Organic matter exchange and cycling in mangrove ecosystems: Recent insights from stable isotope studies

Journal of Sea Research

Volumn 59, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 44-58

  Bouillon, S ^a,b   Connolly, R M ^c   Lee, S Y ^c  

^a VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^b NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY NIOO KNAW   (Netherlands)

^c GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbon; Foodwebs; Mangrove; Nitrogen; Outwelling; Stable isotopes

Indexed keywords

CARBON CYCLE; COASTAL ZONE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; FOOD WEB; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; MANGROVE; MICROORGANISM; ORGANIC MATTER; STABLE ISOTOPE; TRACER;

RHIZOPHORACEAE;

EID: 37849007513     PISSN: 13851101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2007.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Alfaro A.C., Thomas F., Sergent L., and Duxbury M. Identification of trophic interactions within an estuarine food web (northern New Zealand) using fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotopes. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 10 (2006) 271-286
2. Alongi D.M. Mangrove-microbe-soil relations. In: Kristensen E., Haesse R.R., and Kostka J.E. (Eds). Interactions between Macro-and Microorganisms in Marine Sediments. Coastal and Estuarine Studies vol. 60 (2005), American Geophysical Union, Washington DC 85-103
3. Alongi D.M., Clough B.F., and Robertson A.I. Nutrient-use efficiency in arid-zone forests of the mangroves Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina. Aquat. Bot. 82 (2005) 121-131
4. 13C analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 308 (2006) 27-36
5. Benstead J.P., March J.G., Fry B., Ewel K.C., and Pringle C.M. Testing IsoSource: stable isotope analysis of a tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources. Ecology 87 (2006) 326-333
6. Boon P.I., Bird F.L., and Bunn S.E. Diet of the intertidal callianassid shrimps Biffarius arenosus and Trypea australiensis (Decapoda : Thalassinidae) in Western Port (southern Australia), determined with multiple stable-isotope analyses. Mar. Freshw. Res. 48 (1997) 503-511
7. 2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L14601 10.1029/2005GL023053
8. Bouillon S., and Boschker H.T.S. Bacterial carbon sources in coastal sediments: a cross-system analysis based on stable isotope data of biomarkers. Biogeosciences 3 (2006) 175-185
9. 13C variations in an estuarine mangrove ecosystem. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 36 (2000) 273-284
10. Bouillon S., Chandra Mohan P., Sreenivas N., and Dehairs F. Sources of suspended matter and selective feeding by zooplankton in an estuarine mangrove ecosystem, as traced by stable isotopes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 208 (2000) 79-92
11. Bouillon S., Koedam N., Raman A.V., and Dehairs F. Primary producers sustaining macro-invertebrate communities in intertidal mangrove forests. Oecologia 130 (2002) 441-448
12. Bouillon S., Raman A.V., Dauby P., and Dehairs F. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of subtidal benthic invertebrates in an estuarine mangrove ecosystem (Andhra Pradesh, India). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 54 (2002) 901-913
13. Bouillon S., Dahdouh-Guebas F., Rao A.V.V.S., Koedam N., and Dehairs F. Sources of organic carbon in mangrove sediments: variability and possible implications for ecosystem functioning. Hydrobiologia 495 (2003) 33-39
