On the importance of fine-scale spatial complexity in vegetation restoration studies

International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 101-116

  Bartha, Sándor ^a   Campetella, Giandiego ^b   Canullo, Roberto ^b   Bódis, Judit ^c   Mucina, Ladislav ^d  

^a INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE   (Hungary)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PANNONIA   (Hungary)

^d STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Compositional diversity; Information theory; Non rquilibrium paradigm; Spatial scaling; Spatiotemporal dynamics; Species combinations; Succession; Transect sampling

Indexed keywords

EID: 37649008125     PISSN: 0377015X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (158)

1. Anand, M. 2000. The fundamentals of vegetation change: complexity rules. Acta Biotheoretica 48: 1-14.
2. Anand, M. and Orlóci, L. 1996. Complexity in plant communities: notion and quantification. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1001: 529-540.
3. Anand, M. and Kadmon, R. 2000. Community-level analysis of spatiotemporal plant dynamics. EcoScience 7: 101-110.
4. Andreassen, H.P., Hertzberg, K. and Ims, R.A. 1998. Space-use responses to habitat fragmentation and connectivity in the root vole Microtus oeconomus. Ecology 79: 1223-1235.
5. Aronson, J. and Le Floc'h, E. 1996. Vital landscape attributes: missing tools for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4: 377-387.
6. Bakker, J.P., Grootjans, A.P., Hermy, M. and Poschlod, P. 2000. How to define targets for ecological restoration? - Introduction. Applied Vegetation Science 3: 3-6.
7. Bartha, S. 1990. Spatial processes in developing plant communities: pattern formation detected using information theory. pages 31-47, In: Krahulec, F., Agnew, A.D.Q., Agnew, S. and Willems, J.H. (Editors) Spatial Processes in Plant Communities. Academia, Praha and SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
8. Bartha, S. 1992. Preliminary scaling for multi-species coalitions in primary succession. Abstracta Botanica 16: 31-41.
9. Bartha, S. 2001. Spatial relationships between plant litter, gopher disturbance, and vegetation at different stages of old-field succession. Applied Vegetation Science 4: 53-62.
10. Bartha, S. and Horvath, F. 1987. Application of long transects and information theoretical functions to pattern detection. I. Transects versus isodiametric sampling units. Abstracta Botanica. 11: 9-26.
11. Bartha, S., Czárán, T. and Oborny, B. 1995. Spatial constraints masking community assembly rules: a simulation study. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 30: 471-482.
12. Bartha, S., Czárán, T. and Scheuring, I. 1997. Spatio-temporal scales of non-equilibrium community dynamics: a methodological challange. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21: 199-206.
13. Bartha, S. and Kertész, M. 1998. The importance of neutral-models in detecting interspecific spatial associations from 'trainsect' data. Tiscia 31: 85-98.
14. Bartha, S., Czárán, T. and Podani, J. 1998. Exploring plant community dynamics in abstract coenostate spaces. Abstracta Botanica 22: 49-66.
15. Bartha, S., Kertész, M., Kovács-Láng, E., Coffin Peters, D.P., Gosz, J.R., Glenn, S., Collins, S.L., Rédei, T., Hochstrasser, T., Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Hahn, I., Odor, P., Harris, W., Campetella, D., Kun, A., Ittzés, P. and Bokros, Sz. 1999. Cross-site comparison of grassland diversity. pages 42-44, In: Kovács-Láng, E. et al. (Editors) Long-term Ecological Research in the Kiskunság, Hungary, KISKUN LTER, MTA-ÖBKI, Vácrátót.
16. Bender, D.J., Contreras, T.A. and Fahrig, L. 1998. Habitat loss and population decline - a meta-analysis of the patch size effect. Ecology 79: 517-533.
17. Bódis, J. 1993. The effect of black pine on open dolomite grasslands. I. Textural changes. (In Hungarian), Botanikai K_sozlemények 80: 129-139.
