The analytical epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Risk factors and correlates

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-15

  Fontenelle, Leonardo F ^a,b   Hasler, Gregor ^c  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^b FLUMINENSE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PSYCHIATRY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Incidence; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Prevalence; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; BIRTH DEFECT; BIRTH ORDER; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMMUNITY; COMORBIDITY; CORRELATIONAL STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ABUSE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; FAMILY HISTORY; FAMILY SIZE; GENETIC DISORDER; GYNECOLOGIC INFECTION; INTELLIGENCE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MARRIAGE; NONHUMAN; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY DISORDER; PREVALENCE; RACE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOCIAL STATUS; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PUBMED; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC;

EID: 38349147050     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.06.024     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Almeida-Filho N., Mari J.d.J., Coutinho E., Franca J.F., Fernandes J., Andreoli S.B., et al. Brazilian multicentric study of psychiatric morbidity. Methodological features and prevalence estimates. Br J Psychiatry 171 (1997) 524-529
2. Andrade L., Walters E.E., Gentil V., and Laurenti R. Prevalence of ICD-10 mental disorders in a catchment area in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 37 (2002) 316-325
3. Andrews G., Stewart G., Allen R., and Henderson A.S. The genetics of six neurotic disorders: a twin study. J Affect Disord 19 (1990) 23-29
4. Angst J., Gamma A., Endrass J., Goodwin R., Ajdacic V., Eich D., et al. Obsessive-compulsive severity spectrum in the community: prevalence, comorbidity, and course. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254 (2004) 156-164
5. Apter A., Fallon Jr. T.J., King R.A., Ratzoni G., Zohar A.H., Binder M., et al. Obsessive-compulsive characteristics: from symptoms to syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 (1996) 907-912
6. Asbahr F.R., Negrao A.B., Gentil V., Zanetta D.M., da Paz J.A., Marques-Dias M.J., et al. Obsessive-compulsive and related symptoms in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever with and without chorea: a prospective 6-month study. Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998) 1122-1124
7. Atladottir H.O., Parner E.T., Schendel D., Dalsgaard S., Thomsen P.H., and Thorsen P. Time trends in reported diagnoses of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders: a Danish cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161 (2007) 193-198
8. Atladottir H.O., Parner E.T., Schendel D., Dalsgaard S., Thomsen P.H., and Thorsen P. Variation in incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders with season of birth. Epidemiology 18 (2007) 240-245
9. Bijl R.V., Ravelli A., and van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33 (1998) 587-595
10. Black D.W., Noyes Jr. R., Goldstein R.B., and Blum N. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49 (1992) 362-368
11. Black D.W., Gaffney G.R., Schlosser S., and Gabel J. Children of parents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 2-year follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 107 (2003) 305-313
12. Bland R.C., Orn H., and Newman S.C. Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 338 (1988) 24-32
13. Boudreaux E., Kilpatrick D.G., Resnick H.S., Best C.L., and Saunders B.E. Criminal victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder, and comorbid psychopathology among a community sample of women. J Trauma Stress 11 (1998) 665-678
14. Breslau J., Aguilar-Gaxiola S., Kendler K.S., Su M., Williams D., and Kessler R.C. Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample. Psychol Med 36 (2006) 57-68
15. Bruckl T.M., Wittchen H.U., Hofler M., Pfister H., Schneider S., and Lieb R. Childhood separation anxiety and the risk of subsequent psychopathology: results from a community study. Psychother Psychosom 76 (2007) 47-56
16. Brynska A., and Wolanczyk T. Epidemiology and phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in non-referred young adolescents: a Polish perspective. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14 (2005) 319-327
17. Canals J., Domenech E., Carbajo G., and Blade J. Prevalence of DSM-III-R and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders in a Spanish population of 18-year-olds. Acta Psychiatr Scand 96 (1997) 287-294
18. Canino G.J., Bird H.R., Shrout P.E., Rubio-Stipec M., Bravo M., Martinez R., et al. The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44 (1987) 727-735
19. Capstick N., and Seldrup J. Obsessional states. A study in the relationship between abnormalities occurring at the time of birth and the subsequent development of obsessional symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 56 (1977) 427-431
