BSACI guidelines for the management of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis

Clinical and Experimental Allergy

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 260-275

  Scadding, G K ^b   Durham, S R ^c   Mirakian, R ^a   Jones, N S ^d   Drake Lee, A B ^e   Ryan, D ^f   Dixon, T A ^g   Huber, P A J ^h   Nasser, S M ^a  

^a CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL NATIONAL THROAT NOSE AND EAR HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d QUEEN S MEDICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f Woodbrook Medical Centre   (United Kingdom)

^g ROYAL LIVERPOOL AND BROADGREEN UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^h British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Allergen; Anti IgE; Anti leukotriene; Antihistamine; Aspirin; Aspirin desensitization; BSACI; Child; Churg Strauss; Computerized tomography (CT); Corticosteroid; Decongestant; Fungal rhinosinusitis; Guideline; IgE; Immunotherapy; Magnetic resonance (MRI)

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMPHOTERICIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; AZELASTINE; BACTERIUM LYSATE; BECLOMETASONE; BETAMETHASONE; BUDESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DEXA RHINASPRAY DUO; DEXAMETHASONE; EPHEDRINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUTICASONE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; ITRACONAZOLE; LEUKOTRIENE; MACROLIDE; MUCOLYTIC AGENT; PLACEBO; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; STEROID; TERBINAFINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XYLOMETAZOLINE;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROL GROUP; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE COURSE; EPISTAXIS; EYE EXAMINATION; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPOSMIA; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LABORATORY TEST; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT; NASAL BIOPSY; NOSE IRRITATION; NOSE OBSTRUCTION; NOSE POLYP; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYTOTHERAPY; POPULATION; PRICK TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIODIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; RHINOSINUSITIS; SORE THROAT; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TREATMENT DURATION; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

ASPIRIN; CHILD; CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NASAL POLYPS; RHINITIS; SINUSITIS;

EID: 38349167622     PISSN: 09547894     EISSN: 13652222     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02889.x     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Powell RJ, Du Toit GL, Siddique N et al. BSACI guidelines for the management of chronic urticaria and angio-oedema. Clin Exp Allergy 2007 37: 631 50.
2. Anand VK. Epidemiology and economic impact of rhinosinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2004 193: 3 5.
3. Shashy RG, Moore EJ, Weaver A. Prevalence of the chronic sinusitis diagnosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004 130: 320 3.
4. Chen Y, Dales R, Lin M. The epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis in Canadians. Laryngoscope 2003 113: 1199 205.
5. Hickner JM, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Gonzales R, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis in adults: background. Ann Intern Med 2001 134: 498 505.
6. Gwaltney JM Jr. Acute community acquired bacterial sinusitis: to treat or not to treat. Can Respir J 1999 6 (Suppl. A): 46A 50A.
7. Turner BW, Cail WS, Hendley JO et al. Physiologic abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses during experimental rhinovirus colds. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992 90: 474 8.
8. Nayak AS, Settipane GA, Pedinoff A et al. Effective dose range of mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002 89: 271 8.
9. Meltzer EO, Charous BL, Busse WW, Zinreich SJ, Lorber RR, Danzig MR. Added relief in the treatment of acute recurrent sinusitis with adjunctive mometasone furoate nasal spray. The Nasonex Sinusitis Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000 106: 630 7.
10. Braun JJ, Alabert JP, Michel FB et al. Adjunct effect of loratadine in the treatment of acute sinusitis in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 1997 52: 650 5.
11. Rabago D, Zgierska A, Mundt M, Barrett B, Bobula J, Maberry R. Efficacy of daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation among patients with sinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Fam Pract 2002 51: 1049 55.
12. Lloyd GA, Lund VJ, Scadding GK. CT of the paranasal sinuses and functional endoscopic surgery: a critical analysis of 100 symptomatic patients. J Laryngol Otol 1991 105: 181 5.
13. Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge PB. Inflammatory mechanisms in chronic sinusitis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1997 51: 209 17.
14. Marshall AH, Jones NS, Robertson IJ. CSF rhinorrhoea: the place of endoscopic sinus surgery. Br J Neurosurg 2001 15: 8 12.
15. Flanagan P, Eccles R. Spontaneous changes of unilateral nasal airflow in man. A re-examination of the 'nasal cycle'. Acta Otolaryngol 1997 117: 590 5.
16. West B, Jones NS. Endoscopy-negative, computed tomography-negative facial pain in a nasal clinic. Laryngoscope 2001 111: 581 6.
