Duress, International criminal law and literature

Journal of International Criminal Justice

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 724-744

  Wall, Illan Rua ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 37849188741     PISSN: 14781387     EISSN: 14781395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jicj/mqk001     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. T. Meron,'Crimes and Accountability in Shakespeare', 92 American Journal of International Law (AJIL) (1998), at 35.
2. V. Epps, 'Symposium: The ICTY at Ten: A Critical Assessment of the Major Rulings of the International Criminal Tribunal over the Past decade: The Soldier's Obligation to Die when Ordered to Shoot Civilians or Face Death Himself', 37 New England Law Review (2003), at 991.
3. S.C. Newman,'Duress as a Defense to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: Prosecutor v Drazen Erdemovic', 166 Military Law Review (2000), at 160.
4. E. Brooks, 'Law in the Heart of Darkness: Atrocity and Duress', 43 Virginia Journal of International Law (2003), at 864.
5. S.C. Newman, supra note 3, at 160.
6. E. Brooks, supra note 4, at 864.
7. Sentencing Judgment, Erdemović (IT-96-22), Trial Chamber 1, 29 November 1996, §96.
8. O. Swaak-Goldman, 'Prosecutor v. Erdemovic, Judgment. Case No. IT-96-22-A'. 92 AJIL (1998), at 284.
9. Majority Judgment, Erdemović (IT-96-22-A), Appeals Chamber, 7 October 1997, §23.
10. S.C. Newman, supra note 3, at 164.
11. Separate and dissenting opinion of Judge Cassese, Erdemović (IT-96-22-A), 7 October 1997, §64.
12. O. Swaak-Goldman, supra note 8, at 286.
13. W.A. Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge: CUP, 2001), at 91.
14. Article 31(d) ICCSt.
15. L. Katz, Bad Acts and Guilty Minds (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), at 24.
16. L. Katz, supra note 15, at 25.
17. M. Smith, An Unsung Hero, Tom Crean: Antarctic Survivor (Cork, Ireland: The Collins Press, 2000), at 155.
18. A. Simpson, Cannibalism and the Common Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), at 10.
19. L. Katz, supra note 15, at 25-26.
20. M.L. Richmond, 'Book Review: In Defense of Poesie; Law and Literature: A Misunderstood Relation', 57 Fordham Law Review (1988-1989), at 904.
21. G.P. Fletcher, 'The Storrs Lectures: Liberals and Romantics at War: The Problem of Collective Guilt', 111 Yale Law Journal (2002), at 1499.
22. B. Knox, 'The Last Scene', in M.J.O. O'Brien (ed.), Twentieth Century Interpretations of 'Oedipus Rex' (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1968), at 90-99.
23. R. Graves, The Greek Myths, Vol. 2 (London: First Folio Society Edition, 1996), at 348.
24. Sophocles, The Theban Plays, trans. by E.F. Watling (London: Penguin Classics, 1947) ('He whom I killed had sought to kill me first', at 88).
25. Sophocles, supra note 24, at 106.
26. Sophocles, supra note 24, at 119-121.
27. R. Graves, supra note 23, at 348.
28. E.R. Dodds, 'On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex', in M.J.O. O'Brien, Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex: A Collection of Critical Essays (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1968), at 24-25. Oedipus refers to a similar act in Oedipus at Colonus when he says 'that day when my soul was on fire, I asked for stones to cover me; none gave me my desire' (at 84).
29. Sophocles, supra note 24, at 47.
30. Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 QBD 273 (1884), at 10 of 11.
31. Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, supra note 30, at 6 of 11.
32. E. Brooks, supra note 4.
33. E. Brooks, supra note 4, at 868.
34. E. Brooks, supra note 4, at 881.
35. T. Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guilderstern Are Dead (London: Faber and Faber, 1986), at 92.
36. J. Dressler, 'Exegesis of the Law of Duress: Justifying the Excuse and Searching for the Proper Limits', 62 Southern California Law Review (1989), at 1374.
37. J.R. Lucas, Responsibility (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1993), at 92-93. While Lucas asserts that each theory of punishment may be better suited to a particular case, he argues the vindicative theory is the best overall account of punishment.
