Integrated signaling in flower senescence: An overview

Plant Signaling and Behavior

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 437-445

  Tripathi, Siddharth Kaushal ^a   Tuteja, Narendra ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Environmental factors; Ethylene; Flowers; Petals; Plant hormones; Pollination; Programmed cell death; Senescence; Senescence associated genes

Indexed keywords

EID: 37749002560     PISSN: 15592316     EISSN: 15592324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/psb.2.6.4991     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. van Doorn WG, Woltering EJ. Senescence and programmed cell death: Substance or semantics? J Exp Bot 2004; 55:2147-53.
2. Rogers Hilary J. Programmed cell death in floral organs: How and why do flowers die? Ann Bot 2006; 97:309-15.
3. Ashman TL, Schoen DJ. How long should flowers live? Nature 1994; 371:788-91.
4. O'Neill SD. Pollination regulation of flower development. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1997; 48:547-74.
5. ten Have A, Woltering EJ. Ethylene biosynthetic genes are differentially expressed during carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower senescence. Plant Mol Biol 1997; 34:89-97.
6. Woodson WR, Lawton KA. Ethylene-induced gene expression in carnation petals: Relationship to autocatalytic ethylene production and senescence. Plant Physiol 1988; 87:498-503.
7. Bleecker AB, Patterson SE. Last exit: Senescence, abscission, and meristem arrest in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1997; 9:1169-79.
8. Woltering EJ, van Doorn WG. Role of ethylene and senescence of petals: Morphological and taxonomical relationships. J Exp Bot 1988; 39:1605-16.
9. Breeze E, Wagstaff C, Harrison E, Bramke I, Rogers H, Stead A. Gene expression patterns to define stages of post-harvest senescence in Alstroemeria petals. Plant Biotechnol J 2004; 2:155-68.
10. van Doorn WG, Balk PA, van Houwelingen AM, Hoeberichts FA, Hall RD, Vorst O. Gene expression during anthesis and senescence in Iris flowers. Plant Mol Biol 2003; 53:845-63.
11. Thomas H, Ougham HJ, Wagstaff C, Stead AD. Defining senescence and death. J Exp Bot 2003; 54:1127-32.
12. Langston BJ, Bai S, Jones ML. Increases in DNA fragmentation and induction of a senescence-specific nuclease are delayed during corolla senescence in ethylene-insensitive (etr1-1) transgenic Petunias. J Exp Bot 2005; 56:15-23.
13. Rieu I, Wolters-Arts M, Derksen J, Mariani C. Ethylene regulates the timing of anther dehiscence in tobacco. Planta 2003; 217:131-7.
14. Wagstaff C, Malcolm P, Rafiq A, Leverentz M, Griffiths G, Thomas B. Programmed cell death (PCD) processes begin extremely early in Alstroemeria petal senescence. New Phytologist 2003; 160:49-59.
15. Christensen CA, Gorsich SW, Brown RH, Jones LG, Brown J, Shaw JM. Mitochondrial GFA2 is required for synergid cell death in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 2002; 14:2215-32.
16. van Doorn WG, Woltering EJ. Many ways to exit? Cell death categories in plants. Trends Plant Sci 2005; 10:117-22.
17. Papini A, Mosti S, Brighigna L. Programmed-cell death events during tapetum development of angiosperms. Protoplasma 1999; 207:213-21.
18. Wang M, Hoekstra S, Van Bergen S, Lamers GEM, Oppedijk BJ, Van der Heijden MW. Apoptosis in developing anthers and the role of ABA in this process during androgenesis in Hordeum vulgare L. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 39:489-501.
19. Balk J, Leaver CJ. The PET1-CMS mitochondrial mutation in sunflower is associated with premature programmed cell death and cytochrome c release. The Plant Cell 2001; 13:1803-18.
20. Thomas S, Franklin-Tong VE. Self-incompatibility triggers programmed cell death in Papaver pollen. Nature 2004; 429:305-9.
21. Thomas SG, Huang S, Li S, Staiger CJ, Franklin-Tong VE. Actin depolymerization is sufficient to induce programmed cell death in self-incompatible pollen. J Cell Biol 2006; 174:221-9.
