Responding to the Kyoto Protocol through forestry: A comparison of opportunities for several countries in Europe

Forest Policy and Economics

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 257-269

  Nijnik, Maria ^a   Bizikova, Livia ^b,c  

^a SCOTTISH CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

Carbon sequestration; Climate change; Europe; Forestry; Policy; Slovakia; Sustainable development; the Netherlands; the United Kingdom; Ukraine

Indexed keywords

CARBON EMISSIONS; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; KYOTO PROTOCOL;

CLIMATE CHANGE; DECISION MAKING; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS; LAND USE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

FORESTRY;

DECISION MAKING; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS; FORESTRY; LAND USE; METEOROLOGY;

EID: 38349076290     PISSN: 13899341     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2007.11.004     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. AEA Technology. Renewable heat and heat from combined heat and power plants - study analysis. A Report to DTI and DEFRA (2005)
2. Andersen R.S., Towers W., and Smith P. Assessing the potential for biomass energy to contribute to Scotland's renewable energy needs. Biomass and Bioenergy 29 (2005) 73-82
3. Bauen A., Woods J., and Hailes R. Bioelectricity vision: achieving 15% of electricity from biomass in OECD countries by 2020. A Report to WWF (2004)
4. Bizikova L., and Tubiello F.N. Opportunities for Land-based Carbon Sequestration in Slovakia. Interim Report IR-07-028 (2007), International Institute for Applied System analyses, Laxenburg.
5. Bizikova L. Carbon Sequestration Potential on Agricultural Land-Use Management in Slovakia (2004), Institute for Forecasting, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava.
6. Blair A. Speech of UK Prime-Minister on Labour Party conference (2006), Hansard, London.
7. Booth E., Booth J., Cook P., Ferguson B., and Walker K. Economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from Oilseed Rape Grown in North and East Scotland (2005), Scottish Agricultural College Consultancy Division October 2005.
8. Boyle S. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. Biomass Report: Second Consultant's Report (2004). http://www.rcep.org.uk/papers/general/119.pdf Available at: http://www.rcep.org.uk/papers/general/119.pdf
9. Cannel M.L.R. Carbon sequestration and biomass energy: offset theoretical, potential and achievable capacities globally, in Europe and the UK. Biomass and Bioenergy 24 (2003) 97-116
10. Cannel M.L.R., and Dewar R.C. The carbon sink provided by plantation forests and their products in the Britain. Forestry 68 (1995) 35-48
11. Carbon Trust. Biomass sector review (2005). http://www.thecarbontrust.co.uk/Carbontrust/about/publication/Biomass%20Sector_Final.pdf Available at: http://www.thecarbontrust.co.uk/Carbontrust/about/publication/Biomass%20Sector_Final.pdf
12. Carboninvent. Evaluation of tax incentives that promote afforestation and fast growing tree plantations. NRCan-04-0923 (2004), ArborVitae Environmental Services, Graz.
13. Chapman S., Towers W., Williams B., Coull M., and Paterson E. Review of the contribution to climate change of organic soils under different land uses (2001), Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, 62 pp.
14. Chomitz K. Baseline, leakage and measurement issues: how do forestry and energy projects compare?. Climate Policy 2 (2002) 35-49
15. Crabtree R. Carbon retention in farm woodlands. In: Adger W.N., Petenella D., and Whitby M. (Eds). Climate Change Mitigation and European Land-Use Policies (1997), CAB International publishing, Wallingford.
16. Daugaviete M. Research results on the afforestation of surplus farmland in Latvia. Research Papers 847 (2002), Finnish Forest Research Institute 96-98.
17. Dawson M., Hunter-Blair P., Mullan O., and Carson A. Comparative costs and returns from short rotation coppice willow, other forestry plantations and forestry residues and sawmill co-products in small-scale heat and power and hear-only system. DARD Renewable Energy Study (2005). http://dardni.gov.uk/file/con05026h.pdf Available at: http://dardni.gov.uk/ file/ con05026h.pdf
