Looking in the wrong place? The search for an ideal migraine preventative

Drug Development Research

Volumn 68, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 376-388

  Lambert, Geoffrey A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Brainstem; Cortex; Migraine; Prophylaxis

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMITRIPTYLINE; ASPARTIC ACID; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORPHENIRAMINE; CIMETIDINE; CLONIDINE; CYPROHEPTADINE; FLUNARIZINE; FLUOXETINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; LISINOPRIL; MAGNESIUM; METHYSERGIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; PAPAVERINE; PHENELZINE; PIZOTIFEN; PROPRANOLOL; RIBOFLAVIN; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 1B RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 1D RECEPTOR; TOPIRAMATE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VERAPAMIL;

ANALGESIA; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN STEM; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; DRUG RESEARCH; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EPILEPSY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MIGRAINE; NOCICEPTION; NOTE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER; PROPHYLAXIS; RAPHE MAGNUS NUCLEUS; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIZATION; SPREADING CORTICAL DEPRESSION; THEORY; TRIGEMINAL NERVE;

EID: 38149094054     PISSN: 02724391     EISSN: 10982299     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20204     Document Type: Note

References (133)

1. Adelman JU, Adelman RD. 2001. Current options for the prevention and treatment of migraine. Clin Ther 23:772-788.
2. Afridi SK, Giffin NJ, Kaube H, Friston KJ, Ward NS, Frackowiak RSJ, Goadsby PJ. 2005. A positron emission tomographic study in spontaneous migraine. Arch Neurol 62:1270-1275.
3. Antal A, Kincses TZ, Nitsche MA, Bartfai O, Paulus W. 2004. Excitability changes induced in the human primary visual cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:702-707.
4. Anthony M, Hinterberger H, Lance JW. 1967. Plasma serotonin in migraine and stress. Arch Neurol 16:544-552.
5. Arbab MA, Delgado Zygmunt TJ, Shiokawa Y, Svendgaard NA. 1992. Central projections of the sensory innervation to the middle cerebral artery in the squirrel monkey. Acta Neurochir Wien 119:104-110.
6. Arulmozhi DK, Veeranjaneyulu A, Bodhankar SL. 2005. Migraine: current concepts and emerging therapies. Vasc Pharmacol 43:176-187.
7. Aurora SK, Ahmad BK, Welch KM, Bhardhwaj P, Ramadan NM. 1998. Transcranial magnetic stimulation confirms hyperexcitability of occipital cortex in migraine. Neurology 50:1111-1114.
8. 1B/1D receptor in the periaqueductal gray inhibits nociception. Ann Neurol 56:371-381.
9. Basbaum AI. 2006. The neurobiology of pain: molecules and mechanisms. Cephalalgia 26:1352.
10. Basbaum AI, Fields HL. 1984. Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Annu Rev Neurosci 7:309-338.
11. Becker WJ. 1999. Evidence based migraine prophylactic drug therapy. Can J Neurol Sci 26(Suppl 3):27-32.
12. Bigal ME, Rappoport AM, Sheftel FD, Tepper SJ. 2002. New migraine preventive options: an update with pathophysiological considerations. Rev Hosp Clin 57:293-297.
13. Bindman LJ, Lippold OCJ, Redfearn JWT. 1964. The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects. J Physiol 173:369-382.
14. Blier P, Lista A, De Montigny C. 1993. Differential properties of pre- and postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors in the dorsal raphe and hippocampus. I. Effect of spiperone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:7-15.
15. Bolay H, Reuter U, Dunn AK, Huang Z, Boas DA, Moskowitz MA. 2002. Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nat Med 8:136-142.
16. Burstein R, Jakubowski M. 2005. Unitary hypothesis for multiple triggers of the pain and strain of migraine. J Comp Neurol 493: 9-14.
17. Burstein R, Yarnitsky D, Goor-Aryeh I, Ransil BJ, Bajwa ZH. 2000. An association between migraine and cutaneous allodynia. Ann Neurol 47:614-624.
