MOC-PSSM CME article: Breast reconstruction

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Volumn 121, Issue 1S MOC-PS CME COL, 2008, Pages

  Sigurdson, Leif ^a   Lalonde, Donald H ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; STEROID;

ANESTHESIA; ARTHRODESIS; ARTHROPLASTY; CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT; HUMAN; LIGAMENT SURGERY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOTOMY; PATIENT CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THUMB CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT ARTHRITIS; ABDOMINAL WALL; ANAMNESIS; AUTOTRANSPLANTATION; BREAST AUGMENTATION; BREAST ENDOPROSTHESIS; BREAST RECONSTRUCTION; BREAST TUMOR; CANCER STAGING; FEMALE; MASTECTOMY; METHODOLOGY; NECROSIS; PATHOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PLASTIC SURGERY; REOPERATION;

ABDOMINAL WALL; BREAST IMPLANTATION; BREAST IMPLANTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAMMAPLASTY; MASTECTOMY, MODIFIED RADICAL; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; NECROSIS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PATIENT SELECTION; REOPERATION; SURGICAL FLAPS; TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS;

EID: 38049033367     PISSN: 00321052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000294668.32874.18     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Goodwin, S. J., McCarthy, C. M., Pusic, A. L., et al. Complications in smokers after postmastectomy tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 55: 16, 2005.
2. Chang, D. W., Reece, G. P., Wang, B., et al. Effect of smoking on complications in patients undergoing free TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 2374, 2000.
3. Takeishi, M., Shaw, W. W., Ahn, C. Y., et al. TRAM flaps in patients with abdominal scars. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 99: 713, 1997.
4. Spear, S. L., Ducic, I., Cuoco, F., et al. The effect of smoking on flap and donor-site complications in pedicled TRAM breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116: 1873, 2005.
5. Miller, A. P., and Falcone, R. E. Breast reconstruction: Systemic factors influencing local complications. Ann. Plast. Surg. 27: 115, 1991.
6. Komatsu, T., Tamai, Y., Takami, H., et al. Study for determination of the optimal cessation period of therapy with anti-platelet agents prior to invasive endoscopic procedures. J. Gastroenterol. 40: 698, 2005.
7. Cahill, R. A., McGreal, G. T., Crowe, B. H., et al. Duration of increased bleeding tendency after cessation of aspirin therapy. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 200: 564, 2005.
8. Goldenberg, N. A., Jacobson, L., and Manco-Johnson, M. J. Brief communication: Duration of platelet dysfunction after a 7-day course of Ibuprofen. Ann. Intern. Med. 142: 506, 2005.
9. Karabulut, H., Toraman, F., Evrenkaya, S., et al. Clopidogrel does not increase bleeding and allogenic blood transfusion in coronary artery surgery. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 25: 419, 2004.
10. Hodges, P. J., and Kam, P. C. The peri-operative implications of herbal medicines. Anaesthesia 57: 889, 2002.
11. Muskett, A., Barber, W. H., V, and Lineaweaver, W. C. The plastic surgeon's guide to drugs affecting hemostasis. Ann. Plast. Surg. 54: 570, 2005.
12. Contant, C. M., van Wersch, A. M., Wiggers, T., et al. Motivations, satisfaction, and information of immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Patient Educ. Couns. 40: 201, 2000.
13. Palcheff-Wiemer, M., Concannon, M. J., Conn, V. S., et al. The impact of the media on women with breast implants. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 779, 1993.
14. Tugwell, P., Wells, G., Peterson, J., et al. Do silicone breast implants cause rheumatologic disorders? A systematic review for a court-appointed national science panel. Arthritis Rheum. 44: 2477, 2001.
15. Tran, N. V., Chang, D. W., Gupta, A., et al. Comparison of immediate and delayed free TRAM flap breast reconstruction in patients receiving postmastectomy radiation therapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 108: 78, 2001.
16. Spear, S. L., Ducic, I., Low, M., et al. The effect of radiation on pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction: Outcomes and implications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 115: 84, 2005.
17. Klauber-Demore, N., Calvo, B. F., Hultman, C. S., et al. Staged sentinel lymph node biopsy before mastectomy facilitates surgical planning for breast cancer patients. Am. J. Surg. 190: 595, 2005.