18. DEFRA. The UK's Third National Communication Under the UN Framework on Climate Change (2001), DEFRA, London
19. DEFRA. Climate Change: Draft UK Programme, Sections 1-4, Annex G - Carbon Sequestration (2002), DEFRA, London
20. DEFRA. The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: A Consultation Document on Option for Further Improvement in Air Quality (2006). http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/airqualstrat-review/consultation-vol1.pdf http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/airqualstrat-review/consultation-vol1.pdf
21. DEFRA. Progress Towards National and International Targets. Statistical Release: 2005 UK Climate Change SD Indicator and GHG Emissions Final Figures (2007), DEFRA, London. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/progress/index.htm Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/progress/index.htm
22. Den Elzen M., and De Moor P. Evaluating the Bonn-Marrakech agreement. Climate Policy 2 (2002) 111-117
23. EC. Energy for the future: renewable sources of energy. White Paper for Community Strategy and Action Plan. COM(97)599 FINAL (26/11/1997) (1997), European Commission, Brussels
24. EC. Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament on a Forestry Strategy for European Union. COM(1998)649, 03/11/ 1998 (1998), European Commission, Brussels
25. EC. EU Burden Sharing. Council decision 2002/358/EC (2002), European Commission, Brussels
26. EC. Mid-term Review of Common Agricultural Policy. (2002) COM(2002) 349FINAL, 10/01/2002, European Commission, Brussels.
27. EC. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament Amending the Directive Establishing a Scheme for GHG Emission Allowance Trading within the Community, in the Respect of the Kyoto Protocol's Project Mechanisms. (2003), European Commission, Brussels SEC(2003)785.
28. EC. European climate change programme. Second ECCP progress report (2003), ECCP, Brussels.
29. ECB. Long-term Interest Rate Statistics for EU Member States (2007), European Centre Bank, Frankfurt. http://www.ecb.int/stats/money/long/html/index.en.html Available at: www.ecb.int/stats/money/long/html/ index.en.html
30. Elsayed M.A., Matthews R.W., and Mortimer N.D. Carbon and energy balances for a range of biofuel option. Report URN 03/086, Project No.B/B6/00748/REP for DTI. (2003)
31. Fankhauser S., and Lavric L. The investment climate for climate investment: joint implementation in transition countries. Climate Policy 3 (2003) 417-434
32. FAO. FORSTAT Database (2006). http://www.fao.org/forestry Available at: www.fao.org/forestry
33. FC. Forestry Statistics (2001), Forestry Commission (FC), Edinburgh
34. FC. The UK's forestry standard. The Government Approach to Sustainable Forestry (2004), Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.
35. Forestry Code of Ukraine. Kyiv: Publ. House "In Yure" (2006) 184pp.
36. Fraser of Allander Institute. The economic impact of wood heat in Scotland. A report to Scottish Enterprise Forest Industries Cluster (2006). http://www.forestryscotland.com/download.asp?file=Fraser%20of%20Allander%20Woodheat Available at: www.forestryscotland.com/download.asp?file=Fraser%20of%20Allander%20Woodheat
37. Galbraith D., Smith P., Mortimer N., Stewart R., Hobson M., McPherson G., Matthews R., Mitchell P., Nijnik M., Norris J., Skiba U., Smith J., and Towers W. Review of greenhouse gas life cycle emissions, air pollution impacts and economics of biomass production and consumption in Scotland. SEERAD Project FF/05/08, final report (2006) 265 pp.
38. Gerrard Cr. Ten institutional perspectives on agriculture and rural development: a conceptual framework for policy makers, managers, and analysis. XXIV IAAE Conference proceedings, Berlin (2000) 1-11.
39. Global Atmosphere Division. Paper to the British Government Panel on sustainable development sequestration of carbon dioxide. Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide (1999), Global Atmosphere Division, London. http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/panel-sd/position/co2/index.htm Available at: http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/panel-sd/position/co2/index.htm
40. GRA. Green Report. Agriculture (2004), Ministry of Agriculture, Bratislava