18. Cameron AA, Khan IA, Westlund KN, Cliffer KD, Willis WD. 1995. The efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutin study. II. Descending projections. J Comp Neurol 351:585-601.
19. Catherine JD. 2000. Side effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Depression Anxiety 12:130-134.
20. Critchley M. 1967. Migraine from Cappadocia to Queens Square. Background to migraine. London: Heinemann. p 28.
21. Cutrer FM. 2001. Antiepileptic drugs: How they work in headache. Headache J Head Face Pain 41(s1):3-11.
22. Cutrer FM, Black DF. 2006. Imaging findings of migraine. Headache J Head Face Pain 46:1095-1107.
23. D'Andrea G, Cananzi AR, Perini F, Hasselmark L. 1995. Platelet models and their possible usefulness in the study of migraine pathogenesis. Cephalalgia 15:265-271.
24. Dahlof CGH, Solomon GD. 1998. The burden of migraine to the individual sufferer - a review. Eur J Neurol 5:525-533.
25. Datto C, Kastenberg J, Miller D, Knight D. 1998. Prophylactic measures for ECT-induced migraine headaches. J ECT 14:135.
26. De Vries B, Haan J, Frants RR, Van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD. 2006. Genetic biomarkers for migraine. Headache J Head Face Pain 46:1059-1068.
27. De Vries P, Villalon CM, Saxena PR. 1999. Pharmacological aspects of experimental headache models in relation to acute antimigraine therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 375(Special Issue):61-74.
28. DeBattista C, Mueller K. 1995. Sumatriptan prophylaxis for postelectroconvulsive therapy headaches. Headache 35:502-503.
29. Diener HC. 2000. Drug treatment of migraine and other headaches. Fischer M, editor. Basel: Karger. 371 p.
30. 1D receptors in the selective inhibitory effect of naratriptan on trigeminovascular neurons. Neuropharmacology 42:374-385.
31. Dostrovsky JO, Shah Y, Gray BG. 1983. Descending inhibitory influences from periaqueductal gray, nucleus raphe magnus, and adjacent reticular formation. II. Effects on medullary dorsal horn nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons. J Neurophysiol 49:948-960.
32. Edvinsson L. 2006. Neuronal signal substances as biomarkers of migraine. Headache J Head Face Pain 46:1088-1094.
33. Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Jansen I, Ottosson A, Uddman R. 1987. Peptide-containing nerve fibers in human cerebral arteries: immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay, and in vitro pharmacology. Ann Neurol 21:431-437.
34. Edvinsson L, Jansen I, Cunha SM, Gulbenkian S. 1994. Demonstration of neuropeptide containing nerves and vasomotor responses to perivascular peptides in human cerebral arteries. Cephalalgia 14:88-96.
35. Ekbom K, Kudrow L. 1979. Facial flush in cluster. Headache 19:47.
36. Ellrich J, Messlinger K, Chiang C, Hu J. 2001. Modulation of neuronal activity in the nucleus raphe magnus by the 5-HT1-receptor agonist naratriptan in rat. Pain 90:227-231.
37. Fields HL. 1997. Pain modulation and headache. In: Goadsby PJ, Silberstein SD, editors. Headache. Boston: Butterworth Heineman. p 39-57.
38. Fields HL, Bry J, Hentall I, Zorman G. 1983. The activity of neurons in the rostral medulla of the rat during withdrawal from noxious heat. J Neurosci 3:2545-2552.
39. Fog-Moller F, Genefke IK, Bryndum B. 1978. Changes in concentration of catecholamines in blood during spontaneous migraine attacks and reserpine-induced attacks. In: Greene R, editor. Current concepts in migraine. New York: Raven Press. p 115-119.
40. Forderreuther S, Henkel A, Noachtar S, Straube A. 2002. Headache associated with epileptic seizures: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Headache J Head Face Pain 42:649-655.
41. Fornal C, Auerbach S, Jacobs BL. 1985. Activity of serotonin-containing neurons in nucleus raphe magnus in freely moving cats. Exp Neurol 88:590-608.
