A review of water column processes influencing hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Estuaries and Coasts

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 735-752

  Dagg, Michael J ^a   Ammerman, James W ^b   Amon, Rainer M W ^c   Gardner, Wayne S ^d   Green, Rebecca E ^e   Lohrenz, Steven E ^f  

^a LOUISIANA UNIVERSITIES MARINE CONSORTIUM   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY AT GALVESTON   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^e NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; CARBON; FIELD METHOD; GROWTH; HYPOXIA; MEASUREMENT METHOD; NITROGEN; ORGANIC MATTER; PHOSPHORUS; PHYTOPLANKTON; RIVER PLUME; WATER COLUMN;

ATCHAFALAYA RIVER; ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF MEXICO; LOUISIANA; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 38349014615     PISSN: 15592723     EISSN: 15592731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02841331     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. AKSNES, D. L. AND P. WASSMANN. 1993. Modeling the significance of zooplankton grazing for export production. Limnology and Oceanography 38:978-985.
2. ALLDREDGE, A. 2005. The contribution of discarded appendicularian houses to the flux of particulate organic carbon from oceanic surface waters, p. 309-326. In G. Gorsky, M. J. Youngbluth, and D. Deibel (eds.), Response of Marine Ecosystems to Global Change: Ecological Impact of Appendicularians. Contemporary Publishing International, Paris, France.
3. ALONGI, D. M. 1998. Coastal Ecosystem Processes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
4. AMMERMAN, J. W. 1992. Seasonal variation in phosphate turnover in the Mississippi River Plume and the Inner Gulf Shelf: Rapid summer turnover, p. 69-75. In T. J. Bright (ed.), Proceedings of the 1991 Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Synthesis Workshop. Texas A&M Sea Grant, Galveston, Texas.
5. AMMERMAN, J. W. AND W. B. GLOVER. 2000. Continuous underway measurement of microbial ectoenzyme activities in aquatic ecosystems. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 201:1-12.
6. AMON, R. M. W. AND R. BENNER. 1994. Rapid cycling of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Nature 369:549-552.
7. AMON, R. M. W. AND R. BENNER. 1996. Bacterial utilization of different size classes of dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography 41:41-51.
8. AMON, R. M. W. AND R. BENNER. 1998. Seasonal patterns of bacterial abundance and production in the Mississippi River plume and their importance for the fate of enhanced primary production. Microbial Ecology 35:289-300.
9. AMON, R. M. W. AND R. BENNER. 2003. Combined neutral sugars as indicators of the diagenetic state of dissolved organic matter in the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Research I 50:151-169.
10. BANSE, K. 1992. Grazing, temporal changes of phytoplankton concentrations, and the microbial loop in the open sea, p. 409-440. In P. G. Falkowski and A. D. Woodhead (eds.), Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Plenum, New York.
11. BARRAS, J., S. BEVILLE, D. BRITSCH, S. HARTLEY, S. HAWES, J. JOHNSTON, P. KEMP, Q. KINLER, A. MARTUCCI, J. PORTHOUSE, D. REED, K. ROY, S. SAPKOTA, AND J. SUHAYDA. 2003. Historical and projected coastal Louisiana land changes: 1978-2050. (Revised January 2004). U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 03-334, Washington, D.C. http://www.nwrc.ugs.gov/special/NewHistoricalland.pdf
12. BENNER, R. AND S. OPSAHL. 2001. Molecular indicators of the source and transformations of dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi River plume. Organic Geochemistry 32:597-611.
13. BIANCHI, T. S., T. FILLEY, K. DRIA, AND P. G. HATCHER. 2004. Temporal variability in sources of dissolved organic carbon in the lower Mississippi River. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68:959-967.
14. BIERMAN, JR., V. J., S. C. HINZ, D.-W. ZHU, W. J. WISEMAN, JR., N. N. RABALAIS, AND R. E. TURNER. 1994. A preliminary mass balance model of primary productivity and dissolved oxygen in the Mississippi River plume/Inner Gulf Shelf region. Estuaries 17:886-899.
15. BODE, A. AND Q. DORTCH. 1996. Uptake and regeneration of inorganic nitrogen in coastal waters influenced by the Mississippi River: Spatial and seasonal variations. Journal of Plankton Research 18:2251-2268.