18. Kronowitz, S. J., Hunt, K. K., Kuerer, H. M., et al. Delayedimmediate breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113: 1617, 2004.
19. McCarthy, C. M., Pusic, A. L., Disa, J. J., et al. Unilateral postoperative chest wall radiotherapy in bilateral tissue expander/implant reconstruction patients: A prospective outcomes analysis. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116: 1642, 2005.
20. Nahabedian, M. Y., Tsangaris, T., Momen, B., et al. Infectious complications following breast reconstruction with expanders and implants. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 112: 467, 2003.
21. Forman, D. L., Chiu, J., Restifo, R. J., et al. Breast reconstruction in previously irradiated patients using tissue expanders and implants: A potentially unfavorable result. Ann. Plast. Surg. 40: 360, 1998.
22. Kraemer, O., Andersen, M., and Siim, E. Breast reconstruction and tissue expansion in irradiated versus not irradiated women after mastectomy. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 30: 201, 1996.
23. Ascherman, J. A., Hanasono, M. M., Newman, M. I., et al. Implant reconstruction in breast cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 359, 2006.
24. Fodor, P. B., and Swistel, A. J. Chest wall deformity following expansion of irradiated soft tissue for breast reconstruction. N. Y. State J. Med. 89: 419, 1989.
25. Moor, E. V., Wexler, M. R., Bar-Ziv, Y., et al. Chest wall deformity following maximal tissue expansion for breast reconstruction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 36: 129, 1996.
26. Temple, C. L., Strom, E. A., Youssef, A., et al. Choice of recipient vessels in delayed TRAM flap breast reconstruction after radiotherapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 115: 105, 2005.
27. Lostumbo, L., Carbine, N., Wallace, J., et al. Prophylactic mastectomy for the prevention of breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD002748, 2004.
28. Calderon-Margalit, R., and Paltiel, O. Prevention of breast cancer in women who carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: A critical review of the literature. Int. J. Cancer 112: 357, 2004.
29. Chang, D. W., Wang, B., Robb, G. L., et al. Effect of obesity on flap and donor-site complications in free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 1640, 2000.
30. Spear, S. L., Ducic, I., Cuoco, F., et al. Effect of obesity on flap and donor-site complications in pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119: 788, 2007.
31. Alderman, A. K., Wilkins, E. G., Kim, H. M., et al. Complications in postmastectomy breast reconstruction: Two-year results of the Michigan Breast Reconstruction Outcome Study. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109: 2265, 2002.
32. Ducic, I., Spear, S. L., Cuoco, F., et al. Safety and risk factors for breast reconstruction with pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps: A 10-year analysis. Ann. Plast. Surg. 55: 559, 2005.
33. Sigurdson, L. J., and Kirkland, S. A. Breast volume determination in breast hypertrophy: An accurate method using two anthropomorphic measurements. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 118: 313, 2006.
34. Brown, M. H., Weinberg, M., Chong, N., et al. A cohort study of breast cancer risk in breast reduction patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 103: 1674, 1999.
35. Ribuffo, D., Muratori, L., Antoniadou, K., et al. A hemodynamic approach to clinical results in the TRAM flap after selective delay. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 99: 1706, 1997.
36. Pennington, D. G., Nettle, W. J., and Lam, P. Microvascular augmentation of the blood supply of the contralateral side of the free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap. Ann. Plast. Surg. 31: 123, 1993.
37. Dayhim, F., and Wilkins, E. G. The impact of Pfannenstiel scars on TRAM flap complications. Ann. Plast. Surg. 53: 432, 2004.
38. Anderson, F. A., Jr., and Spencer, F. A. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Circulation 107: I9, 2003.
39. Desch, C. E., Penberthy, L. T., Hillner, B. E., et al. A sociodemographic and economic comparison of breast re-construction, mastectomy, and conservative surgery. Surgery 125: 441, 1999.
40. Khoo, A., Kroll, S. S., Reece, G. P., et al. A comparison of resource costs of immediate and delayed breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 101: 964, 1998.
41. Al-Ghazal, S. K., Sully, L., Fallowfield, L., et al. The psychological impact of immediate rather than delayed breast reconstruction. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 26: 17, 2000.
42. Stevens, L. A., McGrath, M. H., Druss, R. G., et al. The psychological impact of immediate breast reconstruction for women with early breast cancer. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 73: 619, 1984.