42. Fornal CA, Litto WJ, Metzler CW, Marrosu F, Tada K, Jacobs BL. 1994. Single-unit responses of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons to 5-HT1A agonist and antagonist drug administration in behaving cats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1345-1358.
43. Fozard JR, Gray JA. 1989. 5-HT1C receptor activation: a key step in the initiation of migraine? Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:307-309.
44. Fuxe K. 1965. Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. IV. Distribution of monoamine nerve terminals in the central nervous system. Acta Physiol Scand 64(Suppl 247):39-85.
45. Gantenbein AR, Sandor PS. 2006. Physiological parameters as biomarkers of migraine. Headache J Head Face Pain 46:1069-1074.
46. Gao KM, Chen DO, Genzen JR, Mason P. 1998. Activation of serotonergic neurons in the raphe magnus is not necessary for morphine analgesia. J Neurosci 18:1860-1868.
47. Genefke IK, Dalsgaard Nielsen T, Bryndum B, Fog Moller F, Jensen JA. 1975. Concentration of serotonin in blood platelets: effect of reserpine in migraineurs. Headache 15:136-138.
48. Goadsby PJ. 2002. Neurovascular headache and a midbrain vascular malformation: evidence for a role of the brainstem in chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 22:107-111.
49. Goadsby PJ. 2007. Recent advances in understanding migraine mechanisms, molecules and therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 13:39-44.
50. 3H- dihydroergotamine-binding sites in the cat central nervous system: relevance to migraine. Ann Neurol 29:91-94.
51. Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. 1982. Differential effects on the internal and external carotid circulation of the monkey evoked by locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res 249:247-254.
52. Graham JR, Wolff HG. 1937. Mechanism of migraine headache and action of ergotamine tartrate. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 39:737-763.
53. Haas DC, Kent PF, Friedman DI. 1993. Headache caused by a single lesion of multiple sclerosis in the periaqueductal gray area. Headache 33:452-455.
54. Hamel E. 1999. The biology of serotonin receptors: Focus on migraine pathophysiology and treatment. Can J Neurol Sci 26(Suppl 3):S2-S6.
55. Hardebo JE. 1991. Migraine - why and how a cortical excitatory wave may initiate the aura and headache. Headache 31: 213-221.
56. Hargreaves RJ, Shepheard SL. 1999. Pathophysiology of migraine - new insights. Can J Neurol Sci 26(Suppl 3):S12-S19.
57. Harrington MG. 2006. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in primary headache disorders. Headache J Head Face Pain 46:1075-1087.
58. Hawken ER, Delva NJ, Lawson JS. 2001. Successful use of propranolol in migraine associated with electroconvulsive therapy. Headache 41:92-96.
59. Hentall ID, Andresen MJ, Taguchi K. 1993. Serotonergic, cholinergic and nociceptive inhibition or excitation of raphe magnus neurons in barbiturate-anesthetized rats. Neuroscience 52:303-310.
60. 1-like receptor agonist, GR43175. Cephalalgia 9(Suppl 9):23-33.
61. Humphrey PP, Goadsby PJ. 1994. The mode of action of sumatriptan is vascular? A debate. Cephalalgia 14:401-410.
62. Humphrey PPA. 1991. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and the pathophysiology of migraine. J Neurol 238:S38-S44.
63. Ingvardsen BK, Laursen H, Olsen UB, Hansen AJ. 1997. Possible mechanism of c-fos expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis following cortical spreading depression. Pain 72:407-415.
64. Joseph R, Welch KM, D'Andrea G. 1989. Serotonergic hypofunction in migraine: a synthesis of evidence based on platelet dense body dysfunction. Cephalalgia 9:293-299.
65. Keay KA, Bandler R. 1998. Vascular head pain selectively activates ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in the cat. Neurosci Lett 245:58-60.
