Body fluid abnormalities in severe hyperglycemia in patients on chronic dialysis: review of published reports

Journal of Diabetes and its Complications

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 29-37

  Tzamaloukas, Antonios H ^a,b   Ing, Todd S ^c   Siamopoulos, Kostas C ^d   Rohrscheib, Mark ^b   Elisaf, Moses S ^d   Raj, Dominic S C ^b   Murata, Glen H ^a,b  

^a NEW MEXICO VA HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Dialysis; Hyperglycemia; Hypertonicity; Pulmonary edema

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; HYPERTONIC SOLUTION; INSULIN; SODIUM;

BODY FLUID; CALCULATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOVOLEMIA; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LUNG EDEMA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SERUM; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY FLUIDS; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN; PULMONARY EDEMA; RENAL DIALYSIS; SODIUM; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 37749043282     PISSN: 10568727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.06.012     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Adrogue H., and Madias N.E. Hypernatremia. New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000) 1493-1499
2. Al-Kudsi R.R., Daugirdas J.T., Ing T.S., Kheirbek A.O., Popli S., Hano J.E., et al. Extreme hyperglycemia in dialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology 17 (1982) 228-231
3. Arieff A.I., and Carroll H.J. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma with hyperglycemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 51 (1972) 73-94
4. Atchley D.W., Loeb R.F., Richards D.W., Benedict E.M., and Driscoll M.E. On diabetic acidosis: A detailed study of electrolyte balances following the withdrawal and reestablishment of insulin therapy. Journal of Clinical Investigation 12 (1933) 297-326
5. Axelrod L. Response of congestive heart failure to correction of hyperglycemia in the presence of diabetic nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine 293 (1975) 1243-1245
6. Beigelman P.M. Severe diabetic ketoacidosis (diabetic "coma"). Diabetes 20 (1971) 490-500
7. Bohn D., and Daneman D. Diabetic ketoacidosis and cerebral edema. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 14 (2002) 287-291
8. Bortz W.H., and Spoont S. Diabetic acidosis, a transition. Penn Med 70 (1967) 47-50
9. Boyer J., Gill G.N., and Epstein F.H. Hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality complicating peritoneal dialysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 67 (1967) 568-572
10. Brun-Buisson C.J.L., Bonnett F., Bergeret S., Lemaire F., and Rapin M. Recurrent high-permeability pulmonary edema associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Critical Care Medicine 13 (1985) 55-56
11. Butler A.M., Talbot N.B., Burnett C.H., Stanbury J.B., and MacLachlan E.A. Metabolic studies in diabetic coma. Trans Soc Am Phys 60 (1947) 102-109
12. Cohen A.S., Vance V.K., Runyan J.W., and Hurwitz D. Diabetic acidosis: An evaluation of the cause, course and therapy of 73 cases. Annals of Internal Medicine 52 (1960) 55-86
13. Danowski T.S., and Nabarro J.D.N. Hyperosmolar and other types of ketoacidotic coma in diabetes. Diabetes 14 (1965) 162-165
14. Daugirdas J.T., Kronfol N.O., Tzamaloukas A.H., and Ing T.S. Hyperosmolar coma: Cellular dehydration and the serum sodium concentration. Annals of Internal Medicine 110 (1989) 855-859
15. Davids M.R., Edoute Y., Stock S., and Halperin M.L. Severe degrees of hyperglycemia: Insights from integrative physiology. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 95 (2002) 113-124
16. Delaney M.F., Zisman A., and Kettyle W.M. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 29 (2000) 683-705
17. D'Elia J.A., Weinrauch L.A., Healy R.W., Libertino J.A., Bradley R.F., and Leland O.S. Myocardial dysfunction without coronary artery disease in diabetic renal failure. American Journal of Cardiology 43 (1979) 193-199
18. El-Hennany, A. S., & Mahmood, A. K. (2005) Treatment of marked hyperglycemia in dialysis patients can lead to significant changes in extracellular water. Dialysis & Transplantation, 34, 616-618, 647.
19. Elisaf M., Papagalanis N.D., and Siamopoulos K.C. The importance of serum sodium in the symptomatology of hyperglycemic-induced hypertonicity. Journal of Nephrology 6 (1993) 202-205
20. Elisaf M.S., Tsatsoulis A.A., Katopodis K.P., and Siamopoulos K.C. Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 34 (1996) 23-27
21. Ender P.J., Howard N.J., and Rosenberg A.R. Nonketotic hyperosmolar diabetic pre-coma due to pancreatitis in a boy on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 44 (1987) 355-357
22. Feig P.U., and McCurdy D.K. The hypertonic states. New England Journal of Medicine 297 (1997) 1444-1454
23. Finberg L. Why do patients with diabetic ketoacidosis have cerebral swelling, and why does treatment sometimes make it worse?. Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 150 (1996) 785-786
