Review of indexing tools for identifying high risk areas of phosphorus loss in Nordic catchments

Journal of Hydrology

Volumn 349, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 68-87

  Heckrath, G ^a   Bechmann, M ^b   Ekholm, P ^c   Ulen B ^d   Djodjic, F ^d   Andersen, H E ^e  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF BIOECONOMY RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^e AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Nordic countries; P Index; Regulation; Water quality

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; CATCHMENTS; INDEXING (MATERIALS WORKING); PHOSPHORUS; SOILS;

NORDIC CATCHMENTS; WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE;

WATER POLLUTION;

AGRICULTURE; CATCHMENTS; INDEXING (MATERIALS WORKING); PHOSPHORUS; SOILS; WATER POLLUTION;

AGRICULTURAL LAND; AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE; CATCHMENT; IDENTIFICATION METHOD; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RIVER BASIN; SURFACE WATER; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER PLANNING; WATER QUALITY;

DENMARK; EURASIA; EUROPE; FINLAND; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN;

EID: 37549021554     PISSN: 00221694     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.039     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Äijö, H., Tattari, S., 2000. Management system for runoff from arable lands. The Finnish Environment 442, 68 pp. (in Finnish with an English abstract).
2. Alström K., and Bergman A. Water erosion on arable land in southern Sweden. In: Boardman J., Foster I.D.L., and Dearing J.A. (Eds). Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land (1990), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester 107-117
3. Andersen H.E., and Kronvang B. Modifying and evaluating a P index for Denmark. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 174 (2006) 341-353
4. Andersen H.E., Kronvang B., and Larsen S.E. Development, validation and application of Danish empirical phosphorus models. Journal of Hydrology 304 (2005) 355-365
5. Andersen, H.E., Heckrath, G., Hoffmann, C.C., Iversen, B.V., Jacobsen, O.H., Kjaergaard, C., Kronvang, B., Lægdsmand, M., Rubæk, G.H., 2007. A phosphorus index approach for Denmark. In: Heckrath, G., Rubæk, G.H., Kronvang, B. (Eds.), Diffuse Phosphorus Loss. Risk Assessment, Mitigation Options, and Ecological Effects in River Basins. DJF Plant Science No. 130, pp. 255-258.
6. Andersson, A., Andersson, R., Eriksson, J., Mattsson, L., 1998. Phosphorus accumulation in Swedish agricultural soils. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Report 4919, ISSN: 0282-7298, 33 pp.
7. Andersson, A., Eriksson, J., Mattsson, L., 2000. Phosphorus accumulation in Swedish agricultural soils. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) Report 5110. Stockholm.
8. Annonymous, 2004. Agreement on the Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment III 2005-2015 between the Danish Government, the Danish People's Party and the Christian Demokrats. http://www.vmp3.dk/Files/Filer/English%20version/engelsk_oversaettelse.pdf (Verified 20.09.07).
9. Bechmann M., and Stålnacke P. Effect of policy-induced measures on suspended sediments and total phosphorus concentrations from three Norwegian agricultural catchments. Science of the Total Environment 344 (2005) 129-142
10. Bechmann M., Krogstad T., and Sharpley A.N. A phosphorus index for Norway. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section Soil and Plant Science 55 3 (2005) 205-213
11. Bechmann M.E., Stålnacke P., and Kværnø S.K. Testing the Norwegian phosphorus index at the field scale. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 120 (2007) 107-128
