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Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 96-102

Fever without apparent source on clinical examination

Author keywords

Fever; Kawasaki disease; Serious bacterial infection

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; CEFTRIAXONE; HEPTAVALENT PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE; IBUPROFEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LIGAND; MEPREDNISONE; NATURAL KILLER GROUP 2 MEMBER D; PARACETAMOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VACCINE;

EID: 38149084260     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f419fa     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (14)

References (25)
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    • Carstairs KL, Tanen DA, Johnson AS, et al. Pneumococcal bacteremia in febrile infants presenting to the emergency department before and after the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine. Ann Emerg Med 2007; 49:772-777. This retrospective study compares the rate of bacteremia between those who did and did not receive the PCV7 vaccine. They demonstrate that the rates of true bacteremia due to pneumococcus had decreased in the immunized and that UTI was the next most common cause of fever in children 3-36 months of age.
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    • Bergman DA, Mayer ML, Pantell RH, et al. Does clinical presentation explain practice variability in the treatment of febrile infants? Pediatrics 2006; 117:787-795. This is an interesting study that analysed variation in practices among physicians in the treatment of febrile infants using a statistical model. Based on the model they could explain about 50% of the variability and about 30% of the overall variability was dependent on clinical presentation.
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    • Madsen KA, Bennett JE, Downs SM. The role of parental preferences in the management of fever without source among 3- to 36-month-old children: a decision analysis. Pediatrics 2006; 117:1067-1076. This is an elegantly conducted study which uses decision analysis to compare the benefits and outcomes of three management options (treat: blood culture and antibiotics, test: blood culture and complete blood count, and observe). The survival analysis model used is a must-read for all physicians taking care of febrile infants. Also, the exploration of parental preferences as the odds of SBI decrease in the post-PCV7 era is enlightening and probably needs consideration in the management of the immunized febrile infant in the future.
    • Madsen KA, Bennett JE, Downs SM. The role of parental preferences in the management of fever without source among 3- to 36-month-old children: a decision analysis. Pediatrics 2006; 117:1067-1076. This is an elegantly conducted study which uses decision analysis to compare the benefits and outcomes of three management options (treat: blood culture and antibiotics, test: blood culture and complete blood count, and observe). The survival analysis model used is a must-read for all physicians taking care of febrile infants. Also, the exploration of parental preferences as the odds of SBI decrease in the post-PCV7 era is enlightening and probably needs consideration in the management of the immunized febrile infant in the future.
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    • Andreola B, Bressan S, Callegaro S, et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of severe bacterial infections in febrile infants and children in the emergency department. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:672-677. In this study the value of procalcitonin and CRP levels was compared with total WBC and ANC in predicting SBI in febrile children in the emergency department. Although procalcitonin, CRP, WBC and ANC were significantly higher in patients with SBI, procalcitonin and CRP performed better than WBC and ANC in predicting SBI in children with fever without source.
    • Andreola B, Bressan S, Callegaro S, et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of severe bacterial infections in febrile infants and children in the emergency department. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:672-677. In this study the value of procalcitonin and CRP levels was compared with total WBC and ANC in predicting SBI in febrile children in the emergency department. Although procalcitonin, CRP, WBC and ANC were significantly higher in patients with SBI, procalcitonin and CRP performed better than WBC and ANC in predicting SBI in children with fever without source.
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    • Lee KY, Hong JH, Han JW, et al. Features of Kawasaki disease at the extremes of age. J Paediatr Child Health 2006; 42:423-427. A total of 136 children were studied and 10 (7.4%) patients were up to 6 months of age and 12 (8.8%) were at least 5 years of age. The clinical features outside the typical age range are described.
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    • Chang FY, Hwang B, Chen SJ, et al. Characteristics of Kawasaki disease in infants younger than six months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:241-244. This study reports the clinical and laboratory characteristics of Kawasaki disease in infants less than 6 months of age. The infants less than 6 months were more likely to have incomplete presentation (35% versus 12%, P=0.025), coronary involvement (65% versus 19%, P<0.001), late IVIG therapy and relatively poor outcome.
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    • Nigrovic LE, Nigrovic PA, Harper MB, Chiang VW. Extreme thrombocytosis predicts Kawasaki disease in infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006; 45:446-452. The authors investigated the value of an extremely elevated platelet count to help identify febrile infants with Kawasaki disease. Children less than 6 months of age with prolonged fever, extreme elevation of platelet count and no compelling alternative diagnosis should be evaluated for Kawasaki disease.
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    • Christie LJ, Honarmand S, Talkington DF, et al. Pediatric encephalitis: what is the role of Mycoplasma pneumonia? Pediatrics 2007; 120:305-313. The authors report the high prevalence (111 of 1988) of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated encephalitis in patients with unexplained encephalitis. Eighty-four (76%) were less than 18 years of age. Testing for M. pneumoniae should be considered in any child with unexplained encephalitis.
    • Christie LJ, Honarmand S, Talkington DF, et al. Pediatric encephalitis: what is the role of Mycoplasma pneumonia? Pediatrics 2007; 120:305-313. The authors report the high prevalence (111 of 1988) of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated encephalitis in patients with unexplained encephalitis. Eighty-four (76%) were less than 18 years of age. Testing for M. pneumoniae should be considered in any child with unexplained encephalitis.


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