Towards a Mediterranean Solution? Implications for the region of origin

International Journal of Refugee Law

Volumn 18, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 652-676

  Betts, Alexander ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASYLUM SEEKER; EUROPEAN UNION; HUMAN RIGHTS; IMMIGRATION POLICY; REFUGEE; TRANSMIGRATION;

AFRICA; EURASIA; EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; MAGHREB; NORTH AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 37849189380     PISSN: 09538186     EISSN: 14643715     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/eel023     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (67)

1. ICMPD (2004), 'Irregular Transit Migration in the Mediterranean: Some Facts, Figures and Insights', Dialogue on Mediterranean Transit Migration (MTM), Vienna, 5-6 Feb 2004.
2. The Seville European Council in 2002 called for the development of an external dimension to the EU's Common Asylum and Immigration Policy.
3. Papadopoulou, A., 'Exploring the Asylum-Migration Nexus: A Case Study of Transit Migrants in Europe', (2005) Global Migration Perspectives, No. 23, (GCIM: Geneva), 16.
4. Olivier Clochard's map illustrating deaths at the borders of Europe demonstrates the thousands who have died from drowning, asphyxiation, hypothermia, suicide, and other accidents in trying to enter the EU. Le Monde Diplomatique, Mar. 2003.
5. Swiss Forum For Migration and Population Studies (2005), survey on 'Movements of Somali Refugees and Asylum Seekers and States' Responses Thereto', on file with the author.
6. Castles, S. and Van Hear, N., 'The Migration-Asylum Nexus: Definition and Significance', lecture given at COMPAS, 27 Jan 2005.
7. Ibid.
8. Collinson, S., 'Globalization and the Dynamics of International Migration: Implications For the Refugee Regime', (1999) 'New Issues in Refugee Research', Working Paper No. 1, (UNHCR: Geneva).
9. Collier, P., 'On the Economic Causes of Civil War', (1999) Oxford Economic Papers, 51, 168-83
10. Stewart, F. and Fitzgerald, V., 'Case Studies of Countries At War: An Introduction', in Stewart, F. and Fitzgerald, V., War and Underdevelopment Volume 2, (QEH: Oxford 2001), 1-20
11. Van Hear, N. and Sorensen, N. (eds.), The Migration-Development Nexus, (IOM: Geneva 2002).
12. Hathaway, J., 'Is Refugee Status Really Elitist?', in Carlier, Y.-N. et al (eds.), Europe and Refugees: A Challenge, (Klumer: London 1997).
13. Feller, E., 'The Convention At 50: The Way Ahead For Refugee Protection', (2001) 10 Forced Migration Review 6.
14. Lahlou, M. and Escoffier, C., 'Rapport Sur l'Enqute Menee Au Maroc', in Barros, L. et al (eds.), L'immigration Irreguliere Subsaharienne a Travers et Vers Le Maroc, International Labour Organisation, Working Paper No. 54 (2002), 15-39.
15. CIMADE, La Situation Alarmante Des Migrants Subsahariens en Transit au Maroc et les Consequences des Politiques de l'Union Europeene, (CIMADE: Paris 2004).
16. UNHCR, 'Institution Building For Asylum in North Africa: Mid-Term Report' (UNHCR: . Geneva 2005).
17. Ibid.
18. Dietrich, H., 'The Desert Front - EU Refugee Camps in North Affica?', (2004) Konkret, issue 12, www.statewatch.org.
19. Schuster, L, 'The Realities of a New Asylum Paradigm', COMPAS Working Paper WP-05-20 COMPAS: Oxford 2005).
20. Amnesty International (2005a), Spain, the Southern Border: The State Turns its Back on the Human Rights of Refugees and Immigrants, 20 June, www.amnesty.org.
21. Lahlou, M., 'Entree, Sejour et Sortie des Etrangers Au Maroc', in Barros, L. et al (eds.), n. 12 above, 40-93.
22. Ruspini, P., 'Lutte Contre L'Immigration Irreguliere en Espagne', in Barros, L. et al (eds.), ibid., 95-106.
23. Schuster, n. 17 above, 11.
24. Dietrich, n. 16 above
25. Interview with Ruvendrini Menikdiwela, Coordinator of UNHCR project on 'Institution Building For Asylum in North Africa', CASWANAME, UNHCR, 16 Aug. 2005.
26. Anonymous NGO source.
27. Betts, A., 'The International Relations of the "New" Extraterritorial Approaches To Forced Migration', (2004) 22 Refuge 58
28. Noll, G., 'Visions of the Exceptional: Legal and Theoretical Issues Raised by Transit Processing Centres and Protection Zones', Working Paper (2003), http://www.jur.lu.se/forsake/Noll.nsf.
29. Interview with diplomatic representative of a North African state, Geneva, 1 Oct. 2004.
30. See n. 23 above.
31. Oxfam, Foreign Territory: The Internationalisation of EU Asylum Policy, (Oxfam: Oxford 2005), 38.
32. Eoropean Commission (2005), 'Agreed Conclusions of Seminar on "Saving Life At Sea and in the Desert", Malta 20 July 2005. On file with the author.
33. Oxfam, n. 28 above, 43-4.
34. UNHCR (2005), 'Institution Building for Asylum in North Africa', Mid-Term Report. On file with the author.
35. See n. 23 above.