14. Bouillon S., Frankignoulle M., Dehairs F., Velimirov B., Eiler A., Etcheber H., Abril G., and Borges A.V. Inorganic and organic carbon biogeochemistry in the Gautami Godavari estuary (Andhra Pradesh, India) during pre-monsoon: the local impact of extensive mangrove forests. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 17 (2003) 1114 10.1029/2002GB002026
15. Bouillon S., Koedam N., Baeyens W., Satyanarayana B., and Dehairs F. Selectivity of subtidal benthic invertebrate communities for local microalgal production in an estuarine mangrove ecosystem during the post-monsoon period. J. Sea Res. 51 (2004) 133-144
16. Bouillon S., Moens T., Koedam N., Dahdouh-Guebas F., Baeyens W., and Dehairs F. Variability in the origin of carbon substrates for bacterial communities in mangrove sediments. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 49 (2004) 171-179
17. Bouillon S., Moens T., Overmeer I., Koedam N., and Dehairs F. Resource utilization patterns of epifauna from mangrove forests with contrasting inputs of local versus imported organic matter. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 278 (2004) 77-88
18. Bouillon S., Moens T., and Dehairs F. Carbon sources sustaining benthic mineralization in mangrove and adjacent seagrass sediments (Gazi bay, Kenya). Biogeosciences 1 (2004) 71-78
19. Bouillon S., Korntheuer M., Baeyens W., and Dehairs F. A new automated setup for stable isotope analysis of dissolved organic carbon. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 4 (2006) 216-226
20. Bouillon S., Dehairs F., Schiettecatte L.S., and Borges A.V. Biogeochemistry of the Tana estuary and delta (northern Kenya). Limnol. Oceanogr. 52 (2007) 46-59
21. Bouillon S., Dehairs F., Velimirov B., Abril G., and Borges A.V. Dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon across contiguous mangrove and seagrass systems (Gazi bay, Kenya). J. Geophys. Res. 112 (2007) G02018 10.1029/2006JG000325
22. Bouillon S., Middelburg J.J., Dehairs F., Borges A.V., Abril G., Flindt M.R., Ulomi S., and Kristensen E. Importance of intertidal sediment processes and porewater exchange on the water column biogeochemistry in a pristine mangrove creek (Ras Dege, Tanzania). Biogeosciences 4 (2007) 311-322
23. Caraco N.F., Lampman G., Cole J.J., Limburg K.E., Pace M.L., and Fisher D. Microbial assimilation of DIN in a nitrogen rich estuary: implications for food quality and isotope studies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 167 (1998) 59-71
24. Chong V.C., Low C.B., and Ichikawa T. Contribution of mangrove detritus to juvenile prawn nutrition: a dual stable isotope study in a Malaysian mangrove forest. Mar. Biol. 138 (2001) 77-86
25. Christensen J.T., Sauriau P.G., Richard P., and Jensen P.D. Diet in mangrove snails: preliminary data on gut contents and stable isotope analysis. J. Shellfish Res. 20 (2001) 423-426
26. Cifuentes L.A., Coffin R.B., Solorzano L., Cardenas W., Espinoza J., and Twilley R.R. Isotopic and elemental variations of carbon and nitrogen in a mangrove estuary. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 43 (1996) 781-800
27. Clough B.F., Ong J.E., and Gong W.K. Estimating leaf area index and photosynthetic production in canopies of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 159 (1997) 285-292
28. Connolly R.M., Guest M.A., Melville A.J., and Oakes J.M. Sulfur stable isotopes separate producers in marine food-web analysis. Oecologia 138 (2004) 161-167
29. Connolly R.M., Gorman D., and Guest M.A. Movement of carbon among estuarine habitats and its assimilation by invertebrates. Oecologia 144 (2005) 684-691
30. Costanzo S.D., O'Donohue M.J., Dennison W.C., Loneragan N.R., and Thomas M. A new approach for detecting and mapping sewage impacts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42 (2001) 149-156
