The holocene history of Taxus baccata (yew) in Belgium and neighbouring regions

Belgian Journal of Botany

Volumn 140, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 222-237

  Deforce, Koen ^a   Bastiaens, Jan ^a  

^a Flemish Heritage Institute   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Belgium; Holocene; Taxus baccata L.; Vegetation history; Yew

Indexed keywords

TAXUS; TAXUS BACCATA;

EID: 38049101108     PISSN: 07784031     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. ADAMS J., 1905. - The occurrence of yew in a peat bog in Queen's County. Irish Naturalist 14: 34.
2. ALLEMEERSCH L., 1986. - Hochmoortorfe im östlichen Küstengebiet Belgiens. Courier Forsch.-Inst. Seckenberg 86: 397-407.
3. ALLEMEERSCH L., 1991. - Peat in the Belgian eastern coastal plain. In: GULLENTOPS F. (ed.), Wetlands in Flanders. Contributions to the palaeohydrology of the temperate zone in the last 15 000 years. Aardkundige Mededelingen 6, pp. 1-54. Leuven University Press, Leuven.
4. ANDERSEN S.Th., 1975. - The Eemian freshwater deposit at Egernsund, South Jylland, and the Eemian landscape development in Denmark. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse A 1974: 49-70.
5. AVERDIECK R-R., 1971. - Zur postglazialen Geschichte der Eibe (Taxus baccata L.) in Nordwestdeutschland. Flora 160: 28-42.
6. AVERDIECK F.-R., 1983. - Palynological investigations of the sediments of ten lakes in eastern Holstein, North Germany. Hydrobiologia 103: 225-230.
7. BAETEMAN C., 1981. - De Holocene ontwikkeling van de westelijke kustvlakte (België), Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.
8. BAETEMAN C., 1999. - The Holocene depositional history of the Ijzer Palaeo-valley (western Belgian coastal plain) with reference to the factors controlling the formation of intercalated peat beds. Geologica Belg. 2: 39-72.
9. BAETEMAN C., 2005. - How subsoil morphology and credibility influence the origin and pattern of late Holocene tidal channels: case studies from the Belgian coastal lowlands. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 24: 2146-2162.
10. BAETEMAN C. & VERBRUGGEN C., 1979. - A new approach to the evolution of the so-called surface peat in the western coastal plain of Belgium. Professional Paper 167, Belgische Geologische Dienst, Brussel.
11. BAETEMAN C., CLEVERINGA P. & VERBRUGGEN C., 1981. - Het paleomilieu rond het romeins zoutwinningssite van Leffinge. Professional Paper 186, Belgische Geologische Dienst, Brussel.
12. BAETEMAN C., SCOTT D.B. & VAN STRYDONCK M., 2002. - Changes in coastal zone processes at a high sea-level stand: a late Holocene example from Belgium. J. Quatern. Sci. 17: 547-559.
13. BARANCEKOVA M., 2004. - The roe deer diet: Is flood-plain forest optimal habitat? Folia Zool. 53: 285-292.
14. BATCHELOR C.R., BRANCH N., ELIAS S., HAWKINS D. SHAW P. & SIDELL J., 2004. - Middle Holocene environmental history of the lower Thames valley. The history of Taxus woodland, pp. 79-80. QRA International Postgraduate Symposium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussel, Belgium.
15. BEHRE K.-E., 1962. - Pollen- und diatomeenanalytische Untersuchungen an letztinterglazialen Kiezelgurlagern der Lüneburger Heide. Flora 152: 325-370.
16. BERGLUND B.E., 1966. - Late-Quaternary vegetation in eastern Blekinge, southeastern Sweden. A pollen analytical study. II. Post-Glacial time. Opera Bot. 12: 1-190.
17. BEUG H.-J., 2004. - Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete, 542 p. Pfeil, München.
18. BEUKER J.R., 2002. - Een boogschutter in het moeras. Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 119: 113-122.