22. Hayashi Y, Yamada K, Shimada T, Matsushima R, Nishizawa NK, Nishimura M. A proteinase-storing body that prepares for cell death or stresses in the epidermal cells of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 2001; 42:894-9.
23. Jones ML, Chaffin GS, Eason JR, Clark DG. Ethylene-sensitivity regulates proteolytic activity and cysteine protease gene expression in Petunia corollas. J Exp Bot 2005; 56:2733-44.
24. Valpuesta V, Lange NE, Guerrero C, Reid MS. Upregulation of a cysteine protease accompanies the ethylene-insensitive senescence of daylily (Hemerocallis) flowers. Plant Mol Biol 1995; 28:575-82.
25. Cercos M, Santamaria S, Carbonell J. Cloning and characterization of TPE4A, a thiol-protease gene induced during ovary senescence and seed germination in pea. Plant Physiol 1999; 119:1341-8.
26. Page T, Griffiths G, Buchanan-Wollaston V. Molecular and biochemical characterization of postharvest senescence in broccoli. Plant Physiol 2001; 125:718-27.
27. Smith MT, Saks Y, van Staden J. Ultrastructural changes in the petals of senescing flowers of Dianthus caryophyllus L. Ann Bot 1992; 69:277-85.
28. Stead AD, van Doorn. Strategies of flower senescence - A review. In: Scott RJ, Stead AD, eds. Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Plant Reproduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994:215-38.
29. Thompson JE, Froese CD, Hong Y, Hudak KA, Smith MD. Membrane deterioration during senescence. Can J Bot 1997; 75:867-79.
30. Phillips Jr HL, Kende H. Structural changes in flowers of Ipomea tricolor during flower opening and closing. Protoplasma 1980; 102:199-215.
31. Paliyath G, Droillard MJ. The mechanisms of membrane deterioration and disassembly during senescence. Plant Physiol Biochem 1992; 30:789-812.
32. Panavas T, Rubinstein B. Oxidative events during programmed cell death of daylily (Hemerocallis hybrid) petals. Plant Sci 1998; 133:125-38.
33. Sylvestre I, Droillard MJ, Bureau JM, Paulin A. Effects of the ethylene rise on the peroxidation of membrane lipids during the senescence of cut carnations. Plant Physiol Biochem 1989; 27:407-13.
34. Yuwen Hong, Tzann-Wei Wang, Katalin A, Hudak, Frank Schade, Carol D, Froese, John E, Thompson. An ethylene-induced cDNA encoding a lipase expressed at the onset of senescence. PNAS 2000; 97:8717-22.
35. Michael K Leverentz, Carol Wagstaff, Hilary J Rogers, Anthony D Stead, Usawadee Chanasut, Helena Silkowski, Brian Thomas, Heiko Weichert, Ivo Feussner, Gareth Griffiths. Characterization of a novel lipoxygenase-independent senescence mechanism in Alstroemeria peruviana floral tissue. Plant Physiol 2002; 130:273-83.
36. Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Ishiguro K, Nakayama T, Utsunomiya Y, Tanaka Y, Kusumi T, Ueda T. Molecular and functional characterization of a rose lipoxygenase cDNA related to flower senescence. Plant Sci 2000; 160:129-37.
37. Thompson JE, Froese CD, Madey E, Smith MD, Hong YW. Lipid metabolism during plant senescence. Prog Lipid Res 1998; 37:119-41.
38. Porat R, Halevy AH, Serek M, Borochov A. An increase in ethylene sensitivity following pollination is the initial event triggering an increase in ethylene production and enhanced senescence of Phalaenopsis orchid flowers. Physiologia Plantarum 1995; 93:4, 778-84.
39. Rubinstein B. Regulation of cell death in flower petals. Plant Mol Biol 2000; 44:303-18.
40. Peary JS, Prince TA. Floral lipoxygenase: Activity during senescence and inhibition by phenidone. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 1990; 115:455-7.
41. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1989:450-99.
42. Bartoli CG, Simontacchi M, Guiamet J, Montaldi E, Puntarulo S. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation during aging of Chrysanthemum morifolium RAM petals. Plant Sci 1995; 104:161-8.