20. Carey G., and Gottesman I.I. Twin and familiy studies of anxiety, phobic, and obsessive disorders. In: Klein D.F., and Rabkin J. (Eds). Anxiety: new research and changing concepts (1981), Raven Press, New York 117-136
21. Carter A.S., Pollock R.A., Suvak M.K., and Pauls D.L. Anxiety and major depression comorbidity in a family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 20 (2004) 165-174
22. Çilli A.S., Telcioglu M., Askin R., Kaya N., Bodur S., and Kucur R. Twelve-month prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Konya, Turkey. Compr Psychiatry 45 (2004) 367-374
23. Clifford C.A., Murray R.M., and Fulker D.W. Genetic and environmental influences on obsessional traits and symptoms. Psychol Med 14 (1984) 791-800
24. Chen C.N., Wong J., Lee N., Chan-Ho M.W., Lau J.T., and Fung M. The Shatin community mental health survey in Hong Kong. II. Major findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 (1993) 125-133
25. Coryell W. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and primary unipolar depression. Comparisons of background, family history, course, and mortality. J Nerv Ment Dis 169 (1981) 220-224
26. Crino R., Slade T., and Andrews G. The changing prevalence and severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder criteria from DSM-III to DSM-IV. Am J Psychiatry 162 (2005) 876-882
27. Crum R.M., and Anthony J.C. Cocaine use and other suspected risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective study with data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend 31 (1993) 281-295
28. Dale R.C., Heyman I., Surtees R.A., Church A.J., Giovannoni G., Goodman R., et al. Dyskinesias and associated psychiatric disorders following streptococcal infections. Arch Dis Child 89 (2004) 604-610
29. de Haan L., Beuk N., Hoogenboom B., Dingemans P., and Linszen D. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms during treatment with olanzapine and risperidone: a prospective study of 113 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia or related disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 63 (2002) 104-107
30. Degonda M., Wyss M., and Angst J. The Zurich Study. XVIII. Obsessive-compulsive disorders and syndromes in the general population. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 243 (2003) 16-22
31. Douglass H.M., Moffitt T.E., Dar R., McGee R., and Silva P. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18-year-olds: prevalence and predictors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 (1995) 1424-1431
32. Eley T.C., Bolton D., O'Connor T.G., Perrin S., Smith P., and Plomin R. A twin study of anxiety-related behaviours in pre-school children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44 (2003) 945-960
33. Essau C.A., Conradt J., and Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 14 (2000) 263-279
34. Eysenck H.J. Dimensions of personality (1947), Praeger, New York
35. Fabrega Jr. H., Mezzich J., and Ulrich R.F. Black-white differences in psychopathology in an urban psychiatric population. Compr Psychiatry 29 (1988) 285-297
36. Faravelli C., Guerrini Degl'Innocenti B., and Giardinelli L. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in Florence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79 (1989) 308-312
37. Faravelli C., Abrardi L., Bartolozzi D., Cecchi C., Cosci F., D'Adamo D., et al. The Sesto Fiorentino study: background, methods and preliminary results. Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in an Italian community sample using clinical interviewers. Psychother Psychosom 73 (2004) 216-225
38. Faravelli C., Abrardi L., Bartolozzi D., Cecchi C., Cosci F., D'Adamo D., et al. The Sesto Fiorentino study: point and one-year prevalences of psychiatric disorders in an Italian community sample using clinical interviewers. Psychother Psychosom 73 (2000) 226-234
39. Fireman B., Koran L.M., Leventhal J.L., and Jacobson A. The prevalence of clinically recognized obsessive-compulsive disorder in a large health maintenance organization. Am J Psychiatry 158 (2001) 1904-1910
40. Flament M.F., Whitaker A., Rapoport J.L., Davies M., Berg C.Z., Kalikow K., et al. Obsessive compulsive disorder in adolescence: an epidemiological study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27 (1988) 764-771
41. Fontenelle L.F., Mendlowicz M.V., Marques C., and Versiani M. Trans-cultural aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a description of a Brazilian sample and a systematic review of international clinical studies. J Psychiatr Res 38 (2004) 403-411
42. Fontenelle L.F., Mendlowicz M.V., and Versiani M. The descriptive epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30 (2006) 327-337
43. Fontenelle L.F., Mendlowicz M.V., Mattos P., and Versiani M. Neuropsychological findings in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its potential implications for treatment. Curr Psychiatr Rev 2 (2006) 11-26
44. Fyer A.J., Lipsitz J.D., Mannuzza S., Aronowitz B., and Chapman T.F. A direct interview family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. I. Psychol Med 35 (2005) 1611-1621