19. BIRKS H.J.B., 1982. - Mid-Flandrian forest history of Roudsea Wood National Nature Reserve, Cumbria. New Phytol. 90: 339-354.
20. BOUMAN F., BOESEWINKEL D., BREGMAN R., DEVENTE N. & OOSTERMEIJER G., 2000. - Verspreiding van zaden: 240 p. KNNV uitgeverij, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
21. BRADSHAW R.H.W., 1978. - Modern pollen representation factors and recent woodland history in S.E. England. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
22. BRANDE A., 2002. - Eibe-Vorkommen im polischen Tiefland - eine Übersicht zur Exkursion der 9er Internationalen Eibentagung 2002. Der Eibenfreund 9: 1-36.
23. CLARK J.G.D.. 1963. - Neolithic bows from Somerset, England, and the prehistory of archery in northwestern Europe. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 29: 50-98.
24. COLES J.M., HEAL S.V.E. & ORME B.J., 1978. - The use and character of wood in prehistoric Britain and Ireland. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 44: 1-45.
25. COLLINS D., MILL R.R. & MÖLLER M., 2003. - Species separation of Taxus baccata, T. canadensis and T. cuspidata (Taxaceae) and origins of their reputed hybrids inferred from RAPD and cpDNA data. Am. J. Bot. 90: 175-182.
26. COUTEAUX M., 1969a. - Recherches palynologiques en Gaume, au pays d'Arlon, en Ardenne méridionale (Luxembourg belge) et au Gutland (Grand Duché de Luxembourg). Acta Geographica Lovaniensia, vol. 9. Leuven University Press, Leuven, Belgium.
27. COUTEAUX M., 1969b. - Formation et chronologie palynologiques des tufs calcaires du Luxembourg belgo-grand-ducal. Ass. Française Étude du Quaternaire 3: 179-206.
28. DANILKIN A., 1996. - Behavioural ecology of Siberian and European roe deer: 300 p. Chapman & Hall, London.
29. DAVIS B.A.S., BREWER S., STEVENSON A.C., GUIOT J. & DATA CONTRIBUTERS, 2003. - The temperature of Europe during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen data. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 22: 1701-1716.
30. DEFORCE K., 1997. - Paleobotanisch en paleo-ecologisch onderzoek van een Pleistocene afzetting in Beernem. M.Sc. thesis, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
31. DEFORCE K. & BASTIAENS J., 2006. - Inventarisatie van het paleo-ecologisch bodemarchief voor archeologisch onderzoek en bescherming, CAI-rapport II. VIOE-rapporten 2: 35-42.
32. DEFORCE K. & BASTIAENS J., in press. - Paleobotanisch onderzoek van het oppervlakteveen. In: PIETERS M. (ed.), Een laatmiddeleeuws landelijk vissersmilieu in het zuidelijke Noordzeegebied. Raversijde (Oostende, België) 1992-2002. Opgravingsverslag van 10 jaar opgraven, Archeologie in Viaanderen, Monografie 6. V.I.O.E., Brussel.
33. DEFORCE K., GELORINI V., VERBRUGGEN C. & VRYDAGHS L., 2005. - Pollen and phytolith analyses. In: CROMBÉ Ph. (ed.), The last hunter-gatherer-fishermen in Sandy Flanders (NW Belgium). The Verrebroek and Doel excavation projects, vol. 1, Archaeological Reports Ghent University 3, pp. 108-126. Academia Press, Gent, Belgium.
34. DE GROOTE V., 1977. - Pollenanalytisch onderzoek van Midden- en Boven Pleistocene afzettingen in Vlaanderen, Ph.D. thesis, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
35. DE JONG J., 1986. - Onderzoek in verband met het voorkomen van Pinus hout in het Hollandveen bij Baarland. Rapport 991, Rijks Geologische Dienst.
