Genotypic variability and persistence of Legionella pneumophila PFGE patterns in 34 cooling towers from two different areas

Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 395-399

  Sanchez, Inma ^a   Garcia Nuñez, Marian ^a   Ragull, Sonia ^a   Sopena, Nieves ^a   Pedro Botet, Maria Luisa ^a   Estere, Maria ^a   Rey Joly, Celestino ^a   Sabria, Miquel ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI GERMANS TRIAS I PUJOL   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA;

AIR CONDITIONING; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COUNT; CLASSIFICATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; INSTRUMENTATION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PULSED FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; SPAIN; WATER SUPPLY;

AIR CONDITIONING; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DNA, BACTERIAL; ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, PULSED-FIELD; GENOTYPE; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; SPAIN; VARIATION (GENETICS); WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER SUPPLY;

LEGIONELLA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA;

EID: 38049144589     PISSN: 14622912     EISSN: 14622920     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01460.x     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Amemura-Maekawa, J., Kura, F., Chang, B. Watanabe, H. (2005) Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from cooling towers in Japan form a distinct genetic cluster. Microbiol Immunol 49 : 1027 1033.
2. Aurell, H., Etienne, J., Forey, F., Reyrolle, M., Girardo, P., Farge, P., et al. (2003) Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strain Paris: endemic distribution throughout France. J Clin Microbiol 41 : 3320 3322.
3. Bentham, R.H. (2000) Routine sampling and the control of Legionella spp. in cooling tower water systems. Curr Microbiol 41 : 271 275.
4. Den Boer, J.W., Yzerman, E.P., Schellekens, J., Lettinga, K.D., Boshuizen, H.C., Van Steenbergen, J.E., et al. (2002) A large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease at a flower show, the Netherlands, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 8 : 37 43.
5. Drenning, S.D., Stout, J.E., Joly, J.R. Yu, V.L. (2001) Unexpected similarity of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of unrelated clinical isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. J Infect Dis 183 : 628 632.
6. Fernandez, J.A., Lopez, P., Orozco, D. Merino, J. (2002) Clinical study of an outbreak of Legionnaire's disease in Alcoy, Southeastern Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21 : 729 735.
7. Formica, N., Tallis, G., Zwolak, B., Camie, J., Beers, M., Hogg, G., et al. (2000) Legionnaires' disease outbreak: Victoria's largest identified outbreak. Commun Dis Intell 24 : 199 202.
8. Garcia-Fulgueiras, A., Navarro, C., Fenoll, D., Garcia, J., Gonzalez-Diego, P., Jimenez-Bunuales, T., et al. (2003) Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Murcia, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 9 : 915 921.
9. Garcia-Nuñez, M., Sopena, N., Ragull, S., Pedro-Botet, M.L. Sabria, M. (2007) Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease and Persistence of Environmental Legionella Isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol (in press).
10. Garcia-Nuñez, M., Ragull, S., Junyent, E., Sagrista, A., Soler, A., Sanchez, I., et al. (2006) Persistence and genotypic stability of Legionella in a potable water system in a hotel over a 20-month period. In Legionella: State of the Art 30 years After Its Recognition. Cianciotto, N.P., Kwaik, Y.A., Edelstein, P.H., Fields, B.S., Geary, D.F., et al. (eds). Washington, DC, USA : American Society for Microbiology, pp. 124 127.
11. Jansa, J.M., Cayla, J.A., Ferrer, D., Gracia, J., Pelaz, C., Salvador, M., et al. (2002) An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in an inner city district: importance of the first 24 hours in the investigation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 : 831 838.
12. Kool, J.L., Buchholz, U., Peterson, C., Brown, E.W., Benson, R.F., Pruckler, J.M., et al. (2000) Strengths and limitations of molecular subtyping in a community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease. Epidemiol Infect 125 : 599 608.
13. Ragull, S., Garcia-Nunez, M., Pedro-Botet, M.L., Sopena, N., Esteve, M., Montenegro, R. Sabria, M. (2007) Legionella pneumophila in cooling towers: fluctuations in counts, determination of genetic variability by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and persistence of PFGE patterns. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 : 5382 5384.
14. Rangel-Frausto, M.S., Rhomberg, P., Hollis, R.J., Pfaller, M.A., Wenzel, R.P., Helms, C.M. Herwaldt, L.A. (1999) Persistence of Legionella pneumophila in a hospital's water system: a 13-year survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20 : 793 797.
15. Sabria, M. Pedro-Botet, M.L. (2006) [Legionnaires disease. From the first case to the outbreak]. Med Clin (Barc) 126 : 175 177.
16. Sabria, M., Garcia-Nunez, M., Pedro-Botet, M.L., Sopena, N., Gimeno, J.M., Reynaga, E., et al. (2001) Presence and chromosomal subtyping of Legionella species in potable water systems in 20 hospitals of Catalonia, Spain. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 22 : 673 676.
17. Sabria, M., Alvarez, J., Dominguez, A., Pedrol, A., Sauca, G., Salleras, L., et al. (2006) A community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: evidence of a cooling tower as the source. Clin Microbiol Infect 12 : 642 647.
18. Tenover, F.C., Arbeit, R.D., Goering, R.V., Mickelsen, P.A., Murray, B.E., Persing, D.H. Swaminathan, B. (1995) Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 33 : 2233 2239.
19. Turetgen, I. (2004) Comparison of the efficacy of free residual chlorine and monochloramine against biofilms in model and full scale cooling towers. Biofouling 20 : 81 85.
20. Visca, P., Goldoni, P., Luck, P.C., Helbig, J.H., Cattani, L., Giltri, G., et al. (1999) Multiple types of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 in a hospital heated-water system associated with sporadic infections. J Clin Microbiol 37 : 2189 2196.