16. BOEHME, J., P. COBLE, R. CONMY, AND A. STOVALL-LEONARD. 2004. Examining CDOM fluorescence variability using principal component analysis: Seasonal and regional modeling of three-dimensional fluorescence in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Chemistry 89:3-14.
17. BREED, G. A., G. A. JACKSON, AND T. L. RICHARDSON. 2004. Sedimentation, carbon export and food web structure in the Mississippi River plume described by inverse analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 278:35-51.
18. BUSHAW, K., R. G. ZEPP, M. A. TARR, D. SCHULZ-JANDERS, R. A. BOURBONNIERE, R. E. HODSON, W. L. MILLER, D. A. BRONK, AND M. A. MORAN. 1996. Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter. Nature 381:404-407.
19. CAFFREY, J. M. 2004. Factors controlling net ecosystem metabolism in U.S. estuaries. Estuaries 27:90-101.
20. CHEN, R. F. AND G. B. GARDNER. 2004. High-resolution measurements of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River plume regions. Marine Chemistry 89:103-125.
21. CHEN, X., S. E. LOHRENZ, AND D. A. WEISENBURG. 2000. Distribution and controlling mechanisms of primary production on the Louisiana-Texas continental shelf. Journal of Marine Systems 25:179-207.
22. CHILDS, C. R., N. N. RABALAIS, R. E. TURNER, AND L. M. PROCTOR. 2002. Sediment denitrification in the Gulf of Mexico zone of hypoxia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 240:285-290.
23. CHIN-LEO, G. AND R. BENNER. 1992. Enhanced bacterioplankton production and respiration at intermediate salinities in the Mississippi River plume. Marine Ecology Progress Series 87:87-103.
24. CHISHOLM, S. W. 1992. Phytoplankton size, p. 213-237. In P. G. Falkowski and A. D. Woodhead (eds.), Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Plenum Press, New York.
25. COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES. 2000. An integrated assessment of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Washington, D.C. http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/new_hypoxia.html
26. CONMY, R. N., P. G. COBLE, R. F. CHEN, AND G. B. GARDNER. 2004. Optical properties of colored dissolved organic matter in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Chemistry 89:127-144.
27. COTNER, J. B. J. AND W. S. GARDNER. 1993. Heterotrophic bacterial mediation of ammonium and dissolved free amino acid fluxes in the Mississippi River plume. Marine Ecology Progress Series 93:75-87.
28. COWIE, G. AND J. HEDGES. 1994. Biochemical indicators of diagenetic alteration in natural organic matter mixtures. Nature 369:304-307.
29. DAGG, M. J. 1988. Physical and biological responses to the passage of a winter storm in the coastal and inner shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Continental Shelf Research 8:167-178.
30. DAGG, M. J. 1995. Ingestion of phytoplankton by the micro- and meso-zooplankton communities in a productive subtropical estuary. Journal of Plankton Research 17:845-857.
31. DAGG, M. J., T. S. BIANCHI, G. A. BREED, W.-J. CAI, S. DUAN, H. LIU, B. A. MCKEE, R. T. POWELL, AND C. M. STEWART. 2005. Biogeochemical characteristics of the lower Mississippi River, USA, during June 2003. Estuaries 28:664-674.
32. DAGG, M. J., T. BIANCHI, B. MCKEE, AND R. POWELL. In press. Fates of dissolved and particulate materials from the Mississippi River immediately after discharge into the northern Gulf of Mexico, USA, during a period of low wind-stress. Continental Shelf Research.
33. DAGG, M. J. AND G. A. BREED. 2003. Biological effects of Mississippi River nitrogen on the northern Gulf of Mexico - a review and synthesis. Journal of Marine Systems 43:133-152.
34. DAGG, M. J. AND S. L. BROWN. 2005. The potential contribution of fecal pellets from the larvacean Oikopleura dioica to vertical flux of carbon in a river dominated coastal margin, p. 293-307. In G. Gorsky, M. J. Youngbluth, and D. Deibel (eds.), Response of Marine Ecosystems to Global Change: Ecological Impact of Appendicularians. Contemporary Publishing International, Paris, France.