36. DE JONG J., 1987. - Uitkomsten van C14-ouderdomsbepalingen aan Hollandveen bij Baarland. Rapport 991a, Rijks Geologische Dienst.
37. DELAHUNTY J., 2002. - Religion, war, and changing landscapes: an historical and ecological account of the yew tree (Taxus baccata L.). Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
38. DEMPSEY D. & HOOK I., 2000. - Yew (Taxus) species - chemical and morphological variations. Pharm. Biol. 38: 274-280.
39. DENYS L. & VERBRUGGEN C., 1989. - A case of drowning - The end of Subatlantic peat growth and related palaeoenvironmental changes in the lower Scheldt basin (Belgium) based on diatom and pollen analysis. Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno. 59: 7-36.
40. DUVIGNEAUD J., 1965. - Un site menacé de destruction: le Franc Bois Lompret. Les Naturalistes Belges 10: 441-461.
41. ELLENBERG H., WEBER H.E., DÜLL R., WIRTH V., WERNER W. & PAULISSEN D., 1991. - Zeigerwerte der Gefässpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Scripta Geobot. 18: 1-122.
42. ERVYNCK A., BAETEMAN C., DEMIDDELE H., HOLLEVOET Y., PIETERS M., SCHELVIS J. et al., 1999. - Human occupation because of a regression, or the cause of a transgression? A critical review on the interaction between geological events and human occupation in the Belgian coastal plain during the first millennium AD. Probleme der Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet 26: 97-121.
43. FIRBAS F., 1949. - Spät- und nacheiszeitliche Waldgeschichte Mitteleuropas nördlich der Alpen: 256 p. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany.
44. GALE R. & CUTLER D., 2000. - Plants in archaeology: 512 p. Westbury Publishing, Kew, U.K.
45. GALOUX D., 1979. - L'if commun en Belgique. Les Naturalistes Belges 4-5: 113-132.
46. GARCIA D. & OBESO J.R., 2003. - Facilitation by herbivore-mediated nurse plants in a threatened tree, Taxus baccata: local effects and landscape level consistency. Ecography 26: 739-750.
47. GILOT E., 1997. - Index général des dates Lv. Laboratoire du carbone 14 de Louvain/Louvain-laneuve. Studia Praehistorica Belgica 7, Liège-Leuven, Belgium.
48. GODWIN H., 1968. - Terneuzen and buried forests of the East Anglian fenland. New Phytol. 67: 733-738.
49. nd edn.: 383 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
50. GODWIN H. & CLIFFORD M.H., 1938. - Studies of the post-glacial history of British vegetation. I. Origin and stratigraphy of Fenland deposits near Woodwalton, Hunts. II. Origin and stratigraphy of deposits in southern Fenland. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B 229: 323-406.
51. GODWIN H., GODWIN M.E. & CLIFFORD M.H., 1935. - Controlling factors in the formation of fen deposits, as shown by peat investigations at Wood Fen near Ely. J. Ecol. 23: 509-535.
52. GREIG J., 1996. - Great Britain - England. In: BERGLUND B.E., BIRKS H.J.B., RALSKA- JASIEWICZOWA M. & WRIGHT H.E. (eds.), Palaeoecological events during the last 15 000 years: regional syntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe, pp. 15-76. Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
53. GROSSER D., 1977. - Die Hölzer Mitteleuropas. Ein mikrophotographischer Lehratlas: 217 p. Verlag Dr. Kessel, Remagen, Germany.
54. HARTZELL H., Jr., 1991. - The yew tree: a thousand whispers: 320 p. Hulogosi, Oregon.
55. HAVINGA A.J., 1967. - Palynology and pollen preservation. Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno. 2: 81-98.