43. Dean, C., Chetty, U., and Forrest, A. P. Effects of immediate breast reconstruction on psychosocial morbidity after mastectomy. Lancet 1: 459, 1983.
44. Wellisch, D. K., Schain, W. S., Noone, R. B., et al. Psychosocial correlates of immediate versus delayed reconstruction of the breast. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 76: 713, 1985.
45. Schain, W. S., Wellisch, D. K., Pasnau, R. O., et al. The sooner the better: A study of psychological factors in women undergoing immediate versus delayed breast reconstruction. Am. J. Psychiatry 142: 40, 1985.
46. Elder, E. E., Brandberg, Y., Bjorklund, T., et al. Quality of life and patient satisfaction in breast cancer patients after immediate breast reconstruction: A prospective study. Breast 14: 201, 2005.
47. Harcourt, D. M., Rumsey, N. J., Ambler, N. R., et al. The psychological effect of mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction: A prospective, multicenter study. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 111: 1060, 2003.
48. Cocquyt, V. F., Blondeel, P. N., Depypere, H. T., et al. Better cosmetic results and comparable quality of life after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate autologous breast reconstruction compared to breast conservative treatment. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 56: 462, 2003.
49. Eberlein, T. J., Crespo, L. D., Smith, B. L., et al. Prospective evaluation of immediate reconstruction after mastectomy. Ann. Surg. 218: 29, 1993.
50. Carlson, G. W., Bostwick, J., III, Styblo, T. M., et al. Skin-sparing mastectomy: Oncologic and reconstructive considerations. Ann. Surg. 225: 570, 1997.
51. Kroll, S. S., Khoo, A., Singletary, S. E., et al. Local recurrence risk after skin-sparing and conventional mastectomy: A 6-year follow-up. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 104: 421, 1999.
52. Howard, M. A., Polo, K., Pusic, A. L., et al. Breast cancer local recurrence after mastectomy and TRAM flap reconstruction: Incidence and treatment options. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 1381, 2006.
53. Langstein, H. N., Cheng, M. H., Singletary, S. E., et al. Breast cancer recurrence after immediate reconstruction: Patterns and significance. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 111: 712, 2003.
54. Spear, S. L., Mardini, S., and Ganz, J. C. Resource cost comparison of implant-based breast reconstruction versus TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 112: 101, 2003.
55. Woerdeman, L. A., Hage, J. J., Hofland, M. M., et al. A prospective assessment of surgical risk factors in 400 cases of skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with implants to establish selection criteria. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119: 455, 2007.
56. Munhoz, A. M., Montag, E., Arruda, E. G., et al. Critical analysis of reduction mammaplasty techniques in combination with conservative breast surgery for early breast cancer treatment. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 1091, 2006.
57. Kroll, S. S., Evans, G. R., Reece, G. P., et al. Comparison of resource costs between implant-based and TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 97: 364, 1996.
58. Bernard, R. W., and Boutros, S. Subincisional muscular coverage of expander implants in immediate breast reconstruction with pectoralis flaps. Ann. Plast. Surg. 54: 352, 2005.
59. Eskenazi, L. B. New options for immediate reconstruction: Achieving optimal results with adjustable implants in a single stage. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119: 28, 2007.
60. Spear, S. L., and Onyewu, C. Staged breast reconstruction with saline-filled implants in the irradiated breast: Recent trends and therapeutic implications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 930, 2000.
61. Barnsley, G. P., Sigurdson, L. J., and Barnsley, S. E. Textured surface breast implants in the prevention of capsular contracture among breast augmentation patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 2182, 2006.
62. Janowsky, E. C., Kupper, L. L., and Hulka, B. S. Meta-analyses of the relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 781, 2000.
63. Sanchez-Guerrero, J., Colditz, G. A., Karlson, E. W., et al. Silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases and symptoms. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 1666, 1995.
64. Hwang, T. G., Wilkins, E. G., Lowery, J. C., et al. Implementation and evaluation of a clinical pathway for TRAM breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 541, 2000.
65. Wang, H. T., Hartzell, T., Olbrich, K. C., et al. Delay of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction improves flap reliability in the obese patient. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116: 613, 2005.
66. Erdmann, D., Sundin, B. M., Moquin, K. J., et al. Delay in unipedicled TRAM flap reconstruction of the breast: A review of 76 consecutive cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 110: 762, 2002.