35. DAGG, M. J., E. P. GREEN, B. A. MCKEE, AND P. B. ORTNER. 1996. Biological removal of fine-grained lithogenic particles from a large river plume. Journal of Marine Research 54:149-160.
36. DAGG, M. J. AND T. E. WHITLEDGE. 1991. Concentrations of copepod nauplii associated with the nutrient rich plume of the Mississippi River. Continental Shelf Research 11:1409-1423.
37. DAY, J. W., R. R. TWILLEY, R. F. SHAW, C. J. MADDEN, B. A. MCKEE, M. J. DAGG, D. L. CHILDERS, R. C. RAINIE, AND L. J. ROUSE. 1995. The influence of Atchafalaya River discharge on Fourleague Bay, Louisiana, USA, p. 151-160. In K. Dyer (ed.), Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark.
38. DINNEL, S. P. AND W. J. WISEMAN JR. 1986. Fresh-water on the Louisiana and Texas Shelf. Continental Shelf Research 6:765-784.
39. DORTCH, Q., N. N. RABALAIS, R. E. TURNER, AND G. T. ROWE. 2004. Respiration rates and hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf. Estuaries 17:862-872.
40. DORTCH, Q. AND T. E. WHITLEDGE. 1992. Does nitrogen or silicon limit phytoplankton production in the Mississippi River plume and nearby regions. Continental Shelf Research 12:1293-1309.
41. D'SA, E. J. AND R. L. MILLER. 2003. Bio-optical properties in waters influenced by the Mississippi River during low flow conditions. Remote Sensing of the Environment 84:538-549.
42. DUAN, S., T. S. BIANCHI, A. M. SHILLER, K. DRIA, P. G. HATCHER, AND K. R. CARMAN. 2007. Variability in the bulk composition and abundance of dissolved organic matter in the lower Mississippi and Pearl rivers. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, G02024, doi:10.1029/2006JG000206.
43. FAHNENSTIEL, G. L., M. J. MCCORMICK, G. A. LANG, D. G. REDALJE, S. E. LOHRENZ, M. MARKOWITZ, B. WAGONER, AND H. J. CARRICK. 1995. Taxon-specific growth and loss rates for dominant phytoplankton populations from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 117:229-239.
44. FUHRMAN, J. A. 1999. Marine viruses and their biogeochemical and ecological effects. Nature 399:541-548.
45. GARDNER, W. S., R. BENNER, R. M. W. AMON, J. B. COTNER, J. F. CAVALETTO, AND J. R. JOHNSON. 1996. Effects of high molecular weight dissolved organic matter and light on heterotrophic nitrogen dynamics in the Mississippi River plume. Marine Ecology Progress Series 133:287-297.
46. GARDNER, W. S., R. BENNER, G. CHIN-L EO, J. B. COTNER, B. J. EADIE, J. F. CAVALETTO, AND M. B. LANSING. 1994. Mineralization of organic material and bacterial dynamics in Mississippi River plume water. Estuaries 17:816-828.
47. GARDNER, W. S., J. F. CAVALETTO, J. B. COTNER, AND J. R. JOHNSON. 1997. Effects of natural light on nitrogen cycling rates in the Mississippi River plume. Limnology and Oceanography 42:273-281.
48. 2 fluxes and bottom water hypoxia. Estuaries 29:579-597.
49. GREEN, R., G. BREED, M. DAGG, AND S. LOHRENZ. In press. Modeling planktonic dynamics and response to variable nitrate loading in the Mississippi River plume. Continental Shelf Research.
50. HAINES, E. B. 1977. The origins of detritus in Georgia salt marsh estuaries. Oikos 29:254-260.
51. HATTON, R., W. PATRICK, AND R. DELAUNE. 1982. Sedimentation, nutrient accumulation, and early diagenesis in Louisiana Barataria Basin coastal marshes, p. 255-267. In V. Kennedy (ed.), Estuarine Comparisons. Academic Press, New York.
52. HERNES, P. J. AND R. BENNER. 2003. Photochemical and microbial degradation of dissolved lignin phenols: Implications for the fate of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in marine environments. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 doi:10.1029/ 2002jc001421.