12. Beegle D.B., Sharpley A.N., Gburek W.J., and Weld J. Integrating the Phosphorus Index and Existing Data bases for Use in Nutrient Management planning (2000), Department of Agronomy, Penn State University, PA
13. Berge, D., Vandsemb, S.M., Bechmann, M. 2001. Monitoring of agricultural dominated lakes. Measures, water quality and trends. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA Report, ISBN: 82-577-3947-2, 90 p (in Norwegian).
14. Bergström, L., Djodjic, F., Kirchmann, H., Nilsson, I., Ulén, B., 2007. Phosphorus from farmland to water. Report Food 21, no. 4/2007. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
15. Bidstrup, J., 2005. Using phosphorus loss assessment tools in practise. The river basin manager's perspective. In: Heckrath, G., Bechmann, M., Ekholm, P., Djodjic, F., Ulén, B., Andersen, H.E., Olsen, P., (Eds.), Tools for Assessing Phosphorus Loss from Nordic Agriculture. TemaNord 2005:583, pp. 111-114.
16. Boesch, D., Hecky, R., O'Melia, C., Schindler, D., Seitzinger, S., 2006. Eutrophication of the Swedish Seas. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Report 5509, 68 pp.
17. Bøgestrand, J. (Ed.), 2005. Vandløb 2004. NOVANA. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser. Faglig rapport fra DMU nr. 554, 82 pp.
18. Börling K., Otabbong E., and Barberis E. Soil variables for predicting potential phosphorus release in Swedish noncalcareous soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 33 (2004) 99-106
19. Boutrup, S., Bijl, L. van der, Svendsen, L.M., Grant, R., Ellermann, T., Bruus, M., 2006. Vandmiljø og Natur 2005. Tilstand og udvikling - faglig sammenfatning. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser. Faglig rapport fra DMU nr. 597, 50 pp.
20. Brandt, M., Ejhed, H., 2003. Transport, retention och källfördeling - Belastning på haven. SNV Rapport 5247, Stockholm. ISSN 0282-7298.
21. Buczko U., and Kuchenbuch R.O. Phosphorus indices as risk-assessment tools in the USA and Europe - a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170 (2007) 445-460
22. Coale F.J., Sims J.T., and Leytem A.B. Accelerated deployment of an agricultural nutrient management tool: the Maryland Phosphorus Site Index. Journal of Environmental Quality 31 (2002) 1471-1476
23. Czymmek K., Ketterings Q., and Geohring L. Phosphorus and agriculture VII: the New Phosphorus Index for New York State. What's Cropping Up? 11 4 (2001) 1-3
24. Dalgaard, T., Rubæk, G.H., 2005. Fosfortilførsel, ophobning og -mætningsgrad i danske landbrugsjorde. In: Poulsen, H.D., Rubæk, G.H. (Eds.), Fosfor i dansk landbrug. Omsætning, tab og virkemidler (phosphorus in Danish agriculture. Turnover, losses and mitigation measures). DJF rapport Husdyrbrug no. 68, pp. 93-101.
25. Djodjic, F., 2001. Displacement of phosphorus in structured soils. PhD thesis, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Agraria 283, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
26. Djodjic F., and Bergström L. Conditional phosphorus index as an educational tool for risk assessment and phosphorus management. Ambio 34 3-4 (2005) 296-300
27. Djodjic F., Montas H., Shirmohammadi A., Bergstrom L., and Ulen B. A decision support system for phosphorus management at a watershed scale. Journal of Environmental Quality 31 3 (2002) 937-945
28. Dørge J., and Windolf J. Implementation of the Water Framework Directive - can we use models as a tool in integrated river basin management?. International Journal of River Basin Management 1 (2003) 165-171
29. EEC, 1991. Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. Official Journal L 375, 1-8.
30. EEC, 1992. Council Regulation (EEC) No 2078/92 of 30 June on agricultural production methods compatible with the requirement of the protection of the environment and the maintenance of the countryside, Official Journal L 215, 85-90.