17. Jones NS, Cooney TR. Facial pain and sinonasal surgery. Rhinology 2003 41: 193 200.
18. Settipane GA, Chafee FH. Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1977 59: 17 21.
19. Bush A. Primary ciliary dyskinesia. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 2000 54: 317 24.
20. Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Wilkinson TM, Perera WR, Wedzicha JA. Epidemiological relationships between the common cold and exacerbation frequency in COPD. Eur Respir J 2005 26: 846 52.
21. Roberts NJ, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Rapado F et al. Relationship between chronic nasal and respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2003 97: 909 14.
22. Yung MW, Gould J, Upton GJ. Nasal polyposis in children with cystic fibrosis: a long-term follow-up study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002 111: 1081 6.
23. Fergie N, Jones NS, Havlat MF. The nasal manifestations of sarcoidosis: a review and report of eight cases. J Laryngol Otol 1999 113: 893 8.
24. Fukase S, Ohta N, Inamura K, Kimura Y, Aoyagi M, Koike Y. Diagnostic specificity of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in otorhinolaryngological diseases. Acta Otolaryngol 1994 511 (Suppl.): 204 7.
25. Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS. University of Pennsylvania smell identification test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope 1984 94: 176 8.
26. Romero JN, Scadding G. Eosinophilia in nasal secretions compared to skin prick test and nasal challenge test in the diagnosis of nasal allergy. Rhinology 1992 30: 169 75.
27. Stanley P, MacWilliam L, Greenstone M, Mackay I, Cole P. Efficacy of a saccharin test for screening to detect abnormal mucociliary clearance. Br J Dis Chest 1984 78: 62 5.
28. Sotomayor H, Badier M, Vervloet D, Orehek J. Seasonal increase of carbachol airway responsiveness in patients allergic to grass pollen. Reversal by corticosteroids. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984 130: 56 8.
29. Scadding G. Nitric oxide in the airways. Curr Opin Otol Head Neck Surg 2007 15: 258 63.
30. Prieto L, Berto JM, Gutierrez V, Tornero C. Effect of inhaled budesonide on seasonal changes in sensitivity and maximal response to methacholine in pollen-sensitive asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J 1994 7: 1845 51.
31. Jiannetto DF, Pratt MF. Correlation between preoperative computed tomography and operative findings in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1995 105: 924 7.
32. Bhattacharyya N, Jones DT, Hill M, Shapiro NL. The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography in pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004 130: 1029 32.
33. Mason JD, Jones NS, Hughes RJ, Holland IM. A systematic approach to the interpretation of computed tomography scans prior to endoscopic sinus surgery. J Laryngol Otol 1998 112: 986 90.
34. Uzcategui N, Warman R, Smith A, Howard CW. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of orbital cellulitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1998 35: 73 9.
35. Jones NS. CT of the paranasal sinuses: a review of the correlation with clinical, surgical and histopathological findings. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2002 27: 11 7.
36. Cooke LD, Hadley DM. MRI of the paranasal sinuses: incidental abnormalities and their relationship to symptoms. J Laryngol Otol 1991 105: 278 81.
37. British Thoracic Society. British guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax 2003 58 (Suppl. 1 i1 i94.
38. Diamantopoulos II, Jones NS, Lowe J. All nasal polyps need histological examination: an audit-based appraisal of clinical practice. J Laryngol Otol 2000 114: 755 9.
39. Scadding GK. Medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2004 24: 103 18.
40. Harvey RJ, Lund VJ. Biofilms and chronic rhinosinusitis: systematic review of evidence, current concepts and directions for research. Rhinology 2007 45: 3 13.
41. Alobid I, Guilemany JM, Mullol J. Nasal manifestations of systemic illnesses. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2004 4: 208 16.
42. Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA. et al. Rhinosinusitis: developing guidance for clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 118: S17 61.
43. Salib RJ, Howarth PH. Safety and tolerability profiles of intranasal antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Drug Saf 2003 26: 863 93.
44. Holm AF, Godthelp T, Fokkens WJ et al. Long-term effects of corticosteroid nasal spray on nasal inflammatory cells in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1999 29: 1356 66.
45. Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J. et al. EPOS 2007: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Rhinology 2007 45: 1 139.
46. Fokkens W, Lund V, Bachert C et al. EAACI position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Rhinology 2005: (Suppl. 18): 1 87.
47. Fokkens W, Lund V, Bachert C et al. EAACI position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps executive summary. Allergy 2005 60: 583 601.