67. Dulin, W. A., Avila, R. A., Verheyden, C. N., et al. Evaluation of abdominal wall strength after TRAM flap surgery. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113: 1662, 2004.
68. Zienowicz, R. J., and May, J. W., Jr. Hernia prevention and aesthetic contouring of the abdomen following TRAM flap breast reconstruction by the use of polypropylene mesh. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96: 1346, 1995.
69. Paterson, P., Sterne, G. D., and Fatah, F. Mesh assisted direct closure of bilateral TRAM flap donor sites. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 59: 347, 2005.
70. Kroll, S. S. Fat necrosis in free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous and deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 106: 576, 2000.
71. Selber, J. C., Kurichi, J. E., Vega, S. J., et al. Risk factors and complications in free TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 56: 492, 2006.
72. Kroll, S. S., Evans, G. R., Reece, G. P., et al. Comparison of resource costs of free and conventional TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 98: 74, 1996.
73. Moran, S. L., Nava, G., Behnam, A. B., et al. An outcome analysis comparing the thoracodorsal and internal mammary vessels as recipient sites for microvascular breast reconstruction: A prospective study of 100 patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 111: 1876, 2003.
74. Nahabedian, M. Y., Tsangaris, T., and Momen, B. Breast reconstruction with the DIEP flap or the muscle-sparing (MS-2) free TRAM flap: Is there a difference? Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 115: 436, 2005.
75. Bajaj, A. K., Chevray, P. M., and Chang, D. W. Comparison of donor-site complications and functional outcomes in free muscle-sparing TRAM flap and free DIEP flap breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 737, 2006.
76. Vega, S. J., Bossert, R. P., and Serletti, J. M. Improving outcomes in bilateral breast reconstruction using autogenous tissue. Ann. Plast. Surg. 56: 487, 2006.
77. Blondeel, N., Vanderstraeten, G. G., Monstrey, S. J., et al. The donor site morbidity of free DIEP flaps and free TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 50: 322, 1997.
78. Futter, C. M., Weiler-Mithoff, E., Hagen, S., et al. Do preoperative abdominal exercises prevent post-operative donor site complications for women undergoing DIEP flap breast reconstruction? A two-centre, prospective randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 56: 674, 2003.
79. Garvey, P. B., Buchel, E. W., Pockaj, B. A., et al. DIEP and pedicled TRAM flaps: A comparison of outcomes. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 1711, 2006.
80. Kaplan, J. L., and Allen, R. J. Cost-based comparison between perforator flaps and TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 943, 2000.
81. Yap, L. H., Whiten, S. C., Forster, A., et al. Sensory recovery in the sensate free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 115: 1280, 2005.
82. Blondeel, P. N., Demuynck, M., Mete, D., et al. Sensory nerve repair in perforator flaps for autologous breast reconstruction: Sensational or senseless? Br. J. Plast. Surg. 52: 37, 1999.
83. Garvey, P. B., Buchel, E. W., Pockaj, B. A., et al. The deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for breast reconstruction in overweight and obese patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 115: 447, 2005.
84. Cheng, M. H., Lin, J. Y., Ulusal, B. G., et al. Comparisons of resource costs and success rates between immediate and delayed breast reconstruction using DIEP or SIEA flaps under a well-controlled clinical trial. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 2139, 2006.
85. Gill, P. S., Hunt, J. P., Guerra, A. B., et al. A 10-year retrospective review of 758 DIEP flaps for breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113: 1153, 2004.
86. Chevray, P. M. Breast reconstruction with superficial inferior epigastric artery flaps: A prospective comparison with TRAM and DIEP flaps. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 114: 1077, 2004.
87. Ulusal, B. G., Cheng, M. H., Wei, F. C., et al. Breast reconstruction using the entire transverse abdominal adipocutaneous flap based on unilateral superficial or deep inferior epigastric vessels. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 1395, 2006.
88. Cohn, A. B., and Walton, R. L. Immediate autologous breast reconstruction using muscle-sparing TRAM flaps with superficial epigastric system turbocharging: A salvage option. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 22: 153, 2006.
89. Blondeel, P. N., Van Landuyt, K., Hamdi, M., et al. Soft tissue reconstruction with the superior gluteal artery perforator flap. Clin. Plast. Surg. 30: 371, 2003.