53. HOPPE, H. G. 2003. Phosphatase activity in the sea. Hydrobiologia 493:187-200.
54. JOCHEM, F. J. 2003. Photo- and heterotrophic pico- and nanoplankton in the Mississippi River plume: Distribution and grazing activity. Journal of Plankton Research 25:1201-1214.
55. JOCHEM, F. J., M. J. MCCARTHY, AND W. S. GARDNER. 2004. Microbial ammonium cycling in the Mississippi River plume during the drought spring of 2000. Journal of Plankton Research 26:1265-1275.
56. JUSTIC, D., N. N. RABALAIS, AND R. E. TURNER. 1997. Impacts of climate change on net productivity of coastal waters: Implications for carbon budgets and hypoxia. Climate Research 8:225-237.
57. JUSTIC, D., N. N. RABALAIS, AND R. E. TURNER. 2002. Modeling the impacts of decadal changes in riverine nutrient fluxes on coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi River delta. Ecological Modeling 152:33-46.
58. KIM, J.-S. 1996. Phosphorus limitation in the Mississippi River Plume (MRP) and Louisiana Shelf (LS) during May 1992. M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M, College Station, Texas.
59. LEE, C. AND M. HENRICHS. 1993. How the nature of dissolved organic matter might effect the analysis of dissolved organic carbon. Marine Chemistry 41:105-120.
60. LEENHEER, J. A., L. B. BARBER, C. E. ROSTAD, AND T. I. NOYES. 1995a. Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, and suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1991-1992. Water-Resources Investigations Report, 94-4191. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.
61. LEENHEER, J. A., T. I. NOYES, AND P. A. BROWN. 1995b. Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, and suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-1990. Water-Resources investigations report, 93-4204. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.
62. LEHRTER, J. C., M. M. MURRELL, J. D. HAGY, R. S. STANLEY, J. G. CAMPBELL, AND R. M. GREENE. 2006. Primary production, respiration, and net ecosystem metabolism on the Louisiana continental shelf adjacent to the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Victoria, Canada.
63. LIU, H. AND M. J. DAGG. 2003. Interactions between nutrients, phytoplankton growth, and micro- and meso-zooplankton grazing in the plume of the Mississippi River. Marine Ecology Progress Series 258:31-42.
64. LIU, H., M. J. DAGG, L. CAMPBELL, AND J. URBAN-RICH. 2004. Picophytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the Mississippi River plume and its adjacent waters. Estuaries 27:147-156.
65. LIU, H., M. J. DAGG, C.-J. WU, AND K.-P. CHIANG. 2005. Mesozooplankton consumption of microplankton in the Mississippi River plume, with special emphasis on planktonic ciliates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 286:133-144.
66. LOHRENZ, S. E., G. L. FAHNENSTIEL, D. G. REDALJE, G. A. LANG, X. G. CHEN, AND M. J. DAGG. 1997. Variations in primary production of northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf waters linked to nutrient inputs from the Mississippi River. Marine Ecology Progress Series 155:45-54.
67. LOHRENZ, S. E., G. L. FAHNENSTIEL, D. G. REDALJE, G. A. LANG, M. J. DAGG, T. E. WHITLEDGE, AND Q. DORTCH. 1999. Nutrients, irradiance and mixing as factors regulating primary production in coastal waters impacted by the Mississippi River plume. Continental Shelf Research 19:1113-1141.
68. MAIER, R. M., I. L. PEPPER, AND C. P. GERBA. 2000. Environmental Microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
69. MILLER, W. AND R. ZEPP. 1995. Photochemical production of dissolved inorganic carbon from terrestrial organic matter: Significance to the oceanic organic carbon cycle. Geophysical Research Letters 22:417-420.
70. MILLER-WAY, T., G. S. BOLAND, G. T. ROWE, AND R. R. TWILLEY. 1994. Sediment oxygen consumption and benthic nutrient fluxes on the Louisiana Continental Shelf: A methodological comparison. Estuaries 17:809-815.
71. MORAN, M. A., R. J. WICKS, AND R. E. HODSON. 1991. Export of dissolved organic matter from a mangrove swamp ecosystem: Evidence from natural fluorescence, dissolved lignin phenols, and bacterial secondary production. Marine Ecology Progress Series 76:175-184.