31. Davie P.J.F. Wild Guide to Moreton Bay (1998), Queensland Museum, Brisbane 408 pp.
32. Dehairs F., Rao R.G., Chandra Mohan P., Raman V., Marguillier S., and Hellings L. Tracing mangrove carbon in suspended matter and aquatic fauna of the Gautami-Godavari Delta, Bay of Bengal (India). Hydrobiologia 431 (2000) 225-241
33. Dittmar T., and Lara R.J. Molecular evidence for lignin degradation in sulphate-reducing mangrove sediments (Amazonia, Brazil). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 1417-1428
34. Dittmar T., Lara R.J., and Kattner G. River or mangrove? Tracing major organic matter sources in tropical Brazilian coastal waters. Mar. Chem. 73 (2001) 253-271
35. Dittmar T., Hertkorn N., Kattner G., and Lara R.J. Mangroves, a major source of dissolved organic carbon to the oceans. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 20 (2006) GB1012 10.1029/2005GB002570
36. Ehleringer J.R., Buchmann N., and Flanagan L.B. Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecol. Appl. 10 (2000) 412-422
37. Ellison A.M., Farnsworth E.J., and Twilley R.R. Facultative mutualism between red mangroves and root-fouling sponges in Belizean mangal. Ecology 77 (1996) 2431-2444
38. 2 under different environmental conditions. Oecologia 52 (1982) 121-124
39. Farquhar G.D., Ehleringer J.R., and Hubick K.T. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Phys. 40 (1989) 503-537
40. Fleming M., Lin G., and Sternberg L.D.S.L. Influence of mangrove detritus in an estuarine ecosystem. Bull. Mar. Sci. 47 (1990) 663-669
41. Fourqurean J.W., and Schrlau J.E. Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay, USA. Chem. Ecol. 19 (2003) 373-390
42. France R.L. Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: foodweb implications. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 124 (1995) 307-312
43. France R. Estimation the assimilation of mangrove detritus by fiddler crabs in Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico, using dual stable isotopes. J. Trop. Ecol. 14 (1998) 413-425
44. 13C variability of macroalgae: effects of water motion via baffling by seagrasses and mangroves. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 149 (1997) 305-308
45. Fry B., and Ewel K.C. Using stable isotopes in mangrove fisheries research: a review and outlook. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 39 (2003) 191-196
46. Fry B., and Smith T.J. Stable isotope studies of red mangroves and filter feeders from the Shark River estuary, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 70 (2002) 871-890
47. 15N studies of nitrogen use by the Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. in South Florida. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 50 (2000) 291-296
48. Gonneea M.E., Paytan A., and Herrera-Silveira J.A. Tracing organic matter sources and carbon burial in mangrove sediments over the past 160 years. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 61 (2004) 211-227
49. Guest M.A., and Connolly R.M. Fine-scale movement and assimilation of carbon in saltmarsh and mangrove habitat. Aquat. Ecol. 38 (2004) 599-609
50. Guest M.A., Connolly R.M., and Loneragan N.R. Carbon movement and assimilation by invertebrates in estuarine habitats occurring at a scale of metres. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 278 (2004) 27-34
51. Guest M.A., Connolly R.M., Lee S.Y., Loneragan N.R., and Breitfuss M.J. Mechanism for the small-scale movement of carbon among estuarine habitats: organic matter transfer not crab movement. Oecologia 148 (2006) 88-96
52. Hall D., Lee S.Y., and Meziane T. Fatty acids as trophic tracers in an experimental estuarine food chain: tracer transfer. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 336 (2006) 42-53