31. Eggestad H.O., Sveistrup, T., Øgaard, A.F., Kitterød, N.O., 2007: Effekter av flom/oversvømmelser på vannkvalitet, med fokus på sediment og fosfor - en litteraturgjennomgang. Bioforsk report 48/07. ISBN 978-82-17-00020-4, 18 pp. (in Norwegian).
32. Egnér H., Riehm H., and Domingo W.R. Untersuchungen über die chemische Bodenanalyse als Grundlage für die Beurteilung de Nährstoffzustandes der Böden. Kungl Lantbrukshögskolans Annaler 26 (1960) 199-215
33. Ejhed, H., Brandt, M., Djodjic, F., Olshammar, M., Ryegård, A., Johnsson, H., Larsson, M., Nisell, J., Rapp, L., Brånvall, G., in press. Miljömålsuppföljning. Ingen övergödning 1995 och 2005. Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data Report.
34. Ekholm P., and Mitikka S. Agricultural lakes in Finland: current water quality and trends. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 116 (2006) 111-135
35. Ekholm P., Turtola E., Grönroos J., Seuri P., and Ylivainio K. Phosphorus loss from different farming systems estimated from soil surface phosphorus balance. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 110 (2005) 266-278
36. Eltun R., Korsaeth A., and Nordheim O. A comparison of environmental, soil fertility, yield, and economical effects in six cropping systems based on an 8-year experiment in Norway. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 90 (2002) 155-168
37. Focus on Nutrients, 2006. Available at: http://www.greppa.nu [22 November 2006]. The Swedish Board of Agriculture, The County Administration Boards, and the Federation of Swedish Farmers.
38. Gburek W.J., Sharpley A.N., Heathwaite A.L., and Folmar G. Phosphorus management at the watershed scale: a modification of the P Index. Journal of Environmental Quality 29 (2000) 130-144
39. Granlund K., Räike A., Ekholm P., Rankinen K., and Rekolainen S. Assessment of water protection targets for agricultural nutrient loading in Finland. Journal of Hydrology 304 (2005) 251-260
40. Grayson R.B., Moore I.D., and McMahon T. Physically based hydrologic modelling. 2. Is the concept realistic?. Water Resources Research 26 10 (1992) 2659-2666
41. Haraldsen, T., Loigu, E., Iital, A., Jansons, V., Vagstad, N., 2001. Plant nutrients in soils and cereals in Norway and the Baltic countries. Jordforsk report no. 105/01, Norwegian Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, 22 pp.
42. Harmel R.D., Torbert H.A., DeLaune P.B., Haggard B.E., and Haney R.L. Field evaluation of three phosphorus indices on new application sites in Texas. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 60 1 (2005) 29-42
43. Heathwaite A.L., Sharpley A.N., and Bechmann M. The conceptual basis for a decision support framework to assess the risk of phosphorus loss at the field scale across Europe. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166 (2003) 447-458
44. Heathwaite, A.L., Sharpley, A.N., Bechmann, M., Rekolainen, S., 2005a. Assessing the risk and magnitude of agricultural nonpoint source phosphorus pollution. In: Sims, T., Sharpley, A.N. (Eds.), Phosphorus: Agriculture and the Environment. American Society of Agronomy Madison, pp. 981-1021.
45. Heathwaite A.L., Quinn P.F., and Hewett C.J.M. Modelling and managing critical source areas of diffuse pollution from agricultural land using flow connectivity simulation. Journal of Hydrology 304 (2005) 446-461
46. Heckrath, G., Bechmann, M., Ekholm, P., Djodjic, F., Ulén, B., Andersen, H.E., Olsen, P., (Eds.), 2005. Tools for Assessing Phosphorus Loss from Nordic Agriculture. TemaNord 2005:583, 139 pp.
47. Johansson, G., Gustafson, A., 2005. Observationsfälten på åkermark. Teknisk rapport 107, Avd. Vattenvårdslära SLU, 38 pp.
48. Johansson, G., Gustafson, A., 2007. Observation fields on arable land. Discharge and nutrient losses for the agro-hydrological year 2005/06 and a long-term review. Technical Report 115 (in Swedish), 38 pp.