18. Botkin, D.B. 1990. Discordant Harmonies: a New Ecology for the Twenty-first Century. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 231 pages
19. Bradshaw, A.D. 1997. What do we mean by restoration.? pages 8-14, In: Urbanska, K.M., Webb, N.R. and Edwards, P.J. (Editors) Restoration Ecology and Sustainable Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
20. Brereton, A.J. 1971. The structure of the species populations in the initial stages of salt-marsh succession. Journal of Ecology 59: 321-338.
21. Briggs, J.M., Nellis, M.D., Turner, C.L., Henebry, G.M. and Su, H. 1998. A landscape perspective of patterns and processes in tallgrass prairie. pages 265-279, In: Knapp, A.K., Briggs, J.M., Hartnett D.C. and Collins, S.L. (Editors) Grassland Dynamics. Long-term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
22. Bullock, J.M. and Webb, N.R. 1995. A landscape approach to heathland restoration. pages 71-91, In: Urbanska, K.M. and Grodzinska, K. (Editors) Restoration Ecology in Europe. Geobotanical Institute, ETH, Zurich.
23. Burrows, C.J. 1990. Processes of Vegetation Change. Unwin Hyman, London. 551 pages
24. Campetella, G. 1999. Struttura spaziale e scala del sottobosco in aree permanenti di studio. PhD Thesis, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy. (in Italian) 107 pages.
25. Campetella, G., Canullo, R. and Bartha, S. 1999. Fine-scale spatial pattern analysis of the herb layer of woodland vegetation using information theory. Plant Biosystems 133: 277-288.
26. Campetella, G. and Canullo, R. 2001. Structure and spatial scale in woodland vegetation studies in permanent plots: a determinant feature of monitoring. ISAFA Communicazioni di Ricerca 2001/02: 101-111. (in Italian)
27. Campetella, G., Canullo, R. and Bartha, S. 2004. Coenostate descriptors and spatial dependence in vegetation: derived variables in monitoring forest dynamics and assembly rules. Community Ecology 5: 105-114.
28. Chesson, P.L. and Warner, R.R. 1981. Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems. American Naturalist 117: 923-943.
29. Chesson, P.L. and Huntly, N. 1989. Short-term instabilities and long-term community dynamics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4: 293-298.
30. Clewell, A. and Rieger, J.P. 1997. What practitioners need from restoration ecologists. Restoration Ecology 5: 350-354.
31. Collins, S.L. 1992. Fire frequency and community heterogeneity in tallgrass prairie vegetation. Ecology 73: 2001-2006.
32. Czárán, T. 1989. Coexistence of competing populations along an environmental gradient; a simulation model. Coenoses 4: 113-120.
33. Czárán, T. 1998. Spatiotemporal Models of Population and Community Dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York. 284 pages.
34. Czárán, T. and Bartha, S. 1989. The effect of spatial pattern on community dynamics: a comparison of simulated and field data. Vegetatio 83: 229-239.
35. Czárán, T. and Bartha, S. 1992. Spatiotemporal dynamic models of plant populations and communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 38-42.
36. Dale, M.R.T. and Blundon, D.J. 1991. Quadrat covariance analysis and the scales of interspecific association during primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 103-112.
37. Dale, M.R.T. and Zbigniewicz, M.W. 1995. The evaluation of multi-species pattern. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 391-398.
38. de Pablo, C.L., Peco, B., Galiano, E.F., Nicolas, J.P. and Pineda, F.D. 1982. Space-time variability in mediterranean pastures analyzed with diversity parameters. Vegetatio 50: 113-125.
39. Drake, J.A. 1990. The mechanics of community assembly and succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology 147: 213-233.
40. Durett, R. and Levin, S.A. 1994. The importance of being discrete (and spatial). Theoretical Population Biology 46: 363-394.
41. Dzwonko, Z. 2001. Migration of vascular plant species to a recent- wood adjoining ancient woodland. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 70: 71-77.