56. HAYEN H., 1960. - Vorkommen der Eibe (Taxus baccata L.) in oldenburgischen Mooren. Oldenburger Jahrbuch 59: 51-67.
57. HAYEN H., 1966. - Moorbotanische Untersuchungen zum Verlauf des Niederschlagklimas und seiner Verknüpfung mit der menschlichen Siedlungstätigkeit. In: JANKUHN H. (ed.), Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Niedersachsen 3, pp. 280-307. August Lax, Hildesheim, Germany.
58. HEIM J., 1970. - Les relations entre les spectres polliniques récents et la végétation actuelle en Europe occidentale. Ph.D. thesis, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
59. HOLTAN D., 2001. - Barlinda Taxus baccata L. i Møreog Romsdal - på veg ut? Blyttia 59: 197-205.
60. HUANG C.C., 2002. - Holocene landscape development and human impact in the Connemara Uplands, Western Ireland. J. Biogeogr. 29: 153-165.
61. HULME P.E., 1996. - Natural regeneration of yew (Taxus baccata L.): microsite, seed or herbivore limitation? J. Ecol. 84: 853-861.
62. HUYBRECHTS W., 1999. - Post-pleniglacial floodplain sediments in central Belgium. Geologica Belg. 2: 29-37.
63. ISZKULO G. & BORATYNSKI A., 2004. - Interaction between canopy tree species and European yew Taxus baccata (Taxaceae). Pol. J. Ecol. 52: 523-531.
64. JÄGER E.J. & WERNER K., 2002. - Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Band 4, Gefäßpflanzen: Kritischer Band 9: 980 p. Rothmaler, Heidelberg - Berlin.
65. JAHN G., 1991. - Temperate deciduous forests of Europe. In: RÖHRING E. & ULRICH B. (eds.), Temperate deciduous forests, pp. 377-502. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
66. JANSSENS W. & FERGUSON D.K., 1985. - The palaeoecology of the Holocene sediments at Kallo, northern Belgium. Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno. 46: 81-95.
67. JESSEN K., ANDERSEN S.Th. & FARRINGTON A., 1959. - The interglacial deposit near Gort, Co. Galway, Ireland. Proc. Roy. Irish. Acad. B 60: 1-77.
68. JONSELL B., 2000. - Flora Nordica, vol. 1. Lycopodiaceae - Polygonaceae. The Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.
69. JORDAN W.J., 1964. - Yew (Taxus baccata) poisoning in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Tijdschr. Diergeneesk. 89: 187-188.
70. KASSE K., 1988. - Early-Pleistocene tidal and fluviatile environments in the southern Netherlands and northern Belgium. Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
71. KELLY M.R., 1964. - The Middle Pleistocene of North Birmingham. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B 247: 533-592.
72. KELLY D.L. & KIRBY E.N., 1982. - Irish native woodlands over limestone. J. Life Sci. Roy. Dublin Soc. 3: 181-198.
73. KLINCK B., 1999. - De samenstelling van het bos in het laat-Eemiaam. paleoecologisch onderzoek op basis van houtanalyse van de afzettingen van Beernem. M.Sc. thesis, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
74. KRÓL S., 1993. - The present-day condition of the population of yew-tree (Taxus baccata L.) in the reserve Cisy Staropolskie im L. Wyczólkowskiego in Wierzchlas. In: REJEWSKI M., NIENARTOWICZ A. & BOIŃSKI M. (eds.), Yuchola forests, natural value - conservation problems -future, pp. 69-78. Nicholas Copernicus University Press, Toruń, Poland.
75. KRÜSSMANN G., 1972. - Handbuch der Nadelgehö lze: 396 p. Paul Parey, Berlin.
76. KÜSTER H., 1994. - Die Stellung der Eibe in der nacheiszeitlichen Waldenentwicklung und die Verwendung ihres Holzes in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit, LWF Bericht 10, Beitrage zur Eibe. Bayerische Landesanstalt für Walt und Forstwirtschaft.
77. LAMBINON J., DE LANGHE J.-E., DELVOSALLE L. & DUVIGNEAUD J., 1998. - Flora van België, het Groothertogdom Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en de aangrenzende gebieden (Pteridofyten en Spermatofyten): 1091 p. Nationale Plantentuin, Meise, Belgium.