49. Johansson R.C., and Randall J.R. Incorporating economics into the phosphorus index: an application to US watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58 5 (2003) 224-231
50. Kauppila P., Meeuwig J.J., and Pitkänen H. Predicting oxygen in small estuaries of the Baltic Sea: a comparative approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 57 (2003) 1115-1126
51. Kronvang, B., Rubæk, G.H., 2005. Kvantificering af dyrkningsbidraget af fosfor til vandløb og søer. In: Poulsen, H.D., Rubæk, G.H. (Eds.), Fosfor i dansk landbrug. Omsætning, tab og virkemidler (Phosphorus in Danish agriculture. Turnover, losses and mitigation measures). DJF rapport Husdyrbrug no. 68, pp. 132-146.
52. Kronvang B., Svendsen L.M., Friberg N., and Dørge J. Stream restoration in Denmark: assessment of the ecological benefits. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil I 10 (1997) 969-981
53. Kronvang, B., Iversen, H.L., Jørgensen, J.O., Paulsen, I., Jensen, J.P., Conley, D., Ellermann, T., Laursen, K.D., Wiggers, L., Flindt Jørgensen, L., Stockmarr, J., 2001. Fosfor i jord og vand. Udvikling, status og perspektiver. National Environment Research Institute, NERI Report no. 380, 88 pp.
54. Kronvang B., Grant R., Laubel A.R., and Pedersen M.L. Quantifying sediment and nutrient pathways within Danish agricultural catchments. In: Haygarth P.M., and Jarvis S.C. (Eds). Agriculture, Hydrology and Water Quality (2002), CABI Publishing 282-301
55. Kronvang B., Jeppesen E., Conley D.J., Søndergaard M., Larsen S.E., Ovesen N.B., and Carstensen J. Nutrient pressures and ecological responses to nutrient loading reductions in Danish streams, lakes and coastal waters. Journal of Hydrology 304 (2005) 274-288
56. Kronvang B., Vagstad N., Behrendt H., Bøgestrand J., and Larsen S.E. Phosphorus losses at the catchment scale within Europe: an overview. Soil Use and Management 23 Suppl. 1 (2007) 104-116
57. Kronvang, B., Andersen, H.E., Børgesen, C.D., Dalgaard, T., Larsen, S.E., Bøgestrand, J., Blicher-Mathiasen, G., in press. Effects of policy measures implemented in Denmark on nitrogen pollution of the aquatic environment. Environmental Science and Policy.
58. Kyllingsbæk A., and Hansen J.F. Development in nutrient balances in Danish agriculture 1980-2004. Nutrient Cycling in Agriculture 79 (2007) 267-280
59. Kyllmar, K., Grill, K., 2007. Nutrient losses in small agricultural catchments 2005/2006. Division of Water Quality Management, Department of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Ekohydrologi 98, 32 pp. (in Swedish).
60. Kyllmar K., Carlsson C., Gustafson A., Ulén B., and Johnsson H. Nutrient discharge from small agricultural catchments in Sweden. Characterisation and trends. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 115 (2006) 15-26
61. Lemunyon J.L., and Gilbert R.G. The concept and need for a phosphorus assessment tool. Journal of Production Agriculture 6 (1993) 483-496
62. Lundekvam, H., 2002. ERONOR/USLENO - Empirical erosion models for Norwegian conditions. Report no. 6/2002. ISBN: 82-483-0022-6, 40 pp.
63. Lundekvam H. Plot studies and modelling of hydrology and erosion in southeast Norway. Catena 71 2 (2007) 200-209
64. Lundekvam H., Romstad E., and Øygaarden L. Agricultural policies in Norway and effects on soil erosion. Environmental Science Policy 6 (2002) 57-67
65. Mallarino, A.P., Stewart, B.M., Baker, J.L., Downing, J.A., Sawyer, J., 2001. Background and basic concepts of the Iowa phosphorus index. A support document to the NRCS field office technical note 25. Iowa State University.
66. McDowell R.W., Sharpley A.N., Beegle D., and Weld J.L. Comparing phosphorus management strategies at a watershed scale. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 56 (2001) 306-315