38. SC Res. 827 (1993) of 25 May 1993: 'Convinced that in the particular circumstances...the establishment...by the Council of an international tribunal...would contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace'.
39. J. Glover, Responsibility (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), at 55.
40. J. Glover, supra note 39, at 20.
41. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics: Book III, trans. by J.A.K. Thomson (Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1973).
42. J., Glover, supra note 39, at 20.
43. Aristotle, supra note 41, at 78:'For example, a tyrant who had a man's parents or children in his power might order him to do something dishonorable on condition that, if the man did it, their lives would be spared; otherwise not.... Now in the imaginary cases we have stated the acts are voluntary. For the movement of the limbs instrumental to the action originates in the agent himself, and when this is so it is in a man's own power to act or not to act. Such actions are therefore voluntary'
44. H. Bielefeldt, 'Autonomy and Republicanism: Immanuel Kant's Philosophy of Freedom', 25 Political Theory (1997), at 528.
45. H. Bielefeldt, supra note 44, at 528 (my emphasis).
46. T. Meron, supra note 1, at 19.
47. Referred to in J. Glover, supra note 39, at 20.
48. J. Dressler, supra note 36, at 1351.
49. JC. Smith, The Hamylin Lecturers: Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law (London: Stevens and Sons, 1989), at 13.
50. Ibid.
51. Perka et al v. The Queen (1984) 13 DLR (4th), 1.
52. J.C. Smith, supra note 49, at 18.
53. Sophocles, supra note 24, at 101-102.
54. E.R. Dodds, supra note 28, at 25.
55. J. Dressler, supra note 36, at 1373, of Lord Hailsham's judgment in Regina v. Howe [1987] 2 WLR, 579.
56. G. Kirk McDonald, 'The Annual Waldemar A. Solf Lecture: The Changing Nature of the Laws of War, 156 Military Law Review (1998), at 49.
57. J. Dressler, supra note 36, at 1372-1373 argues similarly that by insisting on the absolute moral principle, as common law does, we treat the person who murders while insane and intoxicated differently from the person who acts under duress. He states that 'if a murderer were insane, involuntarily intoxicated, or especially young, society would not necessarily ... demand punishment. These excuses affirm the moral imperative, but render the actor blameless who violates it ' Why treat duress differently?'.
58. Judge Cassese argued that Erdemović 'would have forfeited his life for no benefit ... apart from setting a heroic example for mankind (which the law cannot demand him to set)' (Separate and dissenting Opinion, supra note 11, §44).
59. The purpose of criminal law is not to approve of conduct, but to criminalize it. Criminal law should not 'require mankind to perform acts of martyrdom, ibid., §47.
60. J. Dressler, supra note 36, at 1373.
61. Sentencing judgment, Kayishema and Ruzindana (ICTR-95-1), Trial Chamber, 21 May 1999, §2. Furthermore, the ICTY states that 'the International Tribunal sees public reprobation and stigmatization by the international community, which would thereby express its indignation over heinous crimes and denounce the perpetrators, as one of the essential functions of a prison sentence for a crime against humanity',
62. Judgment, Blaškií (IT-95-14), Trial Chamber, 3 March 2000, §§ 761-764.
63. N. Dorsen,'Statement of Professor Norman Dorsen Chairman, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights', available online at http://www.un.org/icc/ speeches/618chr.htm (visited 28 April 2004) (my emphasis).
64. A. Gnaedinger, 'Statement of the President of the International Committee of the Red Cross Dr Cornelio Sommaruga to the Mid-Term Review Conference, Bosnia and Herzegovina', 13 June 1996, available online at http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteengO.nsf/htmlall/57JN2R?OpenDocument (visited 28 April 2004).
65. J. Dressler, supra note 36, at 1368.
66. E. Brooks, supra note 4, at 67.
67. Separate dissenting judgment of Judge Stephen, Erdemović (IT-96-22-A), Appeals Chamber, 7 October 1997, at §11.
68. From the tombstone of Richard Parker, the cabin boy eaten on the high seas. See D. McCormick, Blood on the Sea (London: Fredrick Muller, 1962).