78. LANG G., 1994. - Quartäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Methoden und Ergebnisse: 462 p. Gustav Fisher, Jena - Stuttgart, Germany.
79. LANTING J.N., KOOI B.W., CASPARIE W.A. & VAN HINTE R., 1999. - Bows from the Netherlands. J. Soc. Archer-Antiquaries 42: 7-10.
80. LAWALRÉE A., 1952. - Flore générale de Belgique. Spermatophytes, vol. 1: 170 p. Ministère de l' Agriculture - Jardin Botanique de l'État, Bruxelles.
81. LEFEVRE D., HEIM J., GILOT E. & MOUTHON J., 1993. - Évolution des environnements sédimentaires et biologiques à l'Holocène dans la plaine alluviale de la Meuse (Ardennes, France): premiers résultats. Quaternaire 4: 17-30.
82. LOUWE KOOIJMANS L.P., VAN DEN BROEKE P.W., FOKKENS H. & VAN GIJN A. (eds.), 2005. - Nederland in de prehistorie: 842 p. Bert Bakker, Amsterdam.
83. MAES B., BASTIAENS J., BRINKXEMPER O., DEFORCE K., RÖVEKAMP Ch., VAN DEN BREMT P. et al., 2006. - Inheemse bomen en struiken in Nederland en Vlaanderen. Herkenning, verspreiding, geschiedenis en gebruik: 376 p. Boom, Amsterdam.
84. MANGERUD J., ANDERSEN S.T., BERGLUND B.E. & DONNER J.J., 1974. - Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification. Boreas 3: 109-128.
85. MERCKX V., 1996. - Landschapsreconstructie van de Gallo-Romeinse Site Waasmunster-Pontrave. De Aardrijkskunde 2: 45-52.
86. MERTENS J., 1958. - Oudenburg en de Vlaamse Kustvlakte tijdens de Romeinse periode. Archaeologia Belg. 39: 5-23.
87. MILLER S.H. & SKERTCHLEY S.B.J., 1878. - The Fenland past and present. 601 p. Leach and Son, Wisbech.
88. MINNAERT G., 1982. - Palynologisch onderzoek naar de antropogene en fysische oorzaken van de vorming van het Scheidealluvium. M.Sc. thesis, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
89. MINNAERT G. & VERBRUGGEN C., 1986. - Palynologisch onderzoek van een veenprofiel uit het Doeldok te Doel. Bijdragen van de Archeologische Dienst Waasland 1: 201-208.
90. MITCHELL F.J.G., BRADSHAW R.H.W., HANNON G.E., O'CONNELL M., PILCHER J.R. & WATTS W.A., 1996. - Ireland. In: BERGLUND B.E., BIRKS H J.B., RALSKA-JASIEWICZOWA M & WRIGHT H.E. (eds.), Palaeoecological events during the last 15 000 years: regional syntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe, pp. 1-14. Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
91. MOLLOY K. & O'CONNELL M., 2004. - Holocene vegetation and land-use dynamics in the karstic environment of Inis Oírr, Arran Islands, western Ireland: pollen analytical evidence evaluated in the light of the archaeological record. Quatern. Int. 113: 41-64.
92. nd edn: 216 p. Blackwell, Oxford.
93. MOSSBERG B. & STENBERG L., 2003. - Den nya nordiska floran: 928 p. Wahlström & Widstrand, Sweden.
94. MUHLE O., 1979. - Rückgang von Eiben-Waldgesellschaften und Möglichkeiten ihrer Erhaltung. In: WILMANNS O. & TÜXEN R. (eds.), Werden und Vergehen von Pflanzengesellschaften, pp. 483-501. J. Cramer, Vaduz.
95. MULLENDERS W., 1960. - Contribution à l'étude palynologique des tourbières de la Bar (Departement des Ardennes). Pollen et Spores 2: 43-55.