42. Eberhardt, R.W., Foster, D.R., Motzkin, G. and Hall, B. 2003. Conservation of changing landscapes: Vegetation and land-use history of cape cod national seashore. Ecological Applications 13: 68-84.
43. Ehrenfeld, J.G. and Toth, L.A. 1997. Restoration ecology and the ecosystem perspective. Restoration Ecology 5: 307-317.
44. Fekete, G., Virágh, K., Aszalós, R. and Orlóci, L. 1998. Landscape-level heterogeneity: traditional and new approaches. Coenoses 13: 39-53.
45. Fekete, G., Virágh, K., Aszalós, R. and Précsényi, 1. 2000. Static and dynamic approaches to landscape heterogeneity in the Hungarian forest-steppe zone. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 375-382.
46. Fortin, M.-J., Drapeau, P. and Legendre, P. 1989. Spatial autocorrelation and sampling design in plant ecology. Vegetatio 83: 209-222.
47. Fortin, M.-J., Payette, S. and Marineau, K. 1999. Spatial vegetation diversity index along a postfire successional gradient in the northern boreal forest. EcoScience 6: 204-213.
48. Geißelbrecht-Taferner, L., Geißelbrecht, J. and Mucina, L. 1997. Fine-scale spatial population patterns and mobility of winter-annual herbs in a dry grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science 8: 209-216.
49. Gilbert, O.L. and Anderson, P. 1998. Habitat Creation and Repair. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 288 pages.
50. Gitay, H. and Wilson, J.B. 1995. Post-fire changes in community structure of tall tussock grasslands: a test of alternative models of succession. Journal of Ecology 83: 775-782.
51. Glenn, S.M. and Collins, S.L. 1993: Experimental analysis of patch dynamics in tallgrass prairie plant communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 157-162.
52. Glenn-Lewin, D.C., Peet, R.K. and Veblen, T.T. (Editors) 1992. Plant succession. Theory and prediction. Chapman and Hall, London. 345 pages.
53. Gosz, J., Peters, D., Kertész, M., Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, Gy. and Bartha, S. 2000. Organization of grasslands along ecological gradients: US-Hungarian LTER Grassland cooperation. pages 67-76, In: Lajtha, K. and Vanderbilt, K. (Editors) Cooperation in Long-term Ecological Research in Central and Eastern Europe: Proceedings of the ILTER Regional Workshop, 22-25 June, 1999, Budapest, Hungary. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
54. Greig-Smith, P. 1979. Pattern in vegetation. Journal of Ecology 67: 755-779.
55. Grime, J.P. 1998. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects. Journal of Ecology 86: 902-910.
56. Grootjans, A. and van Diggelen, R. (Editors) 1998. Selected Restoration Objects in The Netherlands and NW Germany: A Field Guide. Laboratory of Plant Ecology, University of Groningen, Groningen. 119 pages.
57. Gutzwiller, K.J. (Editor) 2002. Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. Springer-Verlag, New York. 518 pages.
58. Hartsell, R.C., Craine, I.T. and Byers, R.E. 1997. Predicting change in non-linear systems. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 46: 175-190.
59. Hara, T. 1991. Effects of variation in individual growth on plant species coexistence. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 409-416.
60. Hardt, R.A. and Forman, R.T.T. 1989. Boundary form effects on woody colonization of reclaimed surface mines. Ecology 70: 1252-1260.
61. Harris, A.T., Asner, G.P. and Miller, A.E. 2003. Changes in vegetation structure after long-term grazing in Pinyon-Juniper ecosystems: integrating imaging spectroscopy and field studies. Ecosystems 6: 368-383.
62. Henebry, G.M. and Su, H. 1993. Using landscape trajectories to assess the effects of radiometric rectifications. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14: 2417-2423.