72. MULLER-KARGER, F. E., J. J. WALSH, R. H. EVANS, AND M. B. MEYERS. 1991. On the seasonal phytoplankton concentration and sea surface temperature cycles of the Gulf of Mexico as determined by satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research 96:12645-12665.
73. NELSON, D. M. AND Q. DORTCH. 1996. Silicic acid depletion and silicon limitation in the plume of the Mississippi River: Evidence from kinetic studies in spring and summer. Marine Ecology Progress Series 136:163-178.
74. ODUM, E. P. 1968. A research challenge: Evaluating the productivity of coastal and estuarine water. Proceedings of the 2nd Sea Grant Conference, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.
75. ODUM, E. P. AND A. A. DE LA CRUZ. 1967. Particulate organic detritus in a Georgia salt marsh-estuarine ecosystem, p. 383-388. In G. H. Lauff (ed.), Estuaries. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.
76. OPSAHL, S. AND R. BENNER. 1998. Photochemical reactivity of dissolved lignin in river and ocean waters. Limnology and Oceanography 43:1297-1304.
77. ORTNER, P. B., T. N. LEE, P. J. MILNE, R. G. ZIKA, M. E. CLARKE, G. P. PODESTA, P. K. SWART, P. A. TESTER, L. A. ATKINSON, AND W. R. JOHNSON. 1995. Mississippi River flood waters that reached the Gulf Stream. Journal of Geophysical Research 100:13595-13601.
78. PAKULSKI, J., R. BENNER, R. AMON, B. EADIE, AND T. WHITLEDGE. 1995. Community metabolism and nutrient cycling in the Mississippi River plume: Evidence for intense nitrification at intermediate salinities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 117:207-218.
79. PAKULSKI, J. D., R. BENNER, T. WHITLEDGE, R. AMON, B. EADIE, L. CIFUENTES, J. AMMERMAN, AND D. STOCKWELL. 2000. Microbial metabolism and nutrient cycling in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River plumes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 50:173-184.
80. QURESHI, N. A. 1995. The role of fecal pellets in the flux of carbon to the sea floor on a river-influenced continental shelf subject to hypoxia. Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
81. RABALAIS, N. N., R. E. TURNER, Q. DORTCH, D. JUSTIC, V. J. BIERMAN, AND W. J. WISEMAN. 2002a. Nutrient-enhanced productivity in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Past, present and future. Hydrobiologia 475:39-63.
82. RABALAIS, N. N., R. E. TURNER, AND W. J. WISEMAN JR. 2002b. Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico, a.k.a. "The Dead Zone". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:235-263.
83. REDALJE, D. G., S. E. LOHRENZ, AND G. L. FAHNENSTIEL. 1994. The relationship between primary production and the vertical export of particulate organic matter in a river-impacted coastal ecosystem. Estuaries 17:829-838.
84. RILEY, G. A. 1937. The significance of the Mississippi River drainage for biological conditions in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Research 1:70-74.
85. ROWE, G. T. 2001. Seasonal hypoxia in the bottom water off the Mississippi River Delta. Journal of Environmental Quality 30:281-290.
86. ROWE, G. T. AND P. CHAPMAN. 2002. Continental shelf hypoxia: Some nagging questions. Gulf of Mexico Science 20:153-160.
87. ROWE, G. T., M. E. CRUZ-KAEGI, J. W. MORSE, G. S. BOLAND, AND E. G. ESCOBAR-B RIONES. 2002. Sediment community metabolism associated with continental shelf hypoxia, northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 25:1097-1106.
88. SARNELLE, O. 1999. Zooplankton effects on vertical particulate flux: Testable models and experimental results. Limnology and Oceanography 44:357-370.
89. SATO, R., Y. TANAKA, AND T. ISHIMARU. 2005. Clearance and ingestion rates of three appendicularian species, Oikopleura longcauda, O. rufescens and O. fusiformis, p. 189-205. In G. Gorsky, M. J. Youngbluth, and D. Deibel (eds.), Response of Marine Ecosystems to Global Change: Ecological Impact of Appendicularians. Contemporary Publishing International, Paris, France.
