Modelling of aircrew radiation exposure from galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

Volumn 124, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 289-318

  Takada, M ^a   Lewis, B J ^b   Boudreau, M ^b   Al Anid, H ^b   Bennett, L G I ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES   (Japan)

^b ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRPLANE CREW; ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; COSMIC RADIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MONTE CARLO METHOD; NEUTRON DOSIMETRY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PARTICLE RADIATION; PERSONNEL RADIATION MONITORING; PREDICTION; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION PROTECTION; REFERENCE VALUE; SOLAR RADIATION; THEORETICAL MODEL;

AIRCRAFT; COSMIC RADIATION; HUMANS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; MONTE CARLO METHOD; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIOMETRY; SOLAR ACTIVITY;

EID: 37549065960     PISSN: 01448420     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncm214     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. International Commission on Radiological Protection, 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1991).
2. Courades, J.-M. European legislation on protection against cosmic radiation Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 86(4), 7-24 (1999).
3. Joint Aviation Authorities Regulation Advisory Panel, JAR-OPS Part 1 - NPA-OPS-23: Equipment Requirements update to ICAO Annex 6 and Cosmic Radiation, Notice of Proposed Amendment (NPA), June 1 (2000).
4. Transport Canada, Measures for managing exposure to cosmic radiation of employees working on board aircraft. Commercial and Business Aviation Advisory Circular No. 0183, April 5, 2001 (http://www.te.ge.ca/ civilaviation/commerce/circulars/AC0183.htm).
5. Gaisser, T. K. Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) (1990).
6. Heinrich, W., Roesler, S. and Schraube, H. Physics of cosmic radiation fields. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 86(4), 253-258 (1999).
7. Barthe, J. L., Dyer, C. S. and Stassinopoulos, E. G. Space, atmospheric, and terrestrial radiation environments. IEEE Transact. Nucl. Sci. 50, 466-482 (2003).
8. Lantos, P. and Fuller, N. History of the solar particle event radiation dose on-board aeroplanes using a semiempirical model and concorde measurements. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 104(3), 199-210 (2003).
9. Lantos, P. Radiation dose potentially received on-board seroplanes during recent solar particle events. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 118 4), 363-374 (2006).
10. O'Brien, K. and Sauer, H. H. On the atmospheric response to solar-particle events. Int. J. Geomagnet. Aeronomy 2(3), 181-188 (2001).
11. Gosling, J. T. Coronal mass ejections: An overview. In Coronal Mass Ejections, Geophysical Monograph 99, Crocker, N., Joselyn, J. A. and Feynman, J. Eds. American Geophysical Union P. 9-16, (1997).
12. Simpson, J. A. Elemental and isotopic composition of the galactic cosmic rays. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 33, 323-381 (1983).
13. Wilson, J. W. Overview of radiation environments and human exposures Health Phys. 79(5), 470-494 (2000).
14. Lewis, B. J., Desormeaux, M., Green, A. R., Bennett, L. G. I., Butler, A., McCall, M. and Saez Vergara, J. C. Assessment of aircrew radiation exposure by further measurements and model development. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 111(2), 151-171 (2004).
15. Green, A. R., Bennett, L. G. I., Lewis, B. J., Kitching, F. and Butler, A. An empirical approach to the measurement of the cosmic radiation field at jet aircraft altitudes. Adv. Space Res. 36, 1618-1626 (2005).
16. Lewis, B. J., McCall, M. J., Green, A. R., Bennett, L. G. I., Pierre, M., Schrewe, U. J., O'Brien, K. and Felsberger, E. Aircrew exposure from cosmic radiation on Commercial Airline Flights. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 93(4), 293-314 (2001).
17. Lewis, B. J., Bennett, L. G. I., Green, A. R., McCall, M. J., Ellaschuk, B., Butler, A. and Pierre, M. Galactic and solar radiation exposure to aircrew during a solar Cycle, Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 102 3), 207-227 (2002).
18. Dachev, Ts., Dimitrov, Pl., Tomov, B. and Matviiehuk, Yu. Technical description of the LET spectrometer Liulin-4SN with GPS receiver. Solar-Terrestrial Influences Laboratory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (2005).