48. Brown CL, Graham SM. Nasal irrigations: good or bad? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004 12: 9 13.
49. Tomooka LT, Murphy C, Davidson TM. Clinical study and literature review of nasal irrigation. Laryngoscope 2000 110: 1189 93.
50. Taccariello M, Parikh A, Darby Y, Scadding G. Nasal douching as a valuable adjunct in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 1999 37: 29 32.
51. Rabago D, Pasic T, Zgierska A, Mundt M, Barrett B, Maberry R. The efficacy of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation for chronic sinonasal symptoms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005 133: 3 8.
52. Heatley DG, McConnell KE, Kille TL, Leverson GE. Nasal irrigation for the alleviation of sinonasal symptoms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001 125: 44 8.
53. Shoseyov D, Bibi H, Shai P, Shoseyov N, Shazberg G, Hurvitz H. Treatment with hypertonic saline versus normal saline nasal wash of pediatric chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 101: 602 5.
54. Papsin B, McTavish A. Saline nasal irrigation: its role as an adjunct treatment. Can Fam Physician 2003 49: 168 73.
55. Fokkens WJ, Godthelp T, Holm AF, Klein-Jan A. Local corticosteroid treatment: the effect on cells and cytokines in nasal allergic inflammation. Am J Rhinol 1998 12: 21 6.
56. Homer JJ, Gazis TG. Cushing's syndrome induced by betamethasone nose drops. In rhinological disease betamethasone should be regarded as systemic corticosteroid. BMJ 1999 318: 1355.
57. Perry RJ, Findlay CA, Donaldson MD. Cushing's syndrome, growth impairment, and occult adrenal suppression associated with intranasal steroids. Arch Dis Child 2002 87: 45 8.
58. Fowler PD, Gazis AG, Page SR, Jones NS. A randomized double-blind study to compare the effects of nasal fluticasone and betamethasone on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and bone turnover in patients with nasal polyposis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2002 27: 489 93.
59. Allen DB. Systemic effects of intranasal steroids: an endocrinologist's perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000 106: S179 90.
60. Moller C, Ahlstrom H, Henricson KA, Malmqvist LA, Akerlund A, Hildebrand H. Safety of nasal budesonide in the long-term treatment of children with perennial rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2003 33: 816 22.
61. Schenkel EJ, Skoner DP, Bronsky EA et al. Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis after one year of treatment with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray. Pediatrics 2000 105: E22.
62. Skoner DP, Rachelefsky GS, Meltzer EO et al. Detection of growth suppression in children during treatment with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate. Pediatrics 2000 105: E23.
63. Johnson SR, Marion AA, Vrchoticky T, Emmanuel PJ, Lujan-Zilbermann J. Cushing syndrome with secondary adrenal insufficiency from concomitant therapy with ritonavir and fluticasone. J Pediatr 2006 148: 386 8.
64. Skov M, Main KM, Sillesen IB, Muller J, Koch C, Lanng S. Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency as a side-effect of combined treatment of itraconazole and budesonide. Eur Respir J 2002 20: 127 33.
65. McMahon C, Darby Y, Ryan R, Scadding G. Immediate and short-term effects of benzalkonium chloride on the human nasal mucosa in vivo. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1997 22: 318 22.
66. Allen DB, Meltzer EO, Lemanske RF Jr. et al. No growth suppression in children treated with the maximum recommended dose of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray for one year. Allergy Asthma Proc 2002 23: 407 13.
67. Bui CM, Chen H, Shyr Y, Joos KM. Discontinuing nasal steroids might lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 116: 1042 7.
68. Ragab SM, Lund VJ, Scadding G. Evaluation of the medical and surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Laryngoscope 2004 114: 923 30.
69. Ebbens FA, Scadding GK, Badia L et al. Amphotericin B nasal lavages: not a solution for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 118: 1149 56.
70. Helbling A, Baumann A, Hanni C, Caversaccio M. Amphotericin B nasal spray has no effect on nasal polyps. J Laryngol Otol 2006 120: 1023 5.
71. Weschta M, Rimek D, Formanek M, Polzehl D, Podbielski A, Riechelmann H. Topical antifungal treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113: 1122 8.
72. Weschta M, Rimek D, Formanek M, Podbielski A, Riechelmann H. Effect of nasal antifungal therapy on nasal cell activation markers in chronic rhinosinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006 132: 743 7.
73. Kennedy DW, Kuhn FA, Hamilos DL et al. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with high-dose oral terbinafine: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Laryngoscope 2005 115: 1793 9.