53. Hayase S., Ichikawa T., and Tanaka K. Preliminary report on stable isotope ratio analysis for samples from Matang mangrove brackish water ecosystems. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q. 33 (1999) 215-221
54. Hemminga M.A., and Mateo M.A. Stable carbon isotopes in seagrasses: variability in ratios and use in ecological studies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 140 (1996) 285-298
55. Hemminga M.A., Slim F.J., Kazungu J., Ganssen G.M., Nieuwenhuize J., and Kruyt N.M. Carbon outwelling from a mangrove forest with adjacent seagrass beds and coral reefs (Gazi Bay, Kenya). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 106 (1994) 291-301
56. Ho T.Y., Quigg A., Finkel Z.V., Milligan A.J., Wyman K., Falkowski P.G., and Morel F.M.M. The elemental composition of some marine phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 39 (2003) 1145-1159
57. 34S signals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 227 (2002) 145-155
58. Ish-Shalom-Gordon N., Lin G., and Sternberg L.D.S.L. Isotopic fractionation during cellulose synthesis in two mangrove species: salinity effects. Phytochemistry 31 (1992) 2623-2626
59. Jaffé R., Rushdi A.I., Medeiros P.M., and Simoneit B.R.T. Natural product biomarkers as indicators of sources and transport of sedimentary organic matter in a subtropical river. Chemosphere 64 (2006) 1870-1884
60. Jennerjahn T.C., and Ittekkot V. Organic matter in sediments in the mangrove areas and adjacent continental margins of Brazil: I. Amino acids and hexosamines. Oceanol. Acta 20 (1997) 359-369
61. Jennerjahn T.C., and Ittekkot V. Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins. Naturwissenschaften 89 (2002) 23-30
62. Jones A.B., O'Donohue M.J.O., Udy J., and Dennison W.C. Assessing ecological impacts of shrimp and sewage effluent: biological indicators with standard water quality analyses. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 52 (2001) 91-109
63. Kao W.Y., and Chang K.W. Stable carbon isotope ratio and nutrient content of the Kandelia candel mangrove populations of different growth forms. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 39 (1998) 39-45
64. Kao W.Y., Tsai H.C., and Tsai T.T. Effect of NaCl and nitrogen availability on growth and photosynthesis of seedlings of a mangrove species, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. J. Plant Physiol. 158 (2001) 841-846
65. 15N during leaf senescence in the mangrove, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 43 (2002) 277-282
66. Kennedy H., Gacia E., Kennedy D.P., Papadimitriou S., and Duarte C.M. Organic carbon sources to SE Asian coastal sediments. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 60 (2004) 59-68
67. Kieckbusch D.K., Koch M.S., Serafy J.E., and Anderson W.T. Trophic linkages among primary producers and consumers in fringing mangroves of subtropical lagoons. Bull. Mar. Sci. 74 (2004) 271-285
68. Kim J.H., Dupont L., Behling H., and Versteegh G.J.M. Impacts of rapid sea-level rise on mangrove deposit erosion: application of taraxerol and Rhizophora records. J. Quat. Sci. 20 (2005) 221-225
69. Kito K., and Aryuthaka C. New mouthless nematode of the genus Parastomonema Kito, 1989 (Nematoda: Siphonolaimidae) from a mangrove forest on the coast of Thailand, and erection of the new subfamily Astomonematinae within the Siphonolaimidae. Zootaxa 1177 (2006) 39-49
70. Koch B.P., Rullkötter J., and Lara R.J. Evaluation of triterpenols and sterols as organic matter biomarkers in a mangrove ecosystem in Brazil. Wetl. Ecol. Manage. 11 (2003) 257-263
71. Koch B.P., Harder J., Lara R.J., and Kattner G. The effect of selective microbial degradation on the composition of mangrove derived pentacyclic triterpenols in surface sediments. Org. Geochem. 36 (2005) 273-285
72. Kristensen, E., Bouillon, S., Dittmar, T., Marchand, C. submitted for publication. Organic matter dynamics in mangrove ecosystems. Aquatic Botany.