63. Herben, T. 1995. Founder and dominance control: neglected concepts in the community dynamics of clonal plants. Abstracta Botanica 19: 3-10.
64. Herbert, T., Krahulec, F., Hadincová, F. and Kovárová, M. 1993. Small-scale spatial dynamics of plant species in a grassland community over six years. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 171-178.
65. Hobbs, R.J. and Norton, D.A. 1996. Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4: 93-110.
66. Hobbs, R.J. and Harris, J.A. 2001. Restoration ecology: repairing the Earth's ecosystems in the new Millennium. Restoration Ecology 9: 239-246.
67. Hochstrasser, T. 1995. The structure of different loess grassland types in Hungary. MSc Thesis, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vácrátót. 74 pages.
68. Hogeweg, P., Hesper, B., van Schaik, C.P. and Beeftink, W.G. 1985. Patterns in vegetation succession, an ecomorphological study. pages 637-666, In: White, J. (Editor) The Population Structure of Vegetation. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
69. Holt, R.D., Grover, J. and Tilman, D. 1994. Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition. American Naturalist 144: 741-771.
70. Hubbell, S.P. and Foster, R.B. 1986. Biology, chance, and history and the structure of tropical rain forest tree communities. pages 314-329, In: Diamond, J.M. and Case, T.J. (Editors) Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York.
71. Jackson, L.L., Lopoukhine, N. and Hillyard, D. 1995. Ecological restoration: a definitions and comments. Restoration Ecology 3: 71-75.
72. Jacquemyn, H., Butaye, J. and Hermy, M. 2003. Impacts of restored patch density and distance from natural forest on colonization success. Restoration Ecology 11: 417-423.
73. Juhász-Nagy, P. 1967. On some 'characteristic area' of plant community stands. pages 269-282, In: Proceedings of Colloqium on Information Theory, Bolyai Mathematical Society, Debrecen.
74. Juhász-Nagy, P. 1980. Modeling of Coexistencial Structures in Coenology. Academic Doctoral Thesis, MTA, Budapest. (in Hungarian). 238 pages.
75. Juhász-Nagy, P. 1984. Spatial dependence of plant populations. Part 2. A family of new models. Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae 30: 363-402.
76. Juhász-Nagy, P: 1993. Notes on compositional diversity. Hydrobiologia 249: 173-182.
77. Juhász-Nagy, P. and Podani, J. 1983. Information theory methods for the study of spatial processes and succession. Vegetatio 51: 129-140.
78. Keddy, P.A. 1992. Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 157-164.
79. Kenkel, N.C., Juhász-Nagy, P. and Podani, J. 1989. On sampling procedures in population and community ecology. Vegetatio 83: 195-207.
80. Kershaw, K.A. 1963. Pattern in vegetation and its causality. Ecology 44: 377-388.
81. Kertész, M., Lhotsky, B. and Hahn, I. 2001. Detection of fine-scale relations between species composition and biomass in grassland. Community Ecology 2: 221-230.
82. Kettle, W.D., Rich, P.M., Kindscher, K., Pittman, G.L. and Fu, P. 2000. Land-use history in ecosystem restoration: A 40-year study in the prairie-forest ecotone. Restoration Ecology 8: 307-317.
83. Knapp, A.K., Briggs, J.M., Hartnett, D.C. and Collins, S.L. (Editors) 1998. Grassland Dynamics. Long-term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 364 pages.
84. Kun, A. and Oborny, B. 2003. Survival and competition of clonal plant populations in patially and temporally heterogeneous habitats. Community Ecology 4: 1-20.
85. Lande, R. 1996. Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple communities. Oikos 76: 5-13.
86. Legendre, P., Dale, M.R.T., Fortin, M-J., Gurevitch, J., Hohn, M. and Myers, D. 2002. The consequences of spatial structure for the design and analysis of ecological field surveys. Ecography 25: 601-615.