66. Kimball RW, Friedman AP, Vallejo E. 1960. Effect of serotonin in migraine patients. Neurology 10:107-111.
67. Knight YE, Goadsby PJ. 1999. Brainstem stimulation inhibits trigeminal neurones in the cat. Cephalalgia 19:315.
68. Knight YE, Goadsby PJ. 2001. The periaqueductal grey matter modulates trigeminovascular input: a role in migraine? Neuroscience 106:793-800.
69. Lambert GA, Michalicek J. 1994. Cortical spreading depression reduces dural blood flow - a possible mechanism for migraine pain? Cephalalgia 14:430-436.
70. Lambert GA, Lowy AJ, Boers PM, Angus-Leppan H, Zagami AS. 1992. The spinal cord processing of input from the superior sagittal sinus: pathway and modulation by ergot alkaloids. Brain Res 597:321-330.
71. Lambert GA, Michalicek J, Storer RJ, Zagami AS. 1999a. Effect of cortical spreading depression on activity of trigeminovascular sensory neurons. Cephalalgia 19:631-638.
72. Lambert GA, Shimomura T, Boers P, Gordon V, Donaldson C, Zagami AS. 1999b. Serotonin infusions inhibit sensory input from the dural vasculature. Cephalalgia 19:639-650.
73. Lambert GA, Hoskin KL, Zagami AS. 2006. A cortical cause for migraine? Cephalalgia 26:1386.
74. Lambert GA, Hoskin KL, Zagami AS. 2007. Could migraine arise from the cortex? Melbourne: International Brain Research Organisation. p 170.
75. Lance JW, Adams RW, Lambert GA. 1987. Bulbocortical pathways and their possible relevance to migraine and epilepsy. Funct Neurol 1:357-361.
76. Lance JW, Goadsby PJ. 1999. Mechanism and management of headache. London: Butterworth Scientific.
77. Lance JW, Goadsby PJ. 2005. Mechanism and management of headache. London: Butterworth Scientific.
78. Lance JW, Lambert GA, Goadsby PJ, Duckworth JW. 1983. Brainstem influences on the cephalic circulation: experimental data from cat and monkey of relevance to the mechanism of migraine. Headache 23:258-265.
79. Lapierre YD, Silverstone P, Reesal RT, Saxena B, Turner P, Bakish D, Plamondon J, Vincent PM, Remick RA, Kroft C, Payeur R, Rosales D, Lam R, Bologa M. 1998. A Canadian multicenter study of three fixed doses of controlled-release ipsapirone in outpatients with moderate to severe major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18:268-273.
80. 1A receptor hypersensitivity in migraine is suggested by the m-chlorophenylpiperazine test. NeuroReport 9:2605-2608.
81. Limmroth V, Michel MC. 2001. The prevention of migraine: a critical review with special emphasis on β2;-adrenoceptor blockers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52:237-243.
82. Liveling E. 1873. On megrim, sick-headache and some allied disorders. London: Churchill. 512 p.
83. Loder E, Harrington MG, Cutrer M, Sandor P, De Vries B. 2006. Selected confirmed, probable, and exploratory migraine biomarkers. Headache J Head Face Pain 46:1108-1127.
84. Loder E, Rizzoli P. 2006. Biomarkers in migraine: their promise, problems, and practical applications. Headache J Head Face Pain 46:1046-1058.
85. 1B-immunoreactivity within the human trigemino-cerebrovascular system: implications for the discovery of new antimigraine drugs. Cephalalgia 17:833-842.
86. MacKenzie ET, Edvinsson L, Scatton B. 1985. Functional bases for a central serotonergic involvement in classic migraine: a speculative view. Cephalalgia 5:69-78.
87. Marcoli M, Maura G, Munari C, Ruelle A, Raiteri M. 1999. Pharmacological diversity between native human 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors sited on different neurons and involved in different functions. Br J Pharmacol 126:607-612.
88. Messlinger K, Hanesch U, Baumgartel M, Trost B, Schmidt RF. 1993. Innervation of the dura mater encephali of cat and rat: ultrastructure and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity. Anat Embryol 188:219-237.