73. Kuramoto T., and Minagawa M. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic characterization of organic matter in a mangrove ecosystem on the south-western coast of Thailand. J. Oceanogr. 57 (2001) 421-431
74. Lacerda L.D., Rezende C.E., Martinelli L.A., Ovalle A.R.C., Mozeto A., Nogueira F., Victoria R.L., Aragon G.T., Da Cunha C.T., and Souza C.A.R. Composição isotópica de carbono em componentes de um ecossistema manguezal na Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro. Ciênc. Cult. 38 (1986) 1714-1717
75. Lacerda L.D., Silva S.A.R., Rezende C.E., and Martinelli L.A. Food sources for the mangrove tree crab Aratus pisonii: a carbon stable isotopic study. Rev. Bras. Biol. 51 (1991) 685-687
76. Lacerda L.D., Ittekkot V., and Patchineelam S.R. Biogeochemistry of mangrove soil organic matter: a comparison between Rhizophora and Avicennia soils in south-eastern Brazil. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 40 (1995) 713-720
77. Lallier-Verges E., Perrussel B.P., Disnar J.-R., and Baltzer F. Relationships between environmental conditions and the diagenetic evolution of organic matter derived from higher plants in a modern mangrove swamp system (Guadeloupe, French West Indies). Org. Geochem. 29 (1998) 1663-1686
78. Lebata M.J.H.L., and Primavera J.H. Gill structure, anatomy and habitat of Anodontia edulenta: evidence of endosymbiosis. J. Shellfish Res. 20 (2001) 1273-1278
79. Lee S.Y. Mangrove outwelling: a review. Hydrobiologia 295 (1995) 203-212
80. Lee S.Y. Ecological role of grapsid crabs in mangrove ecosystems: a review. Mar. Freshw. Res. 49 (1998) 335-343
81. Lee S.Y. Carbon dynamics of Deep Bay, eastern Pearl River estuary, China. II : Trophic relationship based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 205 (2000) 1-10
82. Lee S.Y. Exchange of organic matter and nutrients between mangroves and estuaries: myths, methodological issues and missing links. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 31 (2005) 163-176
83. Lee O.H.K., Williams G.A., and Hyde K.D. The diets of Littoraria ardouiniana and L. melanostoma in Hong Kong mangroves. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 81 (2001) 967-973
84. Lin G., and Sternberg L.D.S.L. Effect of growth form, salinity, nutrient and sulfide on photosynthesis, carbon isotope discrimination and growth of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 19 (1992) 509-517
85. Lin G., and Sternberg L.D.S.L. Differences in morphology, carbon isotope ratios, and photosynthesis between scrub and fringe mangroves in Florida, USA. Aquat. Bot. 42 (1992) 303-313
86. 13C values for the seagrass Thalassia testudinum and its relations to mangrove carbon. Aquat. Bot. 40 (1991) 333-341
87. Loneragan N.R., Bunn S.E., and Kellaway D.M. Are mangroves and seagrasses sources of organic carbon for penaeid prawns in a tropical Australian estuary? A multiple stable-isotope study. Mar. Biol. 130 (1997) 289-300
88. Machiwa J.F. 13C signatures of flora, macrofauna and sediment of a mangrove forest partly affected by sewage wastes. Tanzan. J. Sci. 26 (2000) 15-28
89. Macia A. Primary carbon sources for juvenile penaeid shrimps in a mangrove-fringed Bay of Inhaca Island, Mozambique: a dual carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. W. Ind. Ocean J. Mar. Sci. 3 (2004) 151-161
90. MacLeod N.A., and Barton D.R. Effects of light intensity, water velocity, and species composition on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in periphyton. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55 (1998) 1919-1925
91. Marchand C., Disnar J.R., Lallier-Verges E., and Lottier N. Early diagenesis of carbohydrates and lignin in mangrove sediments subject to variable redox conditions (French Guiana). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 131-142
92. 15N. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 151 (1997) 115-121
93. McClelland J.W., and Valiela I. Linking nitrogen in estuarine producers to land-derived sources. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 (1998) 577-585
94. McCutchan J.H., Lewis W.M., Kendall C., and McGrath C.C. Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Oikos 102 (2003) 378-390