41. Huq S., and Reid H. Mainstreaming adaptation in development. IDS Bulletin: Climate Change and Development 35 (2004) 15-21
42. Jessome A. Strength and related properties of woods grown in Canada. Forestry Technical Report 21 (1977), Eastern Forest Products Laboratory, Ottawa.
43. Klooster D., and Masera O. Community forest management in Mexico: carbon mitigation and biodiversity conservation through rural development. Global Environmental Change 10 (2000) 259-272
44. Krott M., Tikkanen I., Petrov A., Tunytsya Y., Zheliba B., Sasse V., Rykounina I., Tunytsya, and T. Policies for sustainable forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. EFI Research Report 9 (2000), Brill, Leiden.
45. Lakida P., Nilsson S., and Shvidenko A. Estimation of Forest Phytomass for Selected Countries of the Former European USSR. WP-95-79 (1995), IIASA, Laxenburg.
46. Lakyda P., Buksha I., and Pasternak V. Opportunities for fulfilling joint implementation projects in forestry in Ukraine. Forest, climate and Kyoto (2005), Unasylva 1-6 Issue 222.
47. LNV, 2000. Nature for People; People for Nature. Memorandum Nature, Forests and Landscape in the 21st Century (in Dutch). Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries, The Hague.
48. Marland G., Fruit K., and Sedjo R. Accounting for sequestered carbon: the question of permanence. Environmental Science and Policy 4 (2001) 259-268
49. Mather A. Forests of consumption: postproductivism, postmaterialism and the postindustrial forest. Environment and Planning C 19 (2001) 249-268
50. Matthews R., and Robertson K. Forest products and bioenergy. In: Karjalainen T., and Apps M.J. (Eds). Carbon sequestration in the global forest sector. IUFRO Task Forces on Environmental Change state of the art report. (2003)
51. Merlo M., and Paveri M. Formation and implementation of forest policies: a focus on the policy tools mix. Policies, Institutions and Means for Sustainable Forestry Development- Proceedings of XI World Forestry Congress (1997), Antalya, Turkey.
52. Milne R. Counting carbon for offset purposes and estimation of carbon offset by trees. ECCM Technical Documents No 5-7 (2002), ECCM, Edinburgh
53. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and th Environment. Third Netherland's National Communication On Climate Change Policy (2001), Directorate Climate Change and Industry.
54. MoE. Third Report on Climate Change (2001), Ministry of Environment, Bratislava
55. Nabuurs G., Dolman A., Verkaik E., Whitmore A.P., Daamen W.P., Oenema O., Kabat P., and Mouen G.M.J. Resolving issues on terrestrial biospheric sinks in the Kyoto Protocol. Dutch National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change. Report no: 410 200 030 (1999) 100p.
56. Naka K., Hammet A.L., and Stuart W.B. Forest certification: stakeholders, constraints and effects. Local Environment 5 (2000) 475-481
57. Nijnik M. To Sustainability in Forestry, 2002. Proefschrift (2002), Wageningen University, the Netherlands 156 pp.
58. Nijnik M. To an economist's perception on sustainability in forestry-in-transition. Forest Policy and Economics 6 (2004) 403-413
59. Nijnik M. Economics of climate change mitigation forest policy scenarios for Ukraine. Climate Policy 4 (2005) 319-336
60. Nijnik M., and Bizikova L. The EU sustainable forest management and climate change mitigation policies from a transition countries perspective. In: Reynolds K.M. (Ed). Sustainable Forestry: From Monitoring and Modelling to Knowledge Management and policy science (2007), CABI publishing 56-73.
61. Nijnik M., and Mather A. Analysing institutions and public perspectives to identify the future of British forests. In: Reynolds K.M. (Ed). Sustainable forestry: From Monitoring and Modelling to Knowledge Management and Policy Science (2007), CABI publishing 171-188.
62. Nijnik M., and Oskam A. Governance in Ukrainian forestry: trends, impacts and remedies. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 3 (2004) 116-133
63. Nijnik M., and Van Kooten G.C. Forestry in Ukraine: the road ahead?. Forest Policy and Economics 1 (2000) 139-153
64. OECD. Creating rural indicators (1994), OECD, Paris.
65. Olesen J.E., and Bindi M. Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy. European Journal of Agronomy 16 (2002) 239-262