89. Moskowitz MA. 1986. The anatomy and neurochemistry of trigeminovascular neurons. In: Owman C, Hardebo JE, editors. Neural regulation of brain circulation. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 393-405.
90. Moskowitz MA. 2007. The 2006 Thomas Willis lecture: The adventures of a translational researcher in stroke and migraine. Stroke 38:1645-1651.
91. Moskowitz MA, Nozaki K, Kraig RP. 1993. Neocortical spreading depression provokes the expression of c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity within trigeminal nucleus caudalis via trigeminovascular mechanisms. J Neurosci 13:1167-1177.
92. Newman L, Mannix LK, Landy S, Silberstein S, Lipton RB, Putnam DGP, Watson C, Jobsis M, Batenhorst A, O'Quinn S. 2001. Naratriptan as short-term prophylaxis of menstrually associated migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache 41:248-256.
93. Nitsche MA, Paulus W. 2000. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol 527:633-639.
94. Olesen J, Thomsen LL, Iversen H. 1994. Nitric oxide is a key molecule in migraine and other vascular headaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:149-153.
95. 2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell 87:543-552.
96. Panayiotopoulos CP. 1999. Visual phenomena and headache in occipital epilepsy: a review, a systematic study and differentiation from migraine. Epileptic Disord 1:205-216.
97. Peroutka SJ. 1990. The pharmacology of current anti-migraine drugs. Headache 30:5-11; discussion 24-28.
98. Piper R. 1991. Effects of spreading depression on physiological activation of the cerebral cortex in the cat. In: Olesen J, editor. Migraine and other headaches: the vascular symptoms. New York: Raven Press. p 177-180.
99. Ramadan NM, Schultz LL, Gilkey SJ. 1997. Migraine prophylactic drugs: proof of efficacy, utilization and cost. Cephalalgia 17:73-80.
100. Raskin NH, Hosobuchi Y, Lamb S. 1987. Headache may arise from perturbation of brain. Headache 27:416-420.
101. Ray BS, Wolff HG. 1940. Experimental studies on headache. Pain sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg 41:813-856.
102. Reis J, Tergau F, Hamer HM, Müller H-H, Knake S, Fritsch B, Oertel WH, Rosenow F. 2002. Topiramate selectively decreases intracortical excitability in human motor cortex. Epilepsia 43:1149-1156.
103. Reutens DC, Berkovic SF, Macdonell RAL, Bladin PF. 1993. Magnetic stimulation of the brain in generalized epilepsy: Reversal of cortical hyperexcitability by anticonvulsants. Ann Neurol 34:351-355.
104. Sakai F, Meyer JS. 1978. Regional cerebral hemodynamics during migraine and cluster headaches measured by the 133-Xe inhalation method. Headache 18:122-132.
105. Sanches-del-Rio M, Reuter U, Moskowitz MA. 2006. New insights into migraine pathophysiology. Curr Opin Neurol 19:294-298.
106. Saxena PR. 1978. Arteriovenous shunting and migraine. Res Clin Stud Headache 6:89-102.
107. Scher AI, Lipton RB, Stewart WF. 2002. Impact of migraine on a personal and societal level. Basel: Birkhäuser. 169 p.
108. Schiller F. 1975. The migraine tradition. Bull Hist Med 49:1-19.
109. Schoenen J. 1997. Acute migraine therapy: the newer drugs. Curr Opin Neurol 10:237-243.
110. Schoenen J. 2006. The cerebral cortex in migraine pathogenesis: culprit or bystander? A neurophysiological approach. In: Proceedings of the 16th Migraine Trust International Symposium.
111. Sessle BJ, Hu JW, Dubner R, Lucier GE. 1981. Functional properties of neurons in cat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn). II. Modulation of responses to noxious and nonnoxious stimuli by periaqueductal gray, nucleus raphe magnus, cerebral cortex, and afferent influences, and effect of naloxone. J Neurophysiol 45:193-207.