43. del Rio LA, Palma JM, Sandalio LM, Corpas FJ, Pastori GM, Bueno P, Lopez-Huertas E. Peroxisomes as a source of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in stressed plants. Biochem Soc Trans 1996; 24:434-8.
44. Bartoli CG, Simontacchi M, Montaldi E, Puntarulo S. Oxidants and antioxidants during ageing of chrysanthemum petals. Plant Sci 1997; 129:157-65.
45. Beja-Tal S, Borochov A. Age-related changes in biochemical and physical properties of carnation petal plasma membranes. J Plant Physiol 1994; 143:195-9.
46. Beers EP, Woffenden BJ, Zhao C. Plant proteolytic enzymes: Possible roles during programmed cell death. Plant Mol Biol 2000; 44:399-415.
47. Stephenson P, Rubinstein B. Characterization of proteolytic activity during senescence in daylilies. Physiologia Plantarum 1998; 104:463-73.
48. Wagstaff C, Leverentz MK, Griffiths G, Thomas B, Chanasut U, Stead AD, Rogers HJ. Cysteine protease gene expression and proteolytic activity during senescence of Alstroemeria petals. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:233-40.
49. Eason JR, Ryan DJ, Pinkney TT, O'Donoghue EM. Programmed cell death during flower senescence: Isolation and characterization of cysteine proteases from Sandersonia aurantiaca. Funct Plant Biol2002; 29:1055-64.
50. Hunter DA, Steele BC, Reid MS. Identification of genes associated with perianth senescence in Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. "Dutch Master"). Plant Sci 2002; 163:13-21.
51. Guerrero C, de la Calle M, Reid MS, Valpuesta V. Analysis of the expression of two thiolprotease genes from daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) during flower senescence. Plant Mol Biol 1998; 36:656-71.
52. Azeez A, Sane AP, Bhatnagar D, Nath P. Enhanced expression of serine proteases during floral senescence in Gladiolus. Phytochemistry 2007; 68:1352-7.
53. Jones ML, Larsen PB, Woodson WR. Ethylene-regulated expression of a carnation cysteine proteinase during flower petal senescence. Plant Mol Biol 1995; 28:505-12.
54. Sugawara H, Shibuya K, Yoshioka T, Hashiba T, Satoh S. Is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor involved in the regulation of petal wilting in senescing carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers? J Exp Bot 2002; 53:407-13.
55. Panavas T, Pikula A, Reid PD, Rubinstein B, Walker EL. Identification of senescence-associated genes from daylily petals. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 40:237-48.
56. Xu Y, Hanson MR. Programmed cell death during pollination induced petal senescence in Petunia. Plant Physiol 2000; 122:1323-33.
57. Yamada T, Takatsu Y, Kasumi M, Ichimura K, van Doorn WG. Nuclear fragmentation and DNA degradation during programmed cell death in petals of morning glory (Ipomoea nil). Planta 2006; 224:1279-90.
58. Taylor CB, Bariola PA, DelCardayre SB, Raines RT, Green PJ. A senescence-associated RNase of Arabidopsis that diverged from the S-RNases before speciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:5118-22.
59. Lers A, Khalchitski A, Lomaniec E, Burd S, Green PJ. Senescence-induced RNases in tomato. Plant Mol Biol 1998; 36:439-49.
60. Tetsuya Yamada, Kazuo Ichimura, Wouter G, van Doorn. DNA degradation and nuclear degeneration during programmed cell death in petals of Antirrhinum, Argyranthemum, and Petunia. J Exp Bot 2006; 57:3543-52.
61. Taylor JE, Whitelaw CA. Signals in abscission. New Phytol 2001; 151:323-39, 138.
62. Stead AD. Pollination-induced flower senescence: A review. Plant Growth Regul 1992; 11:13-20.
63. Woltering EJ, ten Have A, Larsen PB, Woodson WR. Ethylene biosynthetic genes and interorgan signalling during flower senescence. In: Scott RJ, Stead AD, eds. Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Plant Reproduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1994:285-307.