66. Petkova, E., Faraday, G., 2001. Good Practices in Policies and Measures for Climate Change Mitigation. REC and WRI, Szentendre.
67. Powernext. Monthly statistics - carbon (2007), Powernext, Paris. http://www.powernext.fr/modules/PwnDl/download/files/fra/Powernext_Carbon01-2007.pdf Available at: http://www.powernext.fr/modules/PwnDl/download/files/fra/Powernext_Carbon01-2007.pdf
68. Raiser M. Informal Institutions, social capital and economic transition: reflections on a neglected dimension. Working Paper 25 (1997), European Bank of Reconstruction and Development, London, UK
69. RCEP. Biomass as a renewable energy source. A special report by the Royal Commission for Environmental Pollution (RCEP) (2004). http://www.rcep.org.uk/bioreport.htm http://www.rcep.org.uk/bioreport.htm
70. Rippengal R. Scoping study: the commercial opportunities of wood fuel heating in Scotland. A report for Scottish Enterprise (2005) published 17/12/2005. Available at: www.forestryscotland.com/download.asp?file=Econergy%20Woodheat%20Final%
71. Sabonis-Helf T. Catching air? Climate change policy in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Climate Policy 3 (2003) 159-170
72. Sandor R., and Skees J. Creating a market for carbon emissions opportunities for U.S. farmers, choices. First Quarter (1999) 13-18
73. Schlamadinger B., Dutschke M., and Emmer I.M. How can carbon credits from CDM afforestation and reforestation projects be used by Annex I governments and companies?. Report (2003), Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
74. Schwarze R. Activities implemented jointly: another look on the facts. Ecological Economics 32 (2000) 255-267
75. SDC - Scotland. Wood fuel for warmth (2005). http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/050626-SDC-Wood-Fuel-for-Warmth.pdf Available at: http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/050626-SDC-Wood-Fuel-for-Warmth.pdf
76. 2 emissions in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift van de Landbouw 12 (1997) 318-333
77. Subak S. Replacing carbon lost from forests: an assessment of insurance, reserves, and expiring credits. Climate Policy 3 (2003) 107-122
78. Third National Communication to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Slovak Republic, 2001. Ministry of Environment, Bratislava.
79. Tipper R., Carr R., Rhodes A., Inkinen A., Mee S., and Davis G. The UK's forest: a neglected resource for the low carbon economy. Scottish Forestry 58 (2004)
80. Towers W., Birnie R., Booth E., Walker K., and Howes P. Energy from crops, timber and agriculture residue. SEERAD Report MLU/926/03 (2004)
81. Turley D.B., Boatman N.D., Ceddia G., Barker D., and Watola G. Liquid biofuels - prospects and potential impact on UK agriculture, the farmed environment, landscape and rural economy. Report prepared for DEFRA (2004)
82. UNFCCC, 1998. The Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change, UNEP/IUC, Bonn.
83. UNFCCC. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its seventh session, held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 2001, Bonn. (2002)
84. UNFCCC. Land use, land-use change and forestry: definitions and modalities for including afforestation and reforestation activities under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. Submissions from Parties. FCCC/SBSTA/2003/ MISC, Bonn (2003)
85. UNFCCC. Japan Marks the Protocol's Entry Into Force on 16 February (2004), UNFCCC, Bonn. http://unfccc.int/2860.php Available at: http://unfccc.int/2860.php
86. Van Kooten G.C. Climate Change Economics (2004), Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
87. Van Kooten G.C., and Bulte E. The Economics of Nature: Managing Biological Assets (2000), Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
88. Van Kooten G.C., and Eagle A.J. Forest carbon sinks: a temporary and costly alternative to reducing emissions for climate change mitigation. In: Kant S., and Berry R.A. (Eds). Sustainability, Institutions, and Natural Resources: Institutions for Sustainable Forest Management (2005), Springer 233-255.
89. Van Kooten G.C., Eagle A.J., Manley J., and Smolak T. How costly are carbon offsets? A meta-analysis of carbon forest sinks. Environmental Science and Policy 7 (2004) 239-251