96. MULLENDERS W. & KNOP C., 1962. - Recherches palynologiques dans les Ardennes belges. I.-La tourbière du Grand Passage. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 94: 163-175.
97. MUNAUT A.-V., 1967a. - Recherches paléoécologiques en Basse et Moyenne Belgique. Acta Geogr. Lovaniensia, vol. 6. Leuven University Press, Leuven, Belgium.
98. MUNAUT A.V., 1967b. - Étude paléo- écologique d'un gisement tourbeux situé à Terneuzen (Pays Bas). Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 17: 7-27.
99. MYSTERUD A. & ØSTBYE E., 1995. - Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) feeding on yew Taxus baccata in relation to bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) density and snow depth. Wildlife Biol. 1: 294-253.
100. MYSTERUD A. & ØSTBYE E., 2004. - Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) browsing pressure affects yew (Taxus baccata) recruitment within nature reserves in Norway. Biol. Conserv. 120: 545-548.
101. NAVYS E., 2000. - English yew (Taxus baccata L.) in forests of Baltic States and the main reasons for its distinction from Lithuania. Baltic Forestry 6: 41-46
102. NORYSKIEWICZ A.M., 2003. - Modern pollen deposition in the Taxus reserve in the Wierzchlas (northern Poland). 16th INQUA Congres, Reno.
103. O'CONNELL M. & MOLLOY K., 2001. - Farming and woodland dynamics in Ireland during the Neolithic. Biology and Environment: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 101B: 99-128.
104. O'CONNELL M., MOLLOY K. & BOWLER M., 1988. - Post-glacial landscape evolution in Connemara, western Ireland with particular reference to woodland history. In: BIRKS H.H., BIRKS H.J.B., KALAND P.E. & MOE D. (eds.), The cultural landscape - past, present and future, pp. 487-514. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
105. PALESE R. & AESCHIMANN D., 1990. - La grande flore de Gaston Bonnier. France, Suisse, Belgique et pays voisins, vol. 4. Belin, Paris.
106. PEGLAR S.M., 1993a. - The mid-Holocene Ulmus decline at Diss Mere, Norfolk, U.K. a year-by-year stratigraphy from annual laminations. The Holocene 3: 1-13.
107. PEGLAR S.M., 1993b. - Mid- and late-Holocene vegetation history of Quidenham Mere, Norfolk, UK interpreted using recurrent groups of taxa. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2: 15-28.
108. PERNAUD J.-M., 2001. - Postglacial vegetation history in Luxembourg: new charcoal data from the cave of la Karelslé (Waldbillig, eastern Gutland). Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 10: 219-225.
109. PONNIAH J., 1977. - Pollen analytic studies of the Holstenian in the Izenberghe area, Belgium. M.Sc. thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.
110. PONS L.J., 1992. - Holocene peat formation in the lower parts of the Netherlands. In: VERHOEVEN J.T.A. (ed.), Fern and bogs in the Netherlands: Vegetation, history, nutrient dynamics and conservation, pp.7-79. Geobotany 18. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
111. PRESTON C.D., PEARMAN D.A. & DINES T.D., 2002. - New atlas of the British and Irish flora. An atlas of the vascular plants of Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
112. REIMER P.J., BAILLIE M.G.L., BARD E., BAYLISS A., BECK J.W., BERTRAND C.J.H. et al., 2004. - IntCa104 Terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 26 - 0 ka BP. Radiocarbon 46: 1029-1058.
113. RICHARD P., 1985. - Contribution aéropalynologique à l'étude de l'action des facteurs climatiques sur la floraison de l'orme (Ulmus campestris) et de l'if (Taxus baccata). Pollen et Spores 27: 53-94.