74. Scadding GK. Rhinitis medicamentosa. Clin Exp Allergy 1995 25: 391 4.
75. Passali D, Passali FM, Damiani V, Passali GC, Bellussi L. Treatment of inferior turbinate hypertrophy: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003 112: 683 8.
76. Scadding GK, Caulfield H. Paediatric rhinosinusitis. In: Michael J. Gleeson (General editor), Scott - Brown's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. A. Hodder Arnold, 2008; 7Ed. SECTION IX: PAEDIATRIC OTOLARYNGOLOGY (Editor Ray Clarke).
77. Clement PA, Bluestone CD, Gordts F et al. Management of rhinosinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999 49 (Suppl. 1): S95 100.
78. Drake-Lee AB, Lowe D, Swanston A, Grace A. Clinical profile and recurrence of nasal polyps. J Laryngol Otol 1984 98: 783 93.
79. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, Van CP. Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 107: 607 14.
80. Lildholdt T. Surgical versus medical treatment of nasal polyps. Rhinology 1989 8 (Suppl.): 31 3.
81. Lund VJ. Diagnosis and treatment of nasal polyps. BMJ 1995 311: 1411 4.
82. Powers MR, Qu Z, LaGesse PC, Liebler JM, Wall MA, Rosenbaum JT. Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in nasal polyps. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998 107: 891 7.
83. Small CB, Hernandez J, Reyes A et al. Efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate nasal spray in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 116: 1275 81.
84. Stjarne P, Mosges R, Jorissen M et al. A randomized controlled trial of mometasone furoate nasal spray for the treatment of nasal polyposis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006 132: 179 85.
85. Keith P, Nieminen J, Hollingworth K, Dolovich J. Efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate nasal drops 400 microgram once daily compared with placebo for the treatment of bilateral polyposis in adults. Clin Exp Allergy 2000 30: 1460 8.
86. Aukema AA, Mulder PG, Fokkens WJ. Treatment of nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis with fluticasone propionate nasal drops reduces need for sinus surgery. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115: 1017 23.
87. Drake-Lee AB. Medical treatment of nasal polyps. Rhinology 1994 32: 1 4.
88. Badia L, Lund V. Topical corticosteroids in nasal polyposis. Drugs 2001 61: 573 8.
89. Ragab S, Parikh A, Darby YC, Scadding GK. An open audit of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in nasal polyposis associated with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001 31: 1385 91.
90. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 1-92, 2006.
91. Dahlen B, Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A et al. Benefits from adding the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton to conventional therapy in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 157: 1187 94.
92. Micheletto C, Tognella S, Visconti M, Pomari C, Trevisan F, Dal Negro RW. Montelukast 10 mg improves nasal function and nasal response to aspirin in ASA-sensitive asthmatics: a controlled study vs placebo. Allergy 2004 59: 289 94.
93. Yamada T, Fujieda S, Mori S, Yamamoto H, Saito H. Macrolide treatment decreased the size of nasal polyps and IL-8 levels in nasal lavage. Am J Rhinol 2000 14: 143 8.
94. Mosges R, Klimek L. Azelastine reduces mediators of inflammation in patients with nasal polyps. Allergy Asthma Proc 1998 19: 379 83.
95. Bent JP III., Kuhn FA. Allergic fungal sinusitis/polyposis. Allergy Asthma Proc 1996 17: 259 68.
96. Rains BM III., Mineck CW. Treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis with high-dose itraconazole. Am J Rhinol 2003 17: 1 8.
97. Stammberger H. Surgical treatment of nasal polyps: past, present, and future. Allergy 1999 54 (Suppl. 53): 7 11.
98. Grigoreas C, Vourdas D, Petalas K, Simeonidis G, Demeroutis I, Tsioulos T. Nasal polyps in patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 2002 23: 169 74.
99. Taylor MJ, Ponikau JU, Sherris DA et al. Detection of fungal organisms in eosinophilic mucin using a fluorescein-labeled chitin-specific binding protein. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002 127: 377 83.
100. Ricchetti A, Landis BN, Maffioli A, Giger R, Zeng C, Lacroix JS. Effect of anti-fungal nasal lavage with amphotericin B on nasal polyposis. J Laryngol Otol 2002 116: 261 3.
101. Gosepath J, Hoffmann F, Schafer D, Amedee RG, Mann WJ. Aspirin intolerance in patients with chronic sinusitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1999 61: 146 50.
102. Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Bochenek G, Mastalerz L et al. EAACI/GA2LEN guideline: aspirin provocation tests for diagnosis of aspirin hypersensitivity. Allergy 2007 62: 1111 8.