45. Geller P.A., Klier C.M., and Neugebauer R. Anxiety disorders following miscarriage. J Clin Psychiatry 62 (2001) 432-438
46. Grabe H.J., Meyer C., Hapke U., Rumpf H.J., Freyberger H.J., Dilling H., et al. Prevalence, quality of life and psychosocial function in obsessive-compulsive disorder and subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder in northern Germany. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250 (2000) 262-268
47. Grabe H.J., Meyer C., Hapke U., Rumpf H.J., Freyberger H.J., Dilling H., et al. Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder in Northern Germany. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 251 (2001) 130-135
48. Grabe H.J., Ruhrmann S., Ettelt S., Buhtz F., Hochrein A., Schulze-Rauschenbach S., et al. Familiality of obsessive-compulsive disorder in nonclinical and clinical subjects. Am J Psychiatry 163 (2006) 1986-1992
49. Greenberg E.D. Obsessive-compulsive neurosis and season of birth. Biol Psychiatry 16 (1981) 513-516
50. Guerrero A.P., Hishinuma E.S., Andrade N.N., Bell C.K., Kurahara D.K., Lee T.G., et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of adolescents in Hawaii with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 (2003) 665-670
51. Hanna G.L. Demographic and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 (1995) 19-27
52. Hanna G.L., Himle J.A., Curtis G.C., and Gillespie B.W. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder with pediatric probands. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 134 (2005) 13-19
53. Hasler G., Pinto A., Greenberg B.D., Samuels J., Fyer A.J., and Pauls D. Familiality of factor analysis-derived YBOCS dimensions in OCD-affected sibling pairs from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. Biol Psychiatry 61 (2007) 617-625
54. Henderson Jr. J.G., and Pollard C.A. Three types of obsessive compulsive disorder in a community sample. J Clin Psychol 44 (1988) 747-752
55. Henderson S., Andrews G., and Hall W. Australia's mental health: an overview of the general population survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 34 (2000) 197-205
56. Heyman I., Fombonne E., Simmons H., Ford T., Meltzer H., and Goodman R. Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the British nationwide survey of child mental health. Br J Psychiatry 179 (2001) 324-329
57. Hollander E, Greenwald S, Neville D, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Weissman MM (1996). Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiologic sample. Depress Anxiety. 1996-97;4: 111-9.
58. Hudziak J.J., Van Beijsterveldt C.E., Althoff R.R., Stanger C., Rettew D.C., Nelson E.C., et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to the Child Behavior Checklist Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: a cross-cultural twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 (2004) 608-616
59. Hwu H.G., Yeh E.K., and Chang L.Y. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79 (1989) 136-147
60. Ingram I.M. Obsessional illness in mental hospital patients. J Ment Sci 107 (1961) 382-402
61. Inouye E. Similar and dissimilar manifestations of obsessive-compulsive neuroses in monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 121 (1965) 1171-1175
62. Jacobi F., Wittchen H.U., Holting C., Hofler M., Pfister H., Muller N., et al. Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS). Psychol Med 34 (2004) 597-611
63. Janssen H.J., Cuisinier M.C., Hoogduin K.A., and de Graauw K.P. Controlled prospective study on the mental health of women following pregnancy loss. Am J Psychiatry 153 (1996) 226-230
64. Jenkins R., Lewis G., Bebbington P., Brugha T., Farrell M., Gill B., et al. The National Psychiatric Morbidity surveys of Great Britain-initial findings from the household survey. Psychol Med 27 (1997) 775-789
65. Jonnal A.H., Gardner C.O., Prescott C.A., and Kendler K.S. Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in a general population sample of female twins. Am J Med Genet 96 (2000) 791-796
66. Jordan B.K., Schlenger W.E., Hough R., Kulka R.A., Weiss D., Fairbank J.A., et al. Lifetime and current prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among Vietnam veterans and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 (1991) 207-215
67. Karno M., Golding J.M., Sorenson S.B., and Burnam M.A. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 (1988) 1094-1099
68. Kayton L., and Borge G.F. Birth order and the obsessive-compulsive character. Arch Gen Psychiatry 17 (1967) 751-754
69. Khanna S., and Channabasavanna S.M. Birth order in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 21 (1987) 349-354
70. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., and Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 (2005) 593-602
71. Kiessling L.S., Marcotte A.C., and Culpepper L. Antineuronal antibodies in movement disorders. Pediatrics 92 (1993) 39-43
72. King N.J., Myerson N.N., Inglis S., Jenkins M., and Ollendick T.H. Obsessive-compulsive behaviour in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional Australian study. J Paediatr Child Health 31 (1995) 527-531
73. Kolada J.L., Bland R.C., and Newman S.C. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 376 (1994) 24-35