114. ROHR R. & KILBERTUS G., 1977. - Dégradation du pollen de Taxus baccata L. par les microorganismes du sol. Nat. Can. 104: 377-382
115. SAINTENOY-SIMON J., 1983. - L'if, Taxus baccata L., à Ben-Ahin (Huy). Dumortiera 27: 37-38.
116. SAINTENOY-SIMON J. (with collaboration of BARBIER Y., DELESCAILLE L.-M., DUFRÊNE M., GATHOYE J.-L. & VERTÉ P.), 2006. - Première liste des espèces rares, menacées et protégées de la Région Wallonne (Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes). Version1 (7/3/2006), available at http://mrw.wallonie.be/ dgrne/sibw/especes/ecologie/plantes/list erouge/fiche2.aspx?ID=594
117. SARMAJA-KORJONEN K., VASARI Y. & HAEGGSTRÖM C.-A., 1991. - Taxus baccata and influence of Iron Age man on the vegetation in Aland, SW Finland. Ann. Bot. Fennici 28: 143-159.
118. SCHULTE T., 1975. - Lethal intoxication with leaves of yew tree (Taxus baccata). Arch. Toxikol. 34: 153-158.
119. SCHWEINGRÜBER F.H., 1990. - Anatomy of European woods: 800 p. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Bern, Switzerland.
120. SIER M.M., 2001. - Borsele, een opgraving in het veen; bewoningsgeschiedenis uit de Romeinse tijd. ADC rapport 76. ADC, Bunschoten.
121. SLECHTEN K., 2004. - Namen noemen: het CAI-thesaurus project. CAI-rapport I, IAP-Rapporten 14: 49-54.
122. SOMMÉ J., PAEPE R., BAETEMAN C., BEYENS L., CUNAT N., GEERAERTS R. et al., 1978. - La formation d' Herzeele: un nouveau stratotype du Pleistocène moyen main de la Mer du Nord. Bull. Assoc. Fr. Étude Quatern. 1-3: 81-149.
123. STACE C., 1997. - New flora of the British Isles: 1165 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
124. STARING W.C.H., 1983. - De wording van kienhout. Het ontstaan en de vindplaatsen van kienhout. Uittreksel uit STARING W.C.H., 1856. De bodem van Nederland. Deel I. Dekker & Huis, Wildervank.
125. STOCKMANS F., 1945. - Graines, branchettes et feuilles de la tourbe holocène d'Heusden-Lez-Gand (Belgique). Mededel. Konink. Natuurhist. Museum België 21: 1-7.
126. STOCKMANS F. & VANHOORNE R. (with collaboration of VANDEN BERGHEN C.), 1954. - Étude botanique du gisement de tourbe de la région de Pervijze. Verhandel. Konink. Belg. Inst. Natuurwetensch. 130.
127. 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 35: 215-230.
128. SVALASTOG H. & HØLAND K., 1991. - Localities worthy of conservation for yew and holly in the western part of eastern Norway including Aust-Agder. NINA Oppdragsmelding 64: 1-58. [In Norwegian]
129. SVENNING J.-C. & MAGÅRD E., 1999. - Population ecology and conservation status of the last natural population of English yew Taxus baccata in Denmark. Biol. Conserv. 88: 173-182.
130. THOMAS P.A. & POLWART A., 2003. - Taxus baccata L. J. Ecol. 91: 489-524.
131. TITTENSOR R.M., 1980. - Ecological history of Yew Taxus baccata L. in southern England. Biol. Conserv. 17: 243-265.
132. TUTIN T.G., HEYWOOD V.H., BURGES N.A., VALENTINE D.H., WALTERS S.M. & WEBB D.A., 1964. - Flora Europaea, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
133. VAN LANDUYT W., HOSTE I., VANHECKE L., VAN DEN BREMT P., VERCRUYSSE E. & DE BEER D., 2006. - Atlas van de Flora van Vlaanderen en het Brussels Gewest: 1008 p. Nationale Plantentuin, Meise, Belgium.