19. MCNPX User's Manual, Los Alamos National Laboratory report, LA-CP-05-0369, April 2005. Information on MCNPX at URL http://menpx.lan1.gov/.
20. Badhwar, G. D., The radiation environment in low-earth orbit. Radiat. Res. 148, 3-10 (1997).
21. O'Neill, P. M. Badhwar-O'Neill galactic cosmic ray model update based on advanced composition explorer (ACE) energy spectra from 1997 to present presented at COSPAR, Paris, France, July 2004 [to be published in Advances in Space Research, 2005 (doi:10.1016/ j.asr.2005.02.001)].
22. International Commission on Radiation Protection, Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), Quality factor (Q), and Radiation weighting Factor (wR), ICRP Publication 92 (2003).
23. O'Brien, K. LUIN, A Code for the Calculation of Cosmic Ray Propagation in the Atmosphere. (update of HASL-275), EML-338 (1978).
24. Rollet, S., Beek, P., Ferrari, A., Pelliecioni, M. and Autischer, M. Dosimetric considerations on TEPC fluka-simulation and measurements. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 110(1-4), 833-837 (2004).
25. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 74, Conversion coefficients for use in radiological protection against external Radiation, ICRP Publication 74, Annals of the ICRP, 26(3/4), (Oxford, UK Pergamon Press) (1996).
26. Radiobiology Research Team, Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, The Federal Aviation Administration. http://www.cami.jeebi.gov/AAM600/ Radiation/radioCAR16.htm. Date accessed: September (2005).
27. Schraube, H., Leuthold, G., Heinrich, W., Roesler, S., Mares, V. and Schraube, G. EPCARD (European Program Package for the Calculation of Aviation Route Doses), User's Manual. GSF National Research Centre for Environment and Health, August (2002).
28. O'Brien, K. and de P. Burke, G. Calculated cosmic neutron monitor response to solar modulation of galactic cosmic Rays. J Geophys. Res. 78, 3013 (1973).
29. O'Brien, K. The relative transit time of high-rigidity and low-rigidity cosmic rays through the solar system. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 109(4), 357-363 (2004).
30. Pelliecioni, M. The Impact of ICRP Publication 92 on the Conversion Coefficients in Use for Cosmic Ray Dosimetry. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 109 (4), 303-309 (2004).
31. European Radiation Dosimetry (EURADOS) Working Group 5, Cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew: Compilation of measured and calculated doses. Radiation protection 140, Office for Official Publication of the European Coramunities, Luxembourg (2004).
32. O'Brien, K., Friedberg, W., Duke, F. E., Snyder, L., Darden, E. B. and Sauer, H. H. The response of aircraft crews to radiation of extraterrestrial origin. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 45, 145-162 (1992).
33. O'Brien, K., Friedberg, W., Sauer, H. H. and Smart, D. F. Atmospheric cosmic rays and solar energetic particles at aircraft altitudes. Environ. Int. 22 (Suppl. 1), S9-S44 (1996).
34. O'Brien, K., Smart, D. F., Shea, M. A., Felsberger, E., Schrewe, U., Friedberg, W. and Copeland, K. Worldwide radiation dosage calculations for air crew members. Adv. Space Res. 32(4), 835-840 (2003).
35. Roesler, S., Heinrich, W. and Schraube, H. Monte Carlo calculation of the radiation field at aircraft altitudes. SLAC-PUB-8968 (2002) and Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 98(4), 367-388 (2002).
36. Ferrari, A. and Pelliecioni, M. Overview offluence-to-effective dose and fluence-to-ambient dose equivalent conversion coefficients for high energy radiation calculated using the FLUKA code. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 88(4), 279-297 (2000).
37. Pelliecioni, M. On The conversion coefficients for cosmic ray dosimetry. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 104(3), 211-220 (2003).
38. Ferrari, A., Pelliecioni, M. and Rancati, T. Calculation of the radiation environment caused by galactic cosmic rays for determining air crew exposure, Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 93(2), 101-114 (2001).
39. Forbush, S. E. On the effects in cosmic-ray intensity observed during the recent magnetic storm. Phys. Rev. 51, 1108-1109 (1937).
40. Lantos, P. Forbush decrease effects on radiation dose received on-board aeroplanes. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 117(4), 357-364 (2005).
41. Spurny, F. and Dachev, T. Intense solar flare measurements. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 95, 273-275 (2001).