74. Kovalenko P.A., Hoven C.W., Wicks J., Moore R.E., Mandell D.J., and Liu H. Seasonal variations in internalizing, externalizing, and substance use disorders in youth. Psychiatry Res 94 (2000) 103-119
75. Kraemer H.C., Kazdin A.E., Offord D.R., Kessler R.C., Jensen P.S., and Kupfer D.J. Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 (1997) 337-343
76. LaSalle V.H., Cromer K.R., Nelson K.N., Kazuba D., Justement L., and Murphy D.L. Diagnostic interview assessed neuropsychiatric disorder comorbidity in 334 individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 19 (2004) 163-173
77. Lee C.K., Kwak Y.S., Yamamoto J., Rhee H., Kim Y.S., Han J.H., et al. Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part I: gender and age differences in Seoul. J Nerv Ment Dis 178 4 (1990) 242-246
78. Lensi P., Cassano G.B., Correddu G., Ravagli S., Kunovac J.L., and Akiskal H.S. Obsessive compulsive disorder. Familial-developmental history, symptomatology, comorbidity and course with special reference to gender-related differences. Br J Psychiatry 169 (1996) 101-107
79. Lewis A. Problems of obsessional illness. Proc R Soc Med 29 (1986) 325-336
80. Lipsitz J.D., Mannuzza S., Chapman T.F., Foa E.B., Franklin M.E., Goodwin R.D., et al. A direct interview family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. II. Contribution of proband informant information. Psychol Med 35 (2005) 1623-1631
81. Maes M., Mylle J., Delmeire L., and Altamura C. Psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity following accidental man-made traumatic events: incidence and risk factors. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250 (2000) 156-162
82. Maggini C., Ampollini P., Gariboldi S., Cella P.L., Peqlizza L., and Marchesi C. The Parma High School Epidemiological Survey: obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 103 (2001) 441-446
83. Maina G., Albert U., Bogetto F., and Ravizza L. Obsessive-compulsive syndromes in older adolescents. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100 (1999) 447-450
84. Mathews C.A., Jang K.L., Hami S., and Stein M.B. The structure of obsessionality among young adults. Depress Anxiety 20 (2004) 77-85
85. Mathews C.A., Bimson B., Lowe T.L., Herrera L.D., Budman C.L., Erenberg G., et al. Association between maternal smoking and increased symptom severity in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 163 6 (2006) 1066-1073
86. McKeon P., and Murray R. Familial aspects of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Br J Psychiatry 151 (1987) 528-534
87. Miguel E.C., Leckman J.F., Rauch S., do Rosario-Campos M.C., Hounie A.G., Mercadante M.T., et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry 10 (2005) 258-275
88. Mohammadi M.R., Ghanizadeh A., Rahgozar M., Noorbala A.A., Davidian H., Afzali H.M., et al. Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran. BMC Psychiatry 14, 4 (2004) 2
89. Nelson E., and Rice J. Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Am J Psychiatry 154 (1997) 826-831
90. Németh A., Szádóczky E., Treuer T., Vandlik E., and Papp Z.A. Epidemiology of OCD in Hungary. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 7 (1997) 234 Suppl
91. Nestadt G., Samuels J.F., Romanoski A.J., Folstein M.F., and McHugh P.R. Obsessions and compulsions in the community. Acta Psychiatr Scand 89 (1994) 219-224
92. Nestadt G., Bienvenu O.J., Cai G., Samuels J., and Eaton W.W. Incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 186 (1998) 401-406
93. Nestadt G., Samuels J., Riddle M., Bienvenu III O.J., Liang K.Y., LaBuda M., et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 (2000) 358-363
94. Nestadt G., Samuels J., Riddle M.A., Liang K.Y., Bienvenu O.J., Hoehn-Saric R., et al. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety and affective disorders: results from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study. Psychol Med 31 (2001) 481-487
95. Okasha A., Ragheb K., Attia A.H., Seif el Dawla A., Okasha T., and Ismail R. Prevalence of obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) in a sample of Egyptian adolescents. Encephale 27 (2001) 8-14
96. Pauls D.L., Alsobrook II J.P., Goodman W., Rasmussen S., and Leckman J.F. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995) 76-84
97. Peterson B.S., Pine D.S., Cohen P., and Brook J.S. Prospective, longitudinal study of tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in an epidemiological sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 (2001) 685-695
98. Pollard C.A., Wiener R.L., Merkel W.T., and Enseley C. Reexamination of the relationship between birth order and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopathology 23 (1990) 52-56
99. Reddy P.S., Reddy Y.C., Srinath S., Khanna S., Sheshadri S.P., and Girimaji S.R. A family study of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 46 (2001) 346-351
100. Robins L.N., Wing J., Wittchen H.U., Helzer J.E., Babor T.F., Burke J., et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic Instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 (1988) 1069-1077