36. Amnesty International (2005b), 'Immigration Cooperation With Libya: The Human Rights Perspective', 12 Apr. 2005, www.amnesty.org
37. Amnesty International (2004) 'Italy: Government must ensure access to asylum for those in need of protection', Public Statement, 6 Oct. 2004, www.amnesty.org.
38. Amnesty International (2005a), n. 18 above.
39. CIMADE (2004), n. 13 above.
40. Lahlou, n. 12 above, 40-93.
41. CIMADE (2004), n. 13 above.
42. Amnesty International (2005a), n. 18 above.
43. Loescher, G. and Milner, J., 'The Missing Link: The Need For Comprehensive Engagement in Regions of Origin', (2003) 79 International Affairs 583.
44. Carling, J. (2005), 'Migration Control and Migrant Fatalities at the Spanish-African Border', unpublished manuscript.
45. Convention Plus represented a UNHCR-led multilateral negotiation process, aimed at supplementing international law on refugee protection with a normative framework for global burden-sharing, which took place between 2003 and 2005. Its work was divided between three 'generic' elements - relating to 'irregular secondary movements', 'targeting development assistance' and 'the strategic use of resettlement' - and the application of this work to 'situation-specific' protracted refugee situations.
46. Ruud Lubbers set out this vision in his speech at the JHA Council Meeting in Scheveningen, 1 Oct. 2004, 'No role in North Africa's reception centres, says UNHCR', www.unhcr.ch.
47. Erika Feller defined 'quality protection' as a series of minimum standards of protection. 'Statement on International Protection', Fifty-fifth Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme. Geneva, 7 Oct. 2004. www.unhcr.org.
48. Swiss Forum for Migration and Populations Studies, Presentation to the Convention Plus Forum, Palais des Nations, Geneva, 23 Feb. 2005.
49. UNHCR (2003), Framework For Durable Solutions For Refugees and Persons of Concern, (UNHCR: Geneva 2003).
50. Bakewell, O., 'Repatriation and Self-Settled Refugees in Zambia: Bringing Solutions to the Wrong Problems', (2000) 13, JRS 355.
51. Dryden-Peterson, S. and Hovil, L., 'Local Integration of Refugees and Their Hosts in the Case of Uganda', (2004) 22 Refuge 26.
52. UNHCR (2004b), 'Repatriation and Reintegration Operations in Liberia', (UNHCR: Geneva 2004).
53. Oxfam (2005), n. 18 above, 76-8.
54. Available on DGD pages of www.europa.eu.
55. Oxfam (2005), 80.
56. This approach has been used, e.g., by the Swiss Government, to support returnees to Bosnia and Kosovo.
57. Ruhs, M. and Chang, H.-J., 'The Ethics of Labour Immigration Policy', (2004) 58 International Organization 69.
58. Lippman, B., 'The 4Rs: The Way Ahead?', (2004) Forced Migration Review (21), 9-11.
59. UNHCR (2005b), 'Briefing Note on UNHCR New York For the High-Commissioner-elect', on file with the author.
60. Oxfam (2005), n. 18 above, 92.
61. The responsibility to share the financial or physical burden for global refugee protection outside of a state's immediate territorial or jurisdictional obligations to not return refugees to persecution is recognised in the Preamble to the 1951 Convention. However, 'responsibility-sharing' has not been formally recognised as an international legal obligation to the same extent as the principle of non-refoulement, e.g.
62. Suhrke, A., 'Burden-Sharing During Refugee Emergencies: The Logic of Collective Action Versus National Action', (1998) 11, JRS 396.
63. Betts, A., 'Public Goods Theory and the Provision of Refugee Protection: The Role of the Joint-Product Model in Burden-Sharing Theory', (2003) 16 JRS 274.
64. Betts, A., 'Comprehensive Plans of Action: Insights From CIREFCA and the Indochinese CPA', New Issues in Refugee Research, No. 120, (UNHCR: Geneva 2006).
65. The concept of'linkages' has been used in regime theory in international relations to highlight how creating perceived or institutional inter-relationships across issue-areas can improve the prospects for international cooperation. This has been applied to explore how UNHCR has recently begun to facilitate cooperation based on creating 'linkages' across areas of governance such as development, migration and the refugee regime. Betts, A., 'International Cooperation Between North and South to Enhance Refugee Protection in Regions of Origin', Refugee Studies Centre, Working Paper No. 25, (RSC: Oxford 2005).
66. For an analysis of the political and institutional preconditions that led to successful cooperation in Central America and Indo-China, see: Betts, A., 'Comprehensive Plans of Action: Lessons From CIREFCA and the Indo-Chinese CPA', 'New Issues in Refugee Research', Working Paper No. 120, (UNHCR:GEneva 2006).
67. The 'Regional Experts Meeting on Durable Solutions in West Africa' was organised by UNHCR in Accra, Ghana, in May 2005.