90. SCAVIA, D., N. N. RABALAIS, R. E. TURNER, D. JUSTIC, AND W. J. WISEMAN, JR. 2003. Predicting the response of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in Mississippi River nitrogen load. Limnology and Oceanography 48:951-956.
91. SCHEINBERG, R. D. AND M. R. LANDRY. 2005. Clearance rates and efficiencies of Oikopleura fusiformis on the natural prey assemblage of a subtropical coastal ecosystem, p. 207-223. In G. Gorsky, M. J. Youngbluth, and D. Deibel (eds.), Response of Marine Ecosystems to Global Change: Ecological Impact of Appendicularians. Contemporary Publishing International, Paris, France.
92. SKLAR, F. H. AND R. E. TURNER. 1981. Characteristics of phytoplankton production off Barataria Bay in an area influenced by the Mississippi River. Contributions to Marine Science 24:93-106.
93. SKOOG, A. AND R. BENNER. 1997. Aldoses in various size fractions of marine organic matter: Implications for carbon cycling. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1803-1813.
94. SMITH, S. M. AND G. L. HITCHCOCK. 1994. Nutrient enrichments and phytoplankton growth in the surface waters of the Louisiana Bight. Estuaries 17:740-753.
95. STROM, S. L. AND M. W. STROM. 1996. Microplankton growth, grazing, and community structure in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 130:229-240.
96. SYLVAN, J. B., Q. DORTCH, D. M. NELSON, A. M. BROWN, W. MORRISON, AND J. W. AMMERMAN. 2006. Phosphorus limits phytoplankton growth on the Louisiana shelf during hypoxia formation. Environmental Science and Technology 40:7548-7553.
97. SYLVAN, J. B., A. QUIGG, S. TOZZI, AND J. W. AMMERMAN. 2007. Eutrophication induced phosphorus limitation in the Mississippi River plume: Evidence from fast repetition rate fluorometry. Limnology and Oceanography 52:2679-2685.
98. TEAL, J. M. 1962. Energy flow in the salt marsh ecosystem of Georgia. Ecology 42:614-624.
99. TREFRY, J. H., S. METZ, T. A. NELSEN, R. P. TROCINE, AND B. J. EADIE. 1994. Transport of particulate organic carbon by the Mississippi River and its fate in the Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 17:839-849.
100. TURNER, R. E. AND N. N. RABALAIS. 1991. Changes in Mississippi River water-quality this century. Bioscience 41:140-147.
101. TURNER, R. E., N. N. RABALAIS, AND D. JUSTIC. 2006. Predicting summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Riverine N, P, and Si loading. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:139-148.
102. TURNER, R. E., N. N. RABALAIS, E. M. SWENSON, M. KASPRZAK, AND T. ROMAIRE. 2005. Summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and prediction from 1978 to 1995. Marine Environmental Research 59:65-77.
103. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2001. Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, 2001. Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force, Washington, D.C.
104. VÄHÄTALO, A. V. AND R. G. ZEPP. 2005. Photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic nitrogen to ammonium in the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science Technology 39:6985-6992.
105. WALKER, N. D., W. J. WISEMAN, L. J. ROUSE, AND A. BABIN. 2005. Effects of river discharge, wind stress, and slope eddies on circulation of the Mississippi River plume. Journal of Coastal Research 21:1228-1244.
106. WAWRIK, B. AND J. H. PAUL. 2004. Phytoplankton community structure and productivity along the axis of the Mississippi River plume in oligotrophic Gulf of Mexico waters. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 35:185-196.
107. WAWRIK, B., J. H. PAUL, D. A. BRONK, D. JOHN, AND M. GRAY. 2004. High rates of ammonium recycling drive phytoplankton productivity in the offshore Mississippi River plume. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 35:175-184.
108. WILHELM, S. W. AND C. A. SUTTLE. 1999. Viruses and nutrient cycles in the sea. Bioscience 49:781-788.
109. WISEMAN, W. J., N. N. RABALAIS, R. E. TURNER, S. P. DINNELL, AND A. MACNAUGHTON. 1997. Seasonal and interannual variability within the Louisiana coastal current: Stratification and hypoxia. Journal of Marine Systems 12:237-248.