103. Szczeklik A, Gryglewski RJ, Czerniawska-Mysik G. Clinical patterns of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1977 60: 276 84.
104. Picado C. Aspirin intolerance and nasal polyposis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2002 2: 488 93.
105. Feldweg AM, Horan RF. Aspirin treatment of patients with aspirin intolerance, asthma, and nasal polyps. Allergy Asthma Proc 2001 22: 377 82.
106. Gosepath J, Schafer D, Mann WJ. Aspirin sensitivity: long term follow-up after up to 3 years of adaptive desensitization using a maintenance dose of 100 mg of aspirin a day]. Laryngorhinootologie 2002 81: 732 8.
107. Blom HM, van Rijswijk JB, Garrelds IM, Mulder PG, Timmermans T, Gerth van WR. Intranasal capsaicin is efficacious in non-allergic, non-infectious perennial rhinitis. A placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy 1997 27: 796 801.
108. Bachmann G, Hommel G, Michel O. Effect of irrigation of the nose with isotonic salt solution on adult patients with chronic paranasal sinus disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2000 257: 537 41.
109. Garavello W, Romagnoli M, Sordo L, Gaini RM, Di BC, Angrisano A. Hypersaline nasal irrigation in children with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003 14: 140 3.
110. Garavello W, Di BF, Romagnoli M, Sambataro G, Gaini RM. Nasal rinsing with hypertonic solution: an adjunctive treatment for pediatric seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005 137: 310 4.
111. Garavello W, Romagnoli M, Gaini RM. Hypertonic or isotonic saline for allergic rhinitis in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005 16: 91 2.
112. Sykes DA, Wilson R, Chan KL, Mackay IS, Cole PJ. Relative importance of antibiotic and improved clearance in topical treatment of chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis. A controlled study. Lancet 1986 2: 359 60.
113. Parikh A, Scadding GK, Darby Y, Baker RC. Topical corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray. Rhinology 2001 39: 75 9.
114. Lavigne F, Cameron L, Renzi PM et al. Intrasinus administration of topical budesonide to allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following surgery. Laryngoscope 2002 112: 858 64.
115. Cuenant G, Stipon JP, Plante-Longchamp G, Baudoin C, Guerrier Y. Efficacy of endonasal neomycin-tixocortol pivalate irrigation in the treatment of chronic allergic and bacterial sinusitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1986 48: 226 32.
116. Lund VJ, Black JH, Szabo LZ, Schrewelius C, Akerlund A. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide aqueous nasal spray in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Rhinology 2004 42: 57 62.
117. Canonica GW, Tarantini F, Compalati E, Penagos M. Efficacy of desloratadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Allergy 2007 62: 359 66.
118. Patou J, De SH, Van CP, Bachert C. Pathophysiology of nasal obstruction and meta-analysis of early and late effects of levocetirizine. Clin Exp Allergy 2006 36: 972 81.
119. Nishi K, Mizuguchi M, Tachibana H et al. Effect of clarithromycin on symptoms and mucociliary transport in patients with sino-bronchial syndrome. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1995 33: 1392 400.
120. Gandhi A, Brodsky L, Ballow M. Benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with chronic sinusitis: assessment of outcome predictors. Allergy Proc 1993 14: 37 43.
121. Ichimura K, Shimazaki Y, Ishibashi T, Higo R. Effect of new macrolide roxithromycin upon nasal polyps associated with chronic sinusitis. Auris Nasus Larynx 1996 23: 48 56.
122. Hashiba M, Baba S. Efficacy of long-term administration of clarithromycin in the treatment of intractable chronic sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1996 525: 73 8.
123. Scadding GK, Lund VJ, Darby YC. The effect of long-term antibiotic therapy upon ciliary beat frequency in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 1995 109: 24 6.
124. Legent F, Bordure P, Beauvillain C, Berche P. A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Chemotherapy 1994 40 (Suppl. 1): 8 15.
125. McNally PA, White MV, Kaliner MA. Sinusitis in an allergist's office: analysis of 200 consecutive cases. Allergy Asthma Proc 1997 18: 169 75.
126. Subramanian HN, Schechtman KB, Hamilos DL. A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and time to relapse after intensive medical treatment for chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2002 16: 303 12.
127. Namyslowski G, Misiolek M, Czecior E et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg b.i.d. with cefuroxime 500 mg b.i.d. in the treatment of chronic and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in adults. J Chemother 2002 14: 508 17.