64. van Doorn WG, Stead AD. Abscission of flowers and floral parts. J Exp Bot 1997; 48:821-37.
65. Larsen PB, Ashworth EN, Jones ML, Woodson WR. Pollination-induced ethylene in carnation. Plant Physiol 1995; 108:1405-12.
66. Singh A, Evenson KB, Kao TH. Ethylene synthesis and floral senescence following compatible and incompatible pollinations in Petunia inflata. Plant Physiol 1992; 99:38-45.
67. Bui AQ, O'Neill SD. Three 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate-synthase genes regulated by primary and secondary pollination signals in orchid flowers. Plant Physiol 1998; 116:419-28.
68. Woltering EJ, de Vrije T, Harren F, Hoekstra FA. Pollination and stigma wounding: Same response, different signal? J Exp Bot 1997; 48:1027-33.
69. Whitehead CS. Ethylene sensitivity and flower senescence. In: Scott RJ, Stead AD, eds. Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Plant Reproduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994:269-84.
70. Whitehead CS, Vasiljevic D. Role of short-chain saturated fatty acids in the control of ethylene sensitivity in senescing carnation flowers. Physiol Plant 1993; 88:243-50.
71. Donald Alexander Hunter, Antonio Ferrante, Paolo Vernieri, Michael Stuart. Role of abscisic acid in perianth senescence of Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus"Dutch Master"). Physiologia Plantarum 2004; 121:313-21.
72. Beja-Tal S, Borochov A, Gindin E, Mayak S. Transient water stress in cut carnation flowers: Effects of cycloheximide. Scient Hort 1995; 64:167-75.
73. Garello G, Menard C, Dansereau B, LePage-Degivry MT. The influence of light quality on rose flower senescence: Involvement of abscisic acid. Plant Growth Regul 1995; 16:135-9.
74. Woltering EJ, de Vrije T, Harren F, Hoekstra FA. Pollination and stigma wounding: Same response, different signal? J Exp Bot 1997; 48:1027-33.
75. Vierling E. The roles of heat shock proteins in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1991; 42:579-620.
76. Verlinden S, Woodson WR. The physiological and molecular responses of carnation flowers to high temperature. Postharvest Biol Techn 1998; 4:185-92.
77. Tang X, Gomes AMTR, Bhatia A, Woodson WR. Pistil-specific and ethylene-regulated expression of 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase genes in Petunia flowers. Plant Cell 1994; 6:1227-39.
78. Tang X, Woodson WR. Temporal and spatial expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase mRNA following pollination of immature and mature Petunia flowers. Plain Physiol 1996; 112:503-11.
79. Nadeau JA, Zhang XS, Nair H, O'Neill SD. Temporal and spatial regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase in the pollination-induced senescence of orchid flowers. Plant Physiol 1993; 103:31-9.
80. Shibuya K, Nagata M, Tanikawa N, Yoshioka T, Hashiba T, Satoh S. Comparison of mRNA levels of three ethylene receptors in senescing flowers of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). J Exp Bot 2002; 53:399-406.
81. Müller R, Lind-Iversen S, Stummann BM, Serek M. Expression of genes for ethylene biosynthetic enzymes and an ethylene receptor in senescing flowers of miniature potted roses. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 2000; 75:12-8.
82. Kuroda S, Hirose Y, Shiraishi M, Davies E, Abe S. Co-expression of an ethylene receptor gene, ERS1, and ethylene signaling regulator gene, CTR1, in Delphinium during abscission of florets. Plant Physiol Biochem 2004; 42:745-51.
83. Müller R, Owen CA, Xue ZT, Welander M, Stummann BM. Characterization of two CTR-like protein kinases in Rosa hybrida and their expression during flower senescence and in response to ethylene. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:1223-5.
84. Waki K, Shibuya K, Yoshioka T, Hashiba T, Satoh S. Cloning of a cDNA encoding EIN3-like protein (DC-EIL1) and decrease in its mRNA level during senescence in carnation flower tissues. J Exp Bot 2001; 355:377-9.
85. Müller R, Stummann BM, Serek M. Characterization of an ethylene receptor family with differential expression in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) flowers. Plant Cell Rep 2000; 19:1232-9.