95. 13C) fractionation across a nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation gradient. Ecology 83 (2002) 1065-1075
96. Mead R., Xu Y., Chong J., and Jaffé R. Sediment and soil organic matter source assessment as revealed by the molecular distribution and carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes. Org. Geochem. 36 (2005) 363-370
97. 13C of leaf tissues of mangrove species from environments of contrasting rainfall and salinity. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 45 (1997) 337-344
98. Melville A.J., and Connolly R.M. Spatial analysis of stable isotope data to determine primary sources of nutrition for fish. Oecologia 136 (2003) 499-507
99. Melville A.J., and Connolly R.M. Food webs supporting fish over subtropical mudflats are based on transported organic matter not in situ microalgae. Mar. Biol. 148 (2005) 363-371
100. Moran M.A., Wicks R.J., and Hodson R.E. Export of dissolved organic-matter from a mangrove swamp ecosystem- evidence from natural fluorescence, dissolved lignin phenols, and bacterial secondary production. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 76 (1991) 175-184
101. Muzuka A.N.N., and Shunula J.P. Stable isotope compositions of organic carbon and nitrogen of two mangrove stands along the Tanzanian coastal zone. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 66 (2005) 447-458
102. Newell R.I.E., Marshall N., Sasekumar A., and Chong V.C. Relative importance of benthic microalgae, phytoplankton, and mangroves as sources of nutrition for penaeid prawns and other coastal invertebrates from Malaysia. Mar. Biol. 123 (1995) 595-606
103. Nordhaus I., Wolff M., and Diele K. Litter processing and population food intake of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus in a high intertidal forest in northern Brazil. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 67 (2006) 239-250
104. Odum W.E., and Heald E.J. The detritus-based food web of an estuarine mangrove community. In: Cronin L.E. (Ed). Estuarine Research (1975), Academic Press, New York 265-286
105. Okada N., and Sasaki A. Sulfur isotopic composition of mangroves. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 34 (1998) 61-65
106. O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry 20 (1981) 553-567
107. Phillips D.L., and Gregg J.W. Uncertainty in source partitioning using stable isotopes. Oecologia 127 (2001) 171-179
108. Phillips D.L., and Gregg J.W. Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too many sources. Oecologia 136 (2003) 261-269
109. Phillips D.L., and Koch P.L. Incorporating concentration dependence in stable isotope mixing models. Oecologia 130 (2001) 114-125
110. Phillips D.L., Newsome S.D., and Gregg J.W. Combining sources in stable isotope mixing models: alternative methods. Oecologia 144 (2005) 520-527
111. Primavera J.H. Stable carbon isotope ratios of penaeid juveniles and primary producers in a riverine mangrove in Guimeras, Phillipines. Bull. Mar. Sci. 58 (1996) 675-683
112. Proffitt C.E., and Devlin D.J. Grazing by the intertidal gastropod Melampus coffeus greatly increases mangrove litter degradation rates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 296 (2005) 209-218
113. Rao R.G., Woitchik A.F., Goeyens L., Van Riet A., Kazungu J., and Dehairs F. Carbon, nitrogen contents and stable isotope abundance in mangrove leaves from an east African coastal lagoon (Kenya). Aquat. Bot. 47 (1994) 175-183
114. Raven J.A., Walker D.I., Jensen K.R., Handley L.L., Scrimgeour C.M., and McInroy S.G. What fraction of the organic carbon in sacoglossans is obtained from photosynthesis by kleptoplastids? An investigation using the natural abundance of stable carbon isotopes. Mar. Biol. 138 (2001) 537-545
115. 13C natural abundances or evaluating riverine, estuarine and coastal DOC and POC sources and cycling: a review and synthesis. Org. Geochem. 32 (2001) 469-485
116. Rezende C.E., Lacerda L.D., Ovalle A.R.C., Silva C.A.R., and Martinelli L.A. Nature of POC transport in a mangrove ecosystem : a carbon stable isotopic study. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 30 (1990) 641-645