134. VAN RIJN P., 2001. - Hout. In: SIER M.M. (ed.), Borsele, een opgraving in het veen; bewoningsgeschiedenis uit de Romeinse tijd, pp. 51-61. ADC rapport 76. ADC, Bunschoten, The Netherlands.
135. VAN RIJN P., 2003. - Het houtonderzoek. In: SIER M.M. (ed.), Ellewoutsdijk in de Romeinse tijd, pp. 104-138. ADC rapport 200, ADC, Bunschoten, The Netherlands.
136. VAN ROMPAEY E. & DELVOSALLE L., 1979. - Atlas van de Belgische en Luxemburgse flora. Pteridofyten en Spermatofyten. Nationale Plantentuin, Meise, Belgium.
137. VAN SMEERDIJK D., 2003. - Palynologisch onderzoek. In: SIER M.M. (ed.), Ellewoutsdijk in de Romeinse tijd, pp. 148-166, ADC rapport 200, ADC, Bunschoten, The Netherlands.
138. VAN VUURE T., 1990. - De taxus (Taxus baccata L.): ekologie, bescherming en bevordering van een inheemse naaldboomsoort: 91 p. Stichting Kritisch Bosbeheer, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
139. VAN ZEIST W., 1964. - A palaeobotanical study of some bogs in western Brittany (Finistère), France. Palaeohistoria 10: 158-180.
140. VANHOORNE R., 1945. - Étude pollinique d'une tourbière à Heusden-les-Gand (Belgique). Mededel. Konink. Belg. Inst. Natuurwetensch. 21: 1-11.
141. VANHOORNE R., 1951. - Évolution d'une tourbière de plaine alluviale au Kruisschans (Anvers, Belgique). Mededel. Konink. Belg. Inst. Natuurwetenschappen 27: 1-20.
142. VERBRUGGEN C., 1971. - Postglaciale landschapsgeschiedenis van Zandig Vlaanderen. Ph.D. thesis, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
143. VERBRUGGEN C., DENYS L. & KIDEN P., 1996. - Belgium. In: BERGLUND B.E., BIRKS H.J.B., RALSKA- JASIEWICZOWA M. & WRIGHT H.E. (eds.), Palaeoecological events during the last 15 000 years: regional syntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe, pp. 553-574. Wiley, Chichester.
144. VOLIOTIS D., 1986. - Historical and environmental significance of the yew (Taxus baccata L.). Israel J. Bot. 35: 47-52.
145. VOS P.C. & Van HEERINGEN R.M., 1997. - Holocene geology and occupation history of the Province of Zeeland (SW Netherlands). Mededel. Ned. Inst. Toegepaste Wetensch. TNO 59: 5-109.
146. WATTS W.A., 1985. - Quaternary vegetation cycles. In: EDWARDS K.J. & WARREN W.P. (eds.), The Quaternary history of Ireland, pp. 154-185. Academic Press, London.
147. WEEDA E.J., WESTRA R., WESTRA Ch. & WESTRA T., 1985. - Nederlandse oecologische flora. Wilde planten en hun relaties 1. IVN in collaboration with VARA and VEWIN, s.l.
148. WEST R.G., 1962. - A note on Taxus pollen in the Hoxnian Interglacial. New Phytol. 61: 189-190.
149. WOILLARD G., 1979. - The last interglacial-glacial cycle at Grande pile in Northeastern France. Bull. Soc. Belge Géol. 88: 51-69.
150. ZAGWIJN W.H., 1983. - Sea-level changes in The Netherlands during the Eemian, Geologie en Mijnbouw 62: 437-450.
151. ZAGWIJN W.H., 1992. - Migration of vegetation during the Quaternary in Europe. Courier Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 153: 9-20.
152. ZOLLER H., 1981. - Taxus L. In: MARKGRAF F. (ed.), Gustav Hegi. Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, Band 1, Teil 2, pp. 127-134. Verlag Parey, Berlin.