86. Savin KW, Baudinette SC, Graham MW, Michael ZM, Nugent GD, Lu CY, Chandler SF Cornish EC. Antisense ACC oxidase RNA delays carnation petal senescence. Hort Science 1995; 30:970-2.
87. Bovy AG, Angenent GC, Dons HJM, van Altvorst AC. Heterologous expression of the Arabidopsis etr1-1 allele inhibits the senescence of carnation flowers. Mol Breed 1999; 5:301-8.
88. Wilkinson JQ, Lanahan MB, Clark DG, Bleecker AB, Chang C, Meyerowitz EM, Klee HJ. A dominant mutant receptor from Arabidopsis confers ethylene insensitivity in heterologous plants. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15:444-7.
89. Borochov A, Woodson WR. Physiology and biochemistry of flower petal senescence. Hort Rev 1989; 11:15-43.
90. Panavas T, Rubinstein B. Oxidative events during programmed cell death of daylily (Hemerocallis hybrid) petals. Plant Sci 1998; 133:125-38.
91. Ronen M, Mayak S. Interrelationship between abscisic acid and ethylene in the control of senescence processes in carnation flowers. J Exp Bot 1981; 32:759-65.
92. Hunter DA, Ferrante A, Vernieri P, Reid MS. Role of abscisic acid in perianth senescence of Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus "Dutch Master"). Physiol Plant 2004; 121:313-21.
93. Lara MEB, Garcia MCG, Fatima T, Ehness R, Lee TK, Proels R. Extracellular invertase is an essential component of cytokinin-mediated delay of senescence. Plant Cell 2004; 16:1276-87.
94. Mayak S, Halevy AH. Interrelationships of ethylene and abscisic acid in the control of rose petal senescence. Plant Physiol 1972; 50:341-6.
95. Van Staden J, Dimalla GG. The effect of silver thiosulfate preservative on the physiology of cut carnations: II. Influence of endogenous cytokinins. Z Pflanzenphysiol 1980; 99:19-26.
96. Chang H, Jones M, Banowetz GM, Clark DG. Overproduction of cytokinins in Petunia flowers transformed with PSAG12-IPT delays corolla senescence and decreases sensitivity to ethylene. Plant Physiol 2003; 132:2174-83.
97. Saks Y, Van Staden J, Smith MT. Effect of gibberellic acid on carnation flower senescence evidence that the delay of carnation flower senescence by gibberellic acid depends on the stage of flower development. Plant Growth Regul 1992; 11:45-51.
98. Setyadjit, Irving DE, Joyce DC, Simons DH. Vase treatments containing gibberellic acid do not increase longevity of cut Sylvia' inflorescences. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 2006; 46:1535-9.
99. Borochov A, Cho MH, Boss WF. Plasma membrane lipid metabolism of Petunia petals during senescence. Physiol Plant 1994; 90:279-84,
100. Borochov A, Spiegelstein H, Philosoph-Hadas S. Ethylene and flower petal senescence: Interrelationship with membrane lipid catabolism. Physiol Plant 1997; 100:606-12.
101. Huang FY, Philosoph-Hadas S, Meir S, Callahan DA, Sabato R, Zelcer A, Hepler PK. Increases in cytosolic Ca2C in parsley mesophyll cells correlated with leaf senescence. Plant Physiol 1997; 115:51-60.
102. Porat R, Borochov A, Halevy AH. Pollinationinduced senescence in Phalaenopsis petals: Relationship of ethylene sensitivity to activity of GTP-binding proteins and protein phosphorylation. Physiol Plant 1994; 90:679-84.
103. Lee M, Lee SH, Park KY. Effects of spermine on ethylene biosynthesis in cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers during senescence. J Plant Physiol 1997; 151:68-73.
104. Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S, Monti F, Poli F, Sacchetti G, Bregoli AM, Biondi S, Della Mea M. Transglutaminase activity during senescence and programmed cell death in the corolla of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) flowers. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:309-21.
105. van Doorn WG. Is petal senescence due to sugar starvation? Plant Physiol 2004; 134:35-42.