112. Sheftell FD, Rapoport AM, Coddon DR. 1999. Naratriptan in the prophylaxis of transformed migraine. Headache 39:506-510.
113. Shields KG, Goadsby PJ. 2005. Propranolol modulates trigeminovascular responses in thalamic ventroposteromedial nucleus: a role in migraine? Brain 128:86-97.
114. Sicuteri F. 1976. Headache: disruption of pain modulation. In: Bonica JJ, Albe-Fessard D, editors. Advances in pain research and therapy, vol 1. New York: Raven Press. p 871-880.
115. Silberstein SD, Goadsby PJ. 2002. Migraine: preventive treatment. Cephalalgia 22:491-512.
116. Solomon GD, Price KL. 1997. Burden of migraine - a review of its socioeconomic impact. Pharmacoeconomics 11(Suppl 1):1-10.
117. Sprouse J, Aghajanian G. 1988. Responses of hippocampal pyramidal cells to putative serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists: a comparative study with dorsal raphe neurons. Neuropharmacology 27:707-715.
118. Swanson DR. 1988. Migraine and magnesium: eleven neglected connections. Persp Biol Med 31:526-557.
119. Takano T, Tian G-F, Peng W, Lou N, Lovatt D, Hansen AJ, Kasischke KA, Nedergaard M. 2007. Cortical spreading depression causes and coincides with tissue hypoxia. Nat Neurosci Online pre-publication:doi:10.1038/nn1902.
120. Tashiro T, Ruda MA, Satoda T, Matsushima R, Mizuno N. 1989. Convergence of serotonin-, enkephalin-, and substance P-like immunoreactive afferent fibers onto cat medullary dorsal horn projection neurons: a triple immunocytochemical staining technique combined with the retrograde HRP-tracing method. Brain Res 491:360-365.
121. Terwindt GM, Ophoff RA, Haan J, Sandkuijl LA, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, Group* ftDMGR. 1998. Migraine, ataxia and epilepsy: a challenging spectrum of genetically determined calcium channelopathies. Eur J Hum Genet 6:297-307.
122. Theoharides T. C, Spanos C, Pang X. Z, Alferes L, Ligris K, Letourneau R, J RJ, Webster E, P CG. 1995. Stress-induced intracranial mast cell degranulation - a corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated effect. Endocrinology 136:5745-5750.
123. Veloso F, Kumar K, Toth C. 1998. Headache secondary to deep brain implantation. Headache 38:507-515.
124. Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V, Juptner M, Kaube H, Vonschayck R, Coenen HH, Diener HC. 1995. Brain stem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med 1:658-660.
125. Weiner SJ, Ward TN, Ravaris CL. 1994. Headache and electroconvulsive therapy. Headache J Head Face Pain 34: 155-159.
126. Welch KM. 2003a. Concepts of migraine headache pathogenesis: insights into mechanisms of chronicity and new drug targets. Neurol Sci 24(Suppl 2):S149-S153.
127. Welch KM. 2003b. Contemporary concepts of migraine pathogenesis. Neurology 61(8 Suppl 4):S2-S8.
128. Welch KMA, Lewis D. 1997. Migraine and epilepsy. Neurol Clin 15:107.
129. Welch KMA, D'Andrea G, Tepley N, Barkeley G, Ramadan NM. 1990. The concept of migraine as a state of central neuronal hyperexcitability. Headache 8:817-828.
130. Welch KM, Nagesh V, Aurora SK, Gelman N. 2001. Periaqueductal gray matter dysfunction in migraine: cause or the burden of illness? Headache 41:629-637.
131. Welch M. 1998. The occipital cortex as a generator of migraine aura. Cephalalgia 18(Suppl 22):15-18.
132. Yu X-M, Hua M, Mense S. 1991. The effects of intracerebroventricular injection of naloxone, phentolamine and methysergide on the transmission of nociceptive signals in rat dorsal horn neurons with convergent cutaneous-deep input. Neuroscience 44: 715-723.
133. Zanchin G. 2004. Sources. J Headache Pain 5:261-264.