24. Fitzsimons J.T. Drinking in nephrectomized rats injected with various substances. Journal de Physiologie 155 (1961) 563-579
25. Gault M.H., Ferguson E.L., Sidhu J.S., and Corbin R.P. Fluid and electrolyte complications of peritoneal dialysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 75 (1971) 253-262
26. Gerich J.E., Martin M.M., and Recant L. Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the hyperosmolar nonketotic coma. Diabetes 20 (1971) 228-238
27. Gordon E.E., and Kabadi U.M. The hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. American Journal of Medicine Sciences 271 (1976) 252-268
28. Gupta S., Pradhu M.R., Gupta M.S., and Niblett D. Severe non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma-Intensive care management. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 15 (1998) 603-606
29. Halmos P.B., Nelson J.K., and Lowry R.C. Hyperosmolar non-ketoacidotic coma in diabetes. Lancet 1 (1966) 675-679
30. Handa J.P., and Kushner G.B. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma during peritoneal dialysis. Southern Medical Journal 61 (1968) 700-702
31. Harwood P. Diabetic acidosis. Results of treatment in 67 consecutive cases. New England Journal of Medicine 245 (1951) 1-8
32. Hillier T.A., Abbott R.D., and Barrett E.J. Hyponatremia: Evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. American Journal of Medicine 106 (1999) 399-403
33. Ifudu O., Dulin A.L., and Friedman E.A. Interdialytic weight gain correlates with glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 23 (1994) 686-691
34. Jackson W.P.U., and Forman R. Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetes coma. Diabetes 15 (1966) 714-722
35. Japan and Pittsburgh Childhood Diabetes Research Groups. Coma at the onset of young insulin-dependent diabetes in Japan. Diabetes 34 (1985) 1241-1246
36. Johnson R.D., Conn J.W., Dykman D.J., Pek S., and Starr J.I. Mechanisms and management of hyperosmolar coma without ketoacidosis in the diabetic. Diabetes 18 (1969) 111-116
37. Kaldany A., Curt G.A., Estes N.M., Weinrauch L.A., Christlieb A.R., and D'Elia J.A. Reversible acute pulmonary edema due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia in diabetic individuals with renal failure. Diabetes Care 5 (1982) 506-511
38. Kapsner C.O., and Tzamaloukas A.H. Understanding serum electrolytes. How to avoid making mistakes. Postgraduate Medicine 90 (1991) 151-161
39. Kashyap A.S., Oster J.R., and Singer I. Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia: Is it time to correct the correction factor?. Archives of Internal Medicine 159 (1999) 2745-2746
40. Katz M.A. Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia: Calculation of the expected serum sodium depression. New England Journal of Medicine 289 (1973) 843-844
41. Keller U., Berger W., Ritz E., and Truog P. Course and prognosis of 86 episodes of diabetic coma. A five year experience with a uniform schedule of treatment. Diabetologia 11 (1975) 93-100
42. Khardori R., and Soler N.G. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome. American Journal of Medicine 77 (1984) 899-904
43. Krediet R.T., Struijk D.G., and Arisz L. Hyponatremia in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with diabetic nephropathy during hyperglycemic episodes. Transplantation Proceedings 18 (1986) 1702-1704
44. Kurtz I., and Nguyen M.K. Evolving concepts in the quantitative analysis of the determinants of the plasma water sodium concentration and the pathophysiology of dysnatremias. Kidney International 68 (2005) 1982-1993
45. Maccario M. Neurological dysfunction associated with nonketotic hyperglycemia. Archives of Neurology 19 (1968) 525-534
46. McCurdy D.K. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma. The Medical Clinics of North America 90 (1970) 151-161
47. McNair P., Madsbad S., Christiansen C., Christensen M.S., and Transbøl I. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in relation to hyperglycemia in insulin-treated diabetic out-patients. Clinica Chimica Acta 120 (1982) 243-250
48. Montoliu J., and Revert L. Lethal hyperkalemia associated with severe hyperglycemia in diabetic patients with renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 5 (1985) 47-48
49. Nabarro J.D.N., Spencer A.G., and Stowers J.M. Metabolic studies in severe diabetic ketosis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, New Series 21 (1952) 225-248
50. Nanzi A. Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia: A clinical study to validate a correction factor. Clinical Chemistry 27 (1981) 1771-1773
51. Opie L.H. Metabolism of heart in health and disease II. American Heart Journal 77 (1969) 100-114
52. Oster J.R., and Singer I. Hyponatremia, hypoosmolality, and hypotonicity. Tables and fables. Archives of Internal Medicine 159 (1999) 333-336
53. Pinies J.A., Cairo G., Gaztambide S., and Vasquez J.A. Course and prognosis of 132 patients with diabetic nonketotic hyperosmolar state. Diabetes & Metabolism 20 (1994) 43-48