106. Eason JR, de Vre LA, Somerfield SD, Heyes JA. Physiological changes associated with Sandersonia aurantiaca flower senescence in response to sugar. Postharvest Biol Technol 1997; 12:43-50.
107. Hoeberichts FA, van Doorn WG, Vorst O, Hall RD, van Wordragen MF. Sucrose prevents upregulation of senescence-associated genes in carnation petals. J Exp Bot 2007; In press.
108. Meyer RC, Goldsbrough PB, Woodson WR. An ethylene-responsive flower senescence-related gene from carnation encodes a protein homologous to glutathione S-transferases. Plant Mol Biol 1991; 17:277-81.
109. Maxson JM, Woodson WR. Cloning of a DNA-binding protein that interacts with the ethylene-responsive enhancer element of the carnation GST1 gene. Plant Mol Biol 1996; 31:751-9.
110. Yu H, Goh CJ. Identification and characterization of three orchid MADS-box genes of the AP1/AGL9 subfamily during floral transition. Plant Physiol 2000; 123:1325-36.
111. Courtney SE, Rider CC, Stead AD. Changes in protein ubiquitination and the expression of ubiquitin-encoding transcripts in daylily petals during floral development and senescence. Physiol Plant 1994; 91:196-204.
112. Pak C, van Doorn WG. Delay of Iris flower senescence by protease inhibitors. New Phytol 2005; 165:473-80.
113. Xu Yan, Hiroyuki Ishida, Daniel Reisen, Maureen R Hanson. Upregulation of a tonoplast-localized cytochrome P450 during petal senescence in Petunia inflate. BMC Plant Biology 2006; 6:8.
114. Li Shutian, Jozef Šamaj, Vernonica E Franklin-Tong. A MAPK signals to programmed cell death induced by self-incompatibility in Papaver pollen. Plant Physiol 2007; 145:236-45.
115. Patterson SE, Bleecker AB. Ethylene-dependent and -independent processes associated with floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2004; 134:194-203.
116. Butenko MA, Patterson SE, Grini PE, Stenvik GE, Amundsen SS, Mandal A, Aalen RB. Inflorescence deficient in abscission controls floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis and identifies a novel family of putative ligands in plants. Plant Cell 2003; 15:2296-307.
117. Fernandez DE, Heck GR, Perry SE, Patterson SE, Bleecker AB, Fang SC. The embryo MADS domain factor AGL15 acts postembryonically: Inhibition of perianth senescence and abscission via constitutive expression. Plant Cell 2000; 12:183-98.
118. Adamczyk, Melissa D Lehti-Shiu, Donna E Fernandez. The MADS domain factors AGL15 and AGL18 act redundantly as repressors of the floral transition in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 2007; 50:1007-19.
119. Breeze E, Wagstaff C, Harrison E, Bramke I, Rogers H, Stead A. Gene expression patterns to define stages of post-harvest senescence in Alstroemeria petals. Plant Biotechnol J 2004; 2:155-68.
120. Yamada Tetsuya, Kazuo Ichimura, Motoki Kanekatsu, outer G van Doorn. Gene expression in opening and senescing petals of morning glory (Ipomoea nil) flowers. Plant Cell Reports 2007; 26:823-35.
121. Satterfield TF, Jackson SM, Pallanck LJ. A Drosophila homolog of the polyglutamine disease gene SCA2 is a dosage-sensitive regulator of actin filament formation. Genetics 2002; 162:1687-702.
122. Thomas SG, Huang S, Li S, Staiger CJ, Franklin-Tong VE. Actin depolymerization is sufficient to induce programmed cell death in self-incompatible pollen. J Cell Biol 2006; 174:221-9.
123. Xu Xinjia, Tim Gookin, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Michael Reid. Genes associated with opening and senescence of Mirabilis jalapa flowers. J Exp Bot 2007; 58:2193-201.
124. Hopkins Marianne, Catherine Taylor, Zhongda Liu, Fengshan Ma, Linda McNamara, Tzann-Wei Wang, John E, Thompson. Regulation and execution of molecular disassembly and catabolism during. Senescence New Phytol 2007; 175:201-14.