128. Szmeja Z, Golusinski W, Mielcarek-Kuchta D, Laczkowska-Przybylska J. Use of mucolytic preparations (Mucosolvan) in selected diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Part II. Otolaryngol Pol 1997 51: 480 6.
129. Heintz B, Schlenter WW, Kirsten R, Nelson K. Clinical efficacy of Broncho-Vaxom in adult patients with chronic purulent sinusitis - a multi-centric, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989 27: 530 4.
130. Scheinberg PA, Otsuji A. Nebulized antibiotics for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis. Ear Nose Throat J 2002 81: 648 52.
131. Mosges R, Spaeth J, Berger K, Dubois F. Topical treatment of rhinosinusitis with fusafungine nasal spray. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in 20 patients. Arzneimittelforschung 2002 52: 877 83.
132. Leonard DW, Bolger WE. Topical antibiotic therapy for recalcitrant sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1999 109: 668 70.
133. Desrosiers MY, Salas-Prato M. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to other treatments with topical antibiotic therapy delivered by means of a large-particle nebulizer: results of a controlled trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001 125: 265 9.
134. Weaver EM. Association between gastroesophageal reflux and sinusitis, otitis media, and laryngeal malignancy: a systematic review of the evidence. Am J Med 2003 115 (Suppl. 3A): 81S 9S.
135. Phipps CD, Wood WE, Gibson WS, Cochran WJ. Gastroesophageal reflux contributing to chronic sinus disease in children: a prospective analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000 126: 831 6.
136. Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Hoffmann R, Shaker R. Possible relationship of gastroesophagopharyngeal acid reflux with pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1999 13: 197 202.
137. Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Weaver A, Kita H. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115: 125 31.
138. Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kita H, Kern EB. Intranasal antifungal treatment in 51 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002 110: 862 6.
139. Mygind N, Pedersen CB, Prytz S, Sorensen H. Treatment of nasal polyps with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Clin Allergy 1975 5: 159 64.
140. Penttila M, Poulsen P, Hollingworth K, Holmstrom M. Dose-related efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate nasal drops 400 microg once daily and twice daily in the treatment of bilateral nasal polyposis: a placebo-controlled randomized study in adult patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2000 30: 94 102.
141. Hadfield PJ, Rowe-Jones JM, Mackay IS. A prospective treatment trial of nasal polyps in adults with cystic fibrosis. Rhinology 2000 38: 63 5.
142. Haye R, Aanesen JP, Burtin B, Donnelly F, Duby C. The effect of cetirizine on symptoms and signs of nasal polyposis. J Laryngol Otol 1998 112: 1042 6.
143. Lildholdt T, Rundcrantz H, Bende M, Larsen K. Glucocorticoid treatment for nasal polyps. The use of topical budesonide powder, intramuscular betamethasone, and surgical treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 123: 595 600.
144. Lildholdt T, Fogstrup J, Gammelgaard N, Kortholm B, Ulsoe C. Surgical versus medical treatment of nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 1988 105: 140 3.
145. VanCamp C, Clement PA. Results of oral steroid treatment in nasal polyposis. Rhinology 1994 32: 5 9.
146. Damm M, Jungehulsing M, Eckel HE, Schmidt M, Theissen P. Effects of systemic steroid treatment in chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999 120: 517 23.
147. Mostafa BE, Abdel HH, Mohammed HE, Yamani M. Role of leukotriene inhibitors in the postoperative management of nasal polyps. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2005 67: 148 53.
148. Kieff DA, Busaba NY. Efficacy of montelukast in the treatment of nasal polyposis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2005 114: 941 5.
149. Pauli C, Fintelmann R, Klemens C et al. Polyposis nasi - improvement in quality of life by the influence of leukotrien receptor antagonists. Laryngorhinootologie 2007 86: 282 6.
150. Filiaci F, Zambetti G, Luce M, Ciofalo A. Local treatment of nasal polyposis with capsaicin: preliminary findings. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1996 24: 13 8.
151. Baudoin T, Kalogjera L, Hat J. Capsaicin significantly reduces sinonasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 2000 120: 307 11.
152. Passali D, Bernstein JM, Passali FM, Damiani V, Passali GC, Bellussi L. Treatment of recurrent chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003 129: 656 9.
153. Hartsel SC, Benz SK, Ayenew W, Bolard J. Na+, K+and Cl- selectivity of the permeability pathways induced through sterol-containing membrane vesicles by amphotericin B and other polyene antibiotics. Eur Biophys J 1994 23: 125 32.