87. Lepš, J. 1990. Comparison of transect methods for the analysis of spatial pattern. pages 71-82, In: Krahulec F., Agnew, A.D.Q., Agnew, S. and Willems, J.H. (Editors) Spatial processes in plant communities. Academia, Praha and SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
88. Lepš, J. and Buriánek, V. 1990. Pattern of interspecific associations in old field succession. pages 13-22, In: Krahulec, F., Agnew, A.D.Q., Agnew, S. and Willems, J.H. (Editors) Spatial Processes in Plant Communities. Academia, Prague and SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague.
89. Loreau, M., Naeem, S. and Inchausti, P. (Editors) 2002. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Synthesis and Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 294 pages
90. Luken, J.O. 1990. Directing Ecological Succession. Chapman and Hall, New York. 251 pages
91. MacMahon, J.A. and Holl, K.D. 2001. Ecological restoration: a key to conservation. pages 245-269, In: Soulé, M.E. and Orians, G.H. (Editors) Conservation Biology. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
92. Malkinson, D., Kadmon, R. and Cohen, D. 2003. Pattern analysis in successional communities - An approach for studying shifts in ecological interactions. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 213-222.
93. Matsinos, Y.G. and Troumbis, A.Y. 2002. Modeling competition, dispersal and effects of disturbance in the dynamics of a grassland community using a cellular automaton model. Ecological Modelling 149: 71-83.
94. McClanahan, T.R. 1986. The effect of a seed source on primary succession in a forest ecosystem. Vegetatio 65: 175-178.
95. McLellan, A.J., Law, R. and Fitter, A.H. 1997. Response of calcareous grassland plant species to diffuse competition: results from a removal experiment. Journal of Ecology 85: 479-490.
96. Miles, J. 1987. Vegetation succession: past and, present perceptions. pages 1-30, In: Gray, A.J., Crawley, M.J. and Edwards, P.J. (Editors) Colonization, succession, and stability. Blackwell Science Publishing, Oxford.
97. Mitchley, J. 1987. Diffuse competition in plant communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2: 104-106.
98. Molnár, Zs. and Botta-Dukát, Z. 1998. Improved space-for-time substitution for hypothesis generatiom secondary grasslands with documented site history in SE-Hungary. Phytocoenologia 28: 1-29.
99. Monkkonen, M. and Reunanen, P. 1999. On critical threshold in landscape connectivity: a management perspective. Oikos 84: 302-305.
100. Morrison, M.L. 2002. Wildlife restoration. Techniques for habitat analysis and animal monitoring, Island Press, Washington, D.C. 209 pages.
101. Mucina, L. and Bartha, S. 1999. Variance in species richness and guild proportionality in two contrasting dry grassland communities. Biologia (Bratislava) 54: 67-75.
102. Myster, R.W. and Pickett, S.T.A. 1990. Initial conditions, history and successional pathways in ten contrasting old fields. American Midland Naturalist 124: 231-238.
103. Myster, R.W. and Pickett, S.T.A. 1992. Dynamics of associations between plants in ten old fields during 31 years of succession. Journal of Ecology 80: 291-302.
104. Nagendra, H. and Gadgil, M. 1999. Satellite imagery as a tool for monitoring species diversity: an assessment. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 388-397.
105. Oborny, B. and Bartha, S. 1995. Clonality in plant community - an overview. Abstracta Botanica 19: 115-127.
106. O'Connor, I. and Aarssen, L.W. 1987. Species associations patterns in abandoned sand quarries. Vegetatio 73: 101-109.
107. Orlóci, L. 2001. Pattern dynamics: an essay concerning principles, techniques, and applications. Community Ecology 2: 1-15.
108. Orlóci, L., Pillar, V.D., Anand, M. and Behling, H. 2002. Some interesting characteristics of the vegetation processes. Community Ecology 3: 125-146.
109. Osbornová, J., Kovárová, M., Lepš, J. and Prach, K. (Editors) 1990. Succession in Abandoned Fields. Studies in Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. IGuwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
110. Palmer, M.W. 1994. Variation in species richness: towards a unification of hypotheses. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 29: 511-530.
