessels: results of a questionnaire. Marine Turtle Newsletter 51:1-4.
77. NISHIMURA, W. AND NAKAHIGASHI, S. 1992. Distribution of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in East China Sea. Umigame Newsletter of Japan 12:3-8.
78. OUYANG, T., ZHANG, G.Q., AND CHEN, S. 1992. Problems and conservation strategy of the biological resources in Xisha Archipelago. Bulletin of Resources Exploitation and Conservation 8(1):57-59 (In Chinese).
79. ROMER, J.D. 1978. Annotated checklist with keys to the chelonians of Hong Kong. Memoirs of Hong Kong Natural History Society 12:1-10.
80. SADOYAMA, A., KAMEZAKI, N., AND MIYAWAKI, I. 1996. Recapture in Vietnam of the loggerhead turtle, nested in the Miyakojima Island, Okinawa Archipelago. Umigame Newsletter of Japan 29:9.
81. SAKAI, H., SAEKI, K., ICHIHASHI, H., SUGANUMA, H., TANABE, S., AND TATSUKAWA, R. 2000. Species-specific distribution of heavy metals in tissues and organs of loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and green turtle (Chelonia mydas) from Japanese coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(8):701-709.
82. SATO, K., BANDO, T., MATSUZAWA, Y., TANAKA, H., SAKAMOTO, W., MINAMIKAWA, S., AND GOTO, K. 1997. Decline of the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, nesting on Senri Beach in Minabe, Wakayama, Japan. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2(4): 600-603.
83. SHANKER, K. AND PILCHER, N.J. 2003. Marine turtle conservation in South and Southeast Asia: hopeless cause or cause for hope? Marine Turtle Newsletter 100:43-51.
84. SONG, X.J., JIANG, H.S., ZHOU, F.S., AND SHI, H.T. 2002a. Current status of amphibians and reptiles in Hainan Island, China. Herpetologica Sinica 9:69-79 (In Chinese with English abstract).
85. SONG, X.J., WANG, H.J., WANG, W.Z., GU, H.X., CHAN, S., AND JIANG, H.S. 2002b. Satellite tracking of post-nesting movements of green turtles Chelonia mydas from the Gangkou Sea Turtle National Nature Reserve, China, 2001. Marine Turtle Newsletter 97:8-9.
86. TAN, X.P. AND DING, P. 2003. Strategy of biodiversity conservation in Zhejiang Province. Environmental Pollution and Control 25(6):377-379 (In Chinese).
87. TAN, Y.X. AND HUANG, Z.J. 1988. The feeding ecology of sea turtles. Marine Science 6:56-58 (In Chinese).
88. TAN, Z.S. 2003. Marine biological resources of Guangxi and its sustainable use. Journal of Guangxi Teachers College (Natural Science Edition) 20(Suppl.):27-31 (In Chinese).
89. WANG, H.C. AND CHENG, I.J. 1999. Breeding biology of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (Reptilia: Cheloniidae) on Wan-an Island, Peng-hu Archipelago, Taiwan. II. nest site selection. Marine Biology 133:603-609.
90. WANG, H.J., WANG, D.X., WANG, W.Z, SONG, X.J., LIU, Y., CHAN, K.F., AND GU, H.X. 2002. An experimental bio-telemetric study based on satellite tracking during post-nesting migrations of green turtles. High Technology Letters 8(3): 16-21.
91. WANG, Y.M. 1993. Achievement and perspectives of the researches on South China sea turtle resources and protection in China. Chinese Journal of Ecology 12(6):60-61 (In Chinese with English abstract).
92. WANG, Z.M. 1966. Reptiles from coastal waters of Shandong. Zoological Bulletin 8(2):89 (In Chinese).
93. WANG, Z.M. 1975. A preliminary diet analysis of loggerhead turtles from coastal waters of Shandong. Zoological Bulletin 10(2):43-44 (In Chinese).
94. WANG, Z.M. 1980. Marine reptiles of China and their functions. Bulletin of Ocean Fisheries(5): 10-12 (In Chinese).
95. WEN, Y.T. 1984. New records of sea turtles from Guangxi. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 3(1):46 (In Chinese).
96. XU, G. AND ZHENG, M. 2000. The success of sea turtle protection work in Nanao. Guangzhou Nanao Travel Resources Network Ltd. (In Chinese).
97. YANG, Y.F. AND LIN, X.Q. 1999. Exploitation and sustainable utilization of marine resources in Nanao. Marine Sciences(3):69-70 (In Chinese).
98. YU, Z.G., MI, T.Z., XIE, B.D., YAO, Q.Z., AND ZHANG, J. 2000. Changes of the environmental parameters and their relationships in recent twenty years in Bohai. Marine Environmental Science 19(1):15-19 (In Chinese).
99. ZHANG, L. 2003. Conservation of the marine biodiversity in the South China Sea. Research of Agricultural Modernization 24(3):217-221 (In Chinese).
100. ZHANG, M.W., ZONG, Y., AND MA, J.F. 1998. Fauna Sinica Reptilia (Volume 1 ) General Accounts of Reptilia and Testudoformes and Crocodiliformes. Beijing: Science Press, 213 pp. (In Chinese).
101. ZHANG, X.R. 1992. Significance of sea turtle resources and research in incubation technology. Huidong: Report for the Gangkou Sea Turtle National Nature Reserve, 12 pp.
102. ZHAO, E.M. 1998. China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals-Amphibia and Reptilia. Beijing: Science Press, 330 pp. (In Chinese and English).
103. ZHAO, E.M. AND HUANG, K.C. 1982. A survey of the amphibians and reptiles in Liaoning Province. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 1(1):11-12 (In Chinese).
104. ZHENG, J. 1985. Preliminary survey of the sea turtles of Fujian. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 4(2): 156-157. (In Chinese with English abstract).
105. ZHOU, K.Y. 1983. Loggerhead, olive ridley and leatherback turtles from the coastal waters of Jiangsu Province. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 2(3):57-62 (In Chinese).
106. ZHOU, S.C. AND CHEN, C.F. 2002. Reptile fauna and zoogeographic division of Jiangsu (including Shanghai Municipality). Sichuan Journal of Zoology 21(3):130-135 (In Chinese).
107. ZHU, L. 2002. Studies on the behavioral biology of loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in captivity. Marine Sciences 26(9): 24-26 (In Chinese).
108. ZONG, Y. 1986. A new record of sea turtles from Jiangsu. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 5(4):301. (In Chinese).