117. Rodelli M.R., Gearing J.N., Gearing P.J., Marshall N., and Sasekumar A. Stable isotope ratios as a tracer of mangrove carbon in Malaysian ecosystems. Oecologia 61 (1984) 326-333
118. Rumpho M.E., Summer E.J., and Manhart J.R. Solar-powered sea slugs. Mollusk/algal chloroplast symbiosis. Plant Physiol. 123 (2000) 29-38
119. Schwamborn R., Ekau W., Voss M., and Saint-Paul U. How important are mangroves as a carbon source for decapod crustacean larvae in a tropical estuary?. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 229 (2002) 195-205
120. Sheaves M., and Molony B. Short-circuit in the mangrove food chain. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 199 (2000) 97-109
121. Slim F.J., Hemminga M.A., Ochieng C., Jannick N.T., Cocheret de la Morinière E., and Van der Velde G. Leaf litter removal by the snail Terebralia palustris (Linneaus) and sesarmid crabs in an East African mangrove forest (Gazi Bay, Kenia). J. Exp. Mar Biol. Ecol. 215 (1997) 35-48
122. Smallwood B.J., Wooller M.J., Jacobson M.E., and Fogel M.L. Isotopic and molecular distributions of biochemicals from fresh and buried Rhizophora mangle leaves. Geochem. Trans. 4 (2003) 38-46
123. Swennen C. Two new gastropods, Elysia bangtawaensis and E. siamensis from southern Thailand (Ophistobranchia, Sacoglossa, Elysiidae). Bull. Zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam 16 (1997) 33-39
124. Thimdee W., Deein G., Sangrungruang C., and Matsunaga K. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of mangrove crabs and their food sources in a mangrove-fringed estuary in Thailand. Benthos Res. 56 (2001) 73-80
125. 13C and C/N atomic ratios. Wetlands 23 (2003) 729-738
126. Thimdee W., Deein G., Sangrungruang C., and Matsunaga K. Analysis of primary food sources and trophic relationships of aquatic animals in a mangrove-fringed estuary, Khung Krabaen Bay (Thailand) using dual stable isotope techniques. Wetl. Ecol. Manage. 12 (2004) 135-144
127. 13C trophic fractionation: implications for aquatic food web studies. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46 (2001) 2061-2066
128. Verheyden A., Helle G., Schleser G.H., Dehairs F., Beeckman H., and Koedam N. Annual cyclicity in high-resolution stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the wood of the mangrove tree Rhizophora mucronata. Plant Cell Environ. 27 (2004) 1525-1536
129. Versteegh G., Schefuss E., Dupont L., Marret F., Damsté J.S., and Jansen J.H.F. Taraxerol and Rhizophora pollen as proxies for tracking past Mangrove ecosystems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 (2004) 411-422
130. Victor S., Golbuu Y., Wolanski E., and Richmond R.H. Fine sediment trapping in two mangrove-fringed estuaries exposed to contrasting land-use intensity, Palau, Micronesia. Wetl. Ecol. Manage. 12 (2004) 277-283
131. Werry J., and Lee S.Y. Grapsid crabs mediate link between mangrove litter production and estuarine planktonic food chains. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 293 (2005) 165-176
132. Wiedemeyer, W., 1997. Analysis of the benthic food web of a mangrove ecosystem at northeastern Brazil. Ph.D. Thesis, Christian Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany.
133. Woitchik A.F., Ohowa B., Kazungu J.M., Rao R.G., Goeyens L., and Dehairs F. Nitrogen enrichment during decomposition of mangrove litter in an east African coastal lagoon (Kenya): relative importance of biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeochemistry 39 (1997) 15-35
134. 15N values in Rhizophora mangle leaves for a multi-proxy approach to mangrove paleoecology. Org. Geochem. 34 (2003) 1259-1275
135. Wooller M., Smallwood B., Jacobson M., and Fogel M. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic variation in Laguncularia racemosa (L.) (white mangrove) from Florida and Belize: implications for trophic level studies. Hydrobiologia 499 (2003) 13-23
136. Zieman J.C., Macko S.A., and Mills L. Role of seagrasses and mangroves in estuarine food webs: temporal and spatial changes in stable isotope composition and amino acid content during decomposition. Bull. Mar. Sci. 35 (1984) 380-392