111. Palmer, M.W. and van der Maarel, E. 1994. Variance in species richness, species association, and niche limitation. Oikos 73: 203-213.
112. Palmer, M.A., Ambrose, R.F. and Poff, N.L. 1997. Ecological theory and community restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 5: 291-300.
113. Petraitis, P.S., Latham, R.E. and Niesenbaum, R.A. 1989. The maintenance of species diversity by disturbance. Quarterly Review of Biology 64: 393-418.
114. Pickett, S.T.A., Collins, S.L. and Armesto, J.J. 1987. Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession. The Botanical Review 53: 335-371.
115. Pickett, S.T.A. and McDonnell, M.J. 1989. Changing perspectives in community dynamics: a theory of successional forces. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4: 241-245.
116. Pickett, S.T.A. and Parker, V.T. 1994. Avoiding the old pitfalls: opportunities in a new discipline. Restoration Ecology 2: 75-79.
117. Pickett, S.T.A., Parker, V.T. and Fiedler, P.L. 1992. The new paradigm in ecology: implications for conservation biology above the species level. pages 56-88, In: Fiedler, P.L. and Jain, S.K. (Editors) Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation, and management. Chapman and Hall, New York.
118. Pickett, S.T.A., Wu, J. and Cadenasso, M.L. 1999. Patch dynamics and the ecology of disturbed ground: a framework for synthesis. pages 707-722, In: Walker, L.R. (Editor) Ecosystems of disturbed ground. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
119. Plieninger, T., Pulido, F.J. and Konold, W. 2003. Effects of land-use history on size structure of holm oak stands in Spanish dehesas: Implications for conservation and restoration. Environmental Conservation 30: 61-70.
120. Podani, J. 1984. Analysis of mapped and simulated vegetation: theory and review. Acta Botanica Hungarica. 30: 75-118.
121. Podani, J. 1987. Computerized sampling in vegetation studies. Coenoses 2: 9-18.
122. Podani, J., Czárán, T. and Bartha, S. 1993. Pattern, area and diversity: the importance of spatial scale in species assemblages. Abstracta Botanica. 17: 37-51.
123. Prach, K., Pyšek, P. and Šmilauer, P. 1997. Changes in species traits during succession: a search for pattern. Oikos 79: 201-205.
124. Prach, K., Pyšek, P. and Šmilauer, P. 1999. Prediction of vegetation succession in human disturbed habitats using an expert system. Restoration Ecology 7: 15-23.
125. Prach, K., Bartha, S., Joyce, Ch.B., Pyšek, P., van Diggelen, R. and Wiegleb, G. 2001. The role of spontaneous succession in ecosystem restoration: A perspective. Applied Vegetation Science 4: 111-114.
126. Rastetter, E.B. and Ågren, G.I. 2002. Changes in individual allometry can lead to species coexistence without niche separation. Ecosystems 5: 789-801.
127. Roshier, D.A. 2003. On animal distribution in dynamic landscapes. Ecography 26: 539-544.
128. Roxburgh, S.H. and Chesson, P. 1998. A new method for detecting species associations with spatially autocorrelated data. Ecology 79: 2180-2192.
129. Roxburgh, S.H. and Wilson, J.B. 2000. Stability and coexistence in a lawn community: mathematical prediction of stability using a community matrix with parameters derived from competition experiments. Oikos 88: 395-408.
130. Scheuring, I. 1993. Multifractality - a new concept in vegetation science. Abstracta Botanica 17: 71-77.
131. Shmida, A. and Ellner, S. 1984. Coexistence of plant species with similar niches. Vegetatio 58: 29-55.
132. Silvertown, J., Holtier, S., Johnson, J. and Dale, P. 1992. Cellular automaton models of interspecific competition for space - the effect of pattern on process. Journal of Ecology 80: 527-534.