42. O'Brien, K. and Sauer, H. H. The atmospheric radiation response to solar particle events. Adv. Space Res. 32(1), 73-80 (2003).
43. Clucas, S. N., Dyer, C. S. and Lei, F. The radiation in the atmosphere during major solar particle events. Adv. Space Res. 36 1657-1664 (2005).
44. Copeland, K., Sauer, H. H. and Friedberg, W. Solar radiation alert system. Federal Aviation Administration report DOT/FAA/AM-05/14, July (2005).
45. Beek, P., Latocha, M., Rollet, S. S. and Stehno, G. TEPC reference measurements at aircraft altitudes during a solar storm. Adv. Space Res. 36, 1627-1633 (2005).
46. Abe, K. et al. Measurements of proton, helium and muon spectra at small atmospheric depths with the BESS spectrometer. Phys. Lett. B 564, 8-20 (2003).
47. Menn, W. et al. The absolute flux of protons and helium at the top of the atmosphere using IMAX. Astrophys. J. 533, 281-297 (2000).
48. Boezio, M. et al. The cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra between 0.4 and 200 GV, Astrophys. J. 518, 457-472 (1999).
49. AMS Collaboration. Protons in near earth orbit. Phys. Lett. B 472, 215-226 (2000).
50. AMS Collaboration. Helium in near earth orbit. Phys. Lett. B 494, 193-202 (2000).
51. NOAA Space Environment Center website: http://www.see.noaa.gov.
52. National Gephysical Data Center (NGDC) GOES website: http://goes.ngde.noaa.gov/data/avg/.
53. International Organization for Standardization, Probabilistic model for particle fluences and peak fluxes of solar energetic particles. ISO TS 15391, October (2004).
54. http://modelweb.gsfe.nasa.gov/models/msis.html.
55. Dyer, C. S., Lei, F., Clucas, S. N., Smart, D. F. and Shea, M. A. Solar particle enhancements of single event effect rates at aircraft altitudes. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 50(6), 2038-2045 (2003).
56. Clem, J. M., DeAngelis, G., Goldhagen, P. and Wilson, J. W. New calculations of the atmospheric cosmic radiation field - Results for neutron spectra. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 110 (1-4), 423-428 (2004).
57. Gordon, M. S., Goldhagen, P., Rodbell, K. P., Zabel, T. H., Tang, H. H. K., Clem, J. M. and Bailey, P. Measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons on the ground. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51(6), 3427-3434 (2004).
58. Goldhagen, P., Reginatto, M., Knissb, T., Wilson, J. W., Singleterry, R. C., Jones, I. W. and Van Steveninck, W. Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic ray induced neutrons aboard an ER-2 high-altitude airplane. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A, 476, 42-51 (2002).
59. Goldhagen, P., Clem, J. M. and Wilson, J. W. Recent results from measurements of the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons aboard an ER-2 airplane and on the ground. Adv. Space Res. 32 (1), 35-40 (2003).
60. Goldhagen, P., Clem, J. M. and Wilson, J. W. The Energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons measured on an airplane over a wide range of altitude and latitude. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 110(1-4), 387-392 (2004).
61. Reginatto, M., Goldhagen, P. and Neumann, S. Spectrum unfolding, sensitivity analysis and propagation of uncertainties with the maximum entropy deconvolution code MAXED. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 476, 242-246, (2000).
62. Sanuki, T. et al. Measurement of cosmic-ray proton and antiproton spectra at mountain altitude. Phys. Lett. B, 577, 10-17 (2003).
63. Golden, R. L. et al. Measurement of the energy spectra of cosmic ray electron component and protons at ground level. J. Geophys. Res. 100(A12), 23, 515-523 (1995).
64. Clem, J. M. and Dorman, L.I. Neutron monitor response functions. Space Sci. Rev. 93, 335-359 (2000).
65. Stoker, P. H., Dorman, L. I. and Clem, J. M. Neutron monitor design improvements. Space Sci. Rev. 93, 316-380 (2000).
66. The Space Environment Information System, Background Information in SPENVIS; Single event upsets. http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/ help.html. Date accessed: September (2005).
67. Bartlett, D. T. et al. Investigation of radiation doses at aircraft altitudes during a complete solar cycle. SOLSPSA Space Weather Workshop, Vico Equense, Italy, September 25-29, (2001).
68. Beek, P., Bartlett, D., O'Brien, K. and Schrewe, U. J. In-flight validation and routine measurements. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 86 4), 303-308 (1999).