101. Rosario-Campos M.C., Leckman J.F., Curi M., Quatrano S., Katsovitch L., Miguel E.C., et al. A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 136 1 (2005) 92-97
102. Ross L.E., and McLean L.M. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 67 8 (2006) 1285-1298
103. Roussos A., Francis K., Koumoula A., Richardson C., Kabakos C., Kiriakidou T., et al. The Leyton obsessional inventory - child version in Greek adolescents: standardization in a national school-based survey and two-year follow-up. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 12 (2003) 58-66
104. Swedo S.E., Rapoport J.L., Cheslow D.L., Leonard H.L., Ayoub E.M., Hosier D.M., et al. High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's chorea. Am J Psychiatry 146 (1989) 246-249
105. Swedo S.E., Leonard H.L., Garvey M., Mittleman B., Allen A.J., Perlmutter S., et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 155 76 (1998) 264-271
106. Snowdon J. Family-size and birth-order in obsessional neurosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 60 (1979) 121-128
107. Stefansson J.G., Lindal E., Bjornsson J.K., and Guomundsdottir A. Lifetime prevalence of specific mental disorders among people born in Iceland in 1931. Acta Psychiatr Scand 84 (1991) 142-149
108. Tadai T., Nakamura M., Okazaki S., and Nakajima T. The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Japan: a study of students using the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory and DSM-III-R. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 49 (1995) 39-41
109. Tallis F. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a cognitive and neuropsychological perspective. Wiley Series in Clinical Psychology (1995), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester
110. Thomas J., Turkheimer E., and Oltmanns T.F. Psychometric analysis of racial differences on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory. Assessment 7 (2000) 247-258
111. Thomsen P.H. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Self-reported obsessive-compulsive behaviour in pupils in Denmark. Acta Psychiatr Scand 88 (1993) 212-217
112. Thomsen P.H. Children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an analysis of sociodemographic background. A case-control study. Psychopathology 27 (1994) 303-311
113. Torgersen S. The oral, obsessive, and hysterical personality syndromes. A study of hereditary and environmental factors by means of the twin method. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37 (1980) 1272-1277
114. Torgersen S. Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatryy 40 (1983) 1085-1089
115. Torres A.R., Prince M.J., Bebbington P.E., Bhugra D., Brugha T.S., Farrell M., et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence, comorbidity, impact, and help-seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000. Am J Psychiatry 163 (2006) 1978-1985
116. Uguz F., Akman C., Kaya N., and Cilli A.S. Postpartum-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: incidence, clinical features, and related factors. J Clin Psychiatry 68 (2007) 132-138
117. Valleni-Basile L.A., Garrison C.Z., Waller J.L., Addy C.L., McKeown R.E., Jackson K.L., et al. Incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 (1996) 898-906
118. van Grootheest D.S., Cath D.C., Beekman A.T., and Boomsma D.I. Twin studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. Twin Res Hum Genet 8 (2005) 450-458
119. Vasconcelos M.S., Sampaio A.S., Hounie A.G., Akkerman F., Curi M., Lopes A.C., et al. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 61 (2007) 301-307
120. Weissman M.M., Wickramaratne P., Nomura Y., Warner V., Verdeli H., Pilowsky D.J., et al. Families at high and low risk for depression: a 3-generation study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 (2005) 29-36
121. Wells J.E., Bushnell J.A., Hornblow A.R., Joyce P.R., and Oakley-Browne M.A. Christchurch Psychiatric Epidemiology Study, Part I: Methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 23 (1989) 315-326
122. Williams M.T., Turkheimer E., Schmidt K.M., and Oltmanns T.F. Ethnic identification biases responses to the Padua Inventory for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Assessment 12 (2005) 174-185
123. Wittchen H.U., Essau C.A., von Zerssen D., Krieg J.C., and Zaudig M. Lifetime and six-month prevalence of mental disorders in the Munich Follow-Up Study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241 (1992) 247-258
124. Wittchen H.U., Nelson C.B., and Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 28 (1998) 109-126
125. Young J.P., Fenton G.W., and Lader M.H. The inheritance of neurotic traits: a twin study of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 119 (1971) 393-398
126. Zohar A.H., and Bruno R. Normative and pathological obsessive-compulsive behavior and ideation in childhood: a question of timing. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38 (1997) 993-999
127. Zohar A.H., Ratzoni G., Pauls D.L., Apter A., Bleich A., Kron S., et al. An epidemiological study of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders in Israeli adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 (1992) 1057-1061