90. Granzow, J. W., Levine, J. L., Chiu, E. S., et al. Breast reconstruction with gluteal artery perforator flaps. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 59: 614, 2006.
91. Guerra, A. B., Metzinger, S. E., Bidros, R. S., et al. Breast reconstruction with gluteal artery perforator (GAP) flaps: A critical analysis of 142 cases. Ann. Plast. Surg. 52: 118, 2004.
92. Elliott, L. F., and Hartrampf, C. R., Jr. The Rubens flap: The deep circumflex iliac artery flap. Clin. Plast. Surg. 25: 283, 1998.
93. Rosenberg, J. J., Chandawarkar, R., Ross, M. I., et al. Bilateral anterolateral thigh flaps for large-volume breast reconstruction. Microsurgery 24: 281, 2004.
94. Wechselberger, G., and Schoeller, T. The transverse myocutaneous gracilis free flap: A valuable tissue source in autologous breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 114: 69, 2004.
95. Bostwick, J., III, and Scheflan, M. The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap: A one-stage breast reconstruction. Clin. Plast. Surg. 7: 71, 1980.
96. Chang, D. W., Youssef, A., Cha, S., et al. Autologous breast reconstruction with the extended latissimus dorsi flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 110: 751, 2002.
97. Hudson, D. A. Autologous anatomic breast implant: Molding the latissimus dorsi flap. Ann. Plast. Surg. 49: 248, 2002.
98. Randolph, L. C., Barone, J., Angelats, J., et al. Prediction of postoperative seroma after latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116: 1287, 2005.
99. Daltrey, I., Thomson, H., Hussien, M., et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of quilting latissimus dorsi flap donor site on seroma formation. Br. J. Surg. 93: 825, 2006.
100. Tarantino, I., Banic, A., and Fischer, T. Evaluation of late results in breast reconstruction by latissimus dorsi flap and prosthesis implantation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117: 1387, 2006.
101. Clough, K. B., Louis-Sylvestre, C., Fitoussi, A., et al. Donor site sequelae after autologous breast reconstruction with an extended latissimus dorsi flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109: 1904, 2002.
102. Brumback, R. J., McBride, M. S., and Ortolani, N. C. Functional evaluation of the shoulder after transfer of the vascularized latissimus dorsi muscle. J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.) 74: 377, 1992.
103. Hamdi, M., Van Landuyt, K., Monstrey, S., et al. Pedicled perforator flaps in breast reconstruction: A new concept. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 57: 531, 2004.
104. Spear, S. L., Howard, M. A., Boehmler, J. H., et al. The infected or exposed breast implant: Management and treatment strategies. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113: 1634, 2004.
105. Clough, K. B., O'Donoghue, J. M., Fitoussi, A. D., et al. Prospective evaluation of late cosmetic results following breast reconstruction: I. Implant reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 107: 1702, 2001.
106. Wexler, M. R., and Oneal, R. M. Areolar sharing to reconstruct the absent nipple. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 51: 176, 1973.
107. Brent, B., and Bostwick, J. Nipple-areola reconstruction with auricular tissues. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 60: 353, 1977.
108. Amarante, J. T., Santa-Comba, A., Reis, J., et al. Halux pulp composite graft in nipple reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 18: 299, 1994.
109. Panettiere, P., Marchetti, L., and Accorsi, D. Filler injection enhances the projection of the reconstructed nipple: An original easy technique. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 29: 287, 2005.
110. Guerra, A. B., Khoobehi, K., Metzinger, S. E., et al. New technique for nipple areola reconstruction: Arrow flap and Xrib cartilage graft for long-lasting nipple projection. Ann. Plast. Surg. 50: 31, 2003.
111. Draper, L. B., Bui, D. T., Chiu, E. S., et al. Nipple-areola reconstruction following chest-wall irradiation for breast cancer: Is it safe? Ann. Plast. Surg. 55: 12, 2005.
112. Cronin, T. D., Upton, J., and McDonough, J. M. Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 59: 1, 1977.
113. Eskenazi, L. A one-stage nipple reconstruction with the "modified star" flap and immediate tattoo: A review of 100 cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 671, 1993.
114. Spear, S. L., and Arias, J. Long-term experience with nipple-areola tattooing. Ann. Plast. Surg. 35: 232, 1995.