133. Sindelar, B.W. and Plantenberg, P.L. 1978. Establishment, succession and stability of vegetation on surface mined lands in eastern Montana. Annual Progress Report, Montana Agricultural Experimental Station, Montana.
134. Sluis, W.J. 2002. Patterns of species richness and composition in re-created grassland. Restoration Ecology 10: 677-684.
135. Szegi, J., Oláh, J., Fekete, G., Halász, T., Várallyay, Gy. and Bartha, S. 1988. Recultivation of the spoil banks created by opencut mining activities in Hungary. Ambio 17: 137-143.
136. Tilman, D. 1982. Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 296 pages.
137. Tilman, D. 1994. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology 75: 2-16.
138. Tilman, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80: 1455-1474.
139. Thórhalsdóttir, T.E. 1990. The dynamics of a grassland community: a simultaneous investigation of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at various scales. Journal of Ecology 78: 884-908.
140. Turner, M.G., Gardner, R.H. and O'Neill, R.V. 2001. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice, Springer-Verlag, New York. 401 pages.
141. van der Maarel, E. and Sykes, M.T. 1993. Small-scale plant species turnover in a limestone grassland: the carousel model and some comments on the niche concept. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 179-188.
142. Virágh, K., Bartha, S. and Botta-Dukát, Z. 2000. Fine-scale coalition structure in Brachypodium grassland. pages 365-368, In: White, P.S., Mucina, L., Lepš, J. and van der Maarel, E. (Editors) Proceedings of 41th International Association for Vegetation Science Symposium. Opulus Press, Uppsala.
143. Wagner, H.H. 2003. Spatial covariance in plant communities: integrating ordination, geostatistics, and variance testing. Ecology 84: 1045-1057.
144. Walker, D.J. and Kenkel, N.C. 2001. Landscape complexity in space and time. Community Ecology 2: 109-119.
145. Walker, L.R. and Chapin III, F.S. 1987. Interaction among processes controlling successional change. Oikos 50: 131-135.
146. Watkins, A.J. and Wilson, J.B. 1992. Fine-scale community structure of lawns. Journal of Ecology 80: 15-24.
147. White, P.S. and Walker, J.L. 1997. Approximating Nature's variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 5: 338-349.
148. Wikberg, S. and Mucina, L. 2002. Spatial variation in vegetation and abiotic factors related to the occurrence of a ring-forming sedge. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 677-684.
149. Wilson, J.B. 1990. Mechanisms of species coexistence: twelve explanations for Hutchinson's 'paradox of the plankton': evidence from New Zealand plant communities. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 13: 17-42.
150. Wilson, J.B. 1999. Assembly rules in plant communities. pages 130-164, In: Weiher, E. and Keddy, P. (Editors) Ecological Assembly Rules. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
151. Wilson, J.B. 2003. The deductive method in community ecology. Oikos 101: 216-218.
152. Wilson, J.B., Roxburgh, S.H. and Watkins, A.J. 1992. Limitation to plant species coexistence at a point: a study in a New Zealand lawn. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 711-714.
153. Wilson, I.B., Sykes, M.T. and Peet, R.K. 1995. Time and space in the community structure of a species-rich limestone grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 729-740.
154. Wu, J. and Loucks, O.L. 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 70: 439-466.
155. Yarranton, G.A. and Morrison, R.G. 1974. Spatial dynamics of a primary succession: nucleation. Journal of Ecology 62: 417-428.
156. Young, T.P. 2000. Restoration ecology and conservation biology. Biological Conservation 92: 73-83.
157. Zobel, K., Zobel, M. and Peet, R.K. 1993. Changes in pattern diversity during secondary forest succession in Estonian forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 489-498.
158. Zobel, M., van der Maarel, E. and Dupré, C. 1998. Species pool: the concept, its determination and significance for community restoration. Applied Vegetation Science 1: 55-66.