54. Pollock A.S., and Arieff A.I. Abnormalities of cell volume regulation and their functional consequences. American Journal of Physiology 239 (1980) F195-F205
55. Popli S., Leehey D.J., Daugirdas J.T., Bansal V.K., Ho D.S., Hano J.E., et al. Asymptomatic, nonketotic, severe hyperglycemia with hyponatremia. Archives of Internal Medicine 150 (1990) 1962-1964
56. Potter D.J. Death as a result of hyperglycemia without ketosis. A complication of hemodialysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 64 (1966) 399-401
57. Powner D., Snyder J.V., and Grenvik A. Altered pulmonary capillary permeability complicating recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. Chest 68 (1975) 253-256
58. Ramdeen G., Tzamaloukas A.H., Malhotra D., Leger A., and Murata G.H. Estimates of interdialytic sodium and water intake based on the balance principle: Differences between nondiabetic and diabetic subjects on hemodialysis. ASAIO Journal 44 (1998) 812-817
59. Robin A.P., Ing T.S., Lancaster G.A., Soung L.S., Sparagana M., Geis W.P., et al. Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia: A fresh look. Clinical Chemistry 25 (1979) 496-497
60. Rohrscheib M., Tzamaloukas A.H., Ing T.S., Siamopoulos K.C., Elisaf M.S., and Murata H.G. Serum potassium concentration in hyperglycemia of chronic dialysis. Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis 21 (2005) 102-105
61. Russel J., Follansbee S., and Mathay R. Adult respiratory distress syndrome complicating diabetic ketoacidosis. Western Journal of Medicine 135 (1981) 148-150
62. Seldin D.W., and Tarail R. The metabolism of glucose and electrolytes in diabetic acidosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 29 (1950) 552-565
63. Siamopoulos K.C., Elisaf M., and Pappas M. Severe asymptomatic hyperglycemia in an nondiabetic CAPD patient. Peritoneal Dialysis International 12 (1992) 72-73
64. Singhal P.C., Desroches L., Ayer S., Abramovici M., and Venkatesan J. Hyperglycemia causing pulmonary edema in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clinical Nephrology 36 (1991) 210-211
65. Sprung C.L., Rackow E.C., and Fein I.A. Pulmonary edema. A complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. Chest 77 (1980) 687-688
66. Strand C.L., Garcia H., and Costales I. Hyponatremia in spontaneous hyperglycemia: Correlation studies in 100 patients. Clinical Chemistry 33 (1987) 1941-1942
67. Tzamaloukas A.H. Prediction of the change in extracellular sodium concentration in hyperglycemia complicated by severe losses of water and solute. Clinical Chemistry 28 (1982) 1722-1724
68. Tzamaloukas A.H. Hypertonic extracellular expansion in anuria. Mineral Electrolyte Metabolism 9 (1983) 99-107
69. Tzamaloukas A.H. What determines the degree of hyponatremia in hyperglycemia?. Clinical Chemistry 34 (1988) 641-642
70. Tzamaloukas A.H., and Avasthi P.S. Effects of hyperglycemia on serum sodium concentration and tonicity in outpatients on chronic dialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 7 (1986) 477-482
71. Tzamaloukas A.H., and Avasthi P.S. Acid-base disorders in hyperglycemia of insulin-dependent diabetic patients on chronic dialysis. The Journal of Diabetic Complications 2 (1988) 75-78
72. Tzamaloukas, A. H., Ing, T. S., Siamopoulos, K. C., Rohrscheib, M., Elisaf, M. S., Raj, D. S. C., et al. Body fluid abnormalities in severe hyperglycemia in patients on chronic dialysis. Theoretical considerations. J Diab Compl (in press).
73. Tzamaloukas A.H., Levinstone A.R., and Gardner K.D. Hyperglycemia in advanced renal failure: Sodium and water metabolism. Nephron 31 (1982) 40-44
74. Tzamaloukas A.H., Rohrscheib M., Ing T.S., Siamopoulos K.C., Elisaf M.F., and Spalding C.T. Serum tonicity, extracellular volume and clinical manifestations in symptomatic dialysis-associated hyperglycemia treated only with insulin. The International Journal of Artificial Organs 27 (2004) 751-758
75. Tzamaloukas A.H., Saddler M.C., Murata G.H., Malhotra D., Sena P., Simon D., et al. Symptomatic fluid retention in patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6 (1995) 198-206
76. Umpierrez G.E., Kelly J.P., Navarrette J.E., Casals M.M., and Kitabchi A.E. Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks. Archives of Internal Medicine 157 (1997) 669-675
77. Umpierrez G.E., Khakavi M., and Kitabchi A.E. Review: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. American Journal of Medicine Science 311 (1996) 225-233
78. Vinik A., Seftel H., and Joffe B.I. Metabolic findings in hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic stupor. Lancet 2 (1970) 797-799
79. Whang R. Hyperglycemic nonketotic coma induced by peritoneal dialysis. Journal Lancet (Minneapolis) 87 (1967) 453-456
80. Wolf A.V., and McDowell L.M.M. Apparent and osmotic volumes of distribution of sodium, chloride, sulfate and urea. American Journal of Physiology 176 (1954) 207-212