67. Meeuwig J.J., Kauppila P., and Pitkänen H. Predicting coastal eutrophication in the Baltic: a limnological approach. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (2000) 844-855
68. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2004. Horisontaalisen maaseudun kehittämisohjelman väliarviointi. Mid-term evaluation of the Horizontal Rural Development Programme, Manner-Suomi. MMM:n julkaisuja 1/2004. 273 pp.
69. Mitikka, S., Britschgi, R., Granlund, J., Grönroos, J., Kauppila, P., Mäkinen, R., Niemi, J., Pyykkönen, S., Raateland, A., Silvo, K., 2005. Report on the implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Finland 2004. The Finnish Environment 741, 92 pp.
70. Nätterlund, H., 2004. Risk assessment of P losses - calculations with Swedish Phosphorus Index. M.Sc. Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (in Swedish).
71. Norwegian Agricultural Authority, 2004. The National Environmental Programme, 2004. 26 pp.
72. Norwegian Soil Maping, 2007. Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute. http://www.skogoglandskap.no/english/index.html (verified 24.09.07).
73. OECD, in press. Environmental Indicator for Agriculture, Volume 4. http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_33795_1_1_1_1_1,00.html.
74. OSPAR, 2003. Nutrients in the Convention area. Implementation of PARCOM Recommendation 88/2 and 89/4. Eutrophication and Nutrient Series, OSPAR Commision 2003. ISBN 1-904426-16-6.
75. Øygarden, L., 2000. Soil erosion in small agricultural catchments, south-eastern Norway. PhD Thesis 2000:8, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway.
76. Poulsen, H.D., Rubæk, G.H. (Eds.), 2005. Phosphorus in Danish Agriculture - Cycling, Loss and Mitigation. DIAS report, Animal Production 68, 211 pp.
77. Puustinen, M., Tattari, S., 2005. The VIHMA model - assessing measures to reduce erosion and P loss from agricultural land in Finland. In: Heckrath, G., Bechmann, M., Ekholm, P., Djodjic, F., Ulén, B., Andersen, H.E., Olsen, P., (Eds.) Tools for Assessing Phosphorus Loss from Nordic Agriculture. TemaNord 2005:583, pp 75-81.
78. Puustinen M., Koskiaho J., and Peltonen K. Influence of cultivation methods on suspended solids and phosphorus concentrations in surface runoff on clayey sloped fields in boreal climate. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 105 (2005) 565-579
79. Puustinen M., Tattari S., Koskiaho J., and Linjama J. Influence of seasonal and annual hydrological variations on erosion and phosphorus transport from arable areas in Finland. Soil and Tillage Research 93 (2006) 44-55
80. Räike A., Pietiläinen O.-P., Rekolainen S., Kauppila P., Pitkänen H., Niemi J., and Raateland A. Trends of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations in Finnish rivers and lakes in 1975-2000. Science of the Total Environment 310 (2003) 47-59
81. Rekolainen S., Kämäri J., and Hiltunen M. A conceptual framework for identifying the need and role of models in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. International Journal of River Basin Management 1 (2003) 165-171
82. Renard, K.G., Foster, R.G., Weesies, G.A., McCool, D.K., Yoder, D.C., 1997. Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). USDA-ARS Agriculture Handbook 703. US Government Print Office, Washington, DC. 384 pp.
83. Rupp H., Meissner R., and Leinweber P. Effects of extensive land use and re-wetting on diffuse phosphorus pollution in fen areas - results from a case study in the Drömling catchment, Germany. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 167 (2004) 408-416
84. Saarela I. Phosphorus in Finnish soils in the 1900s with particular reference to the acid ammonium acetate soil test. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 11 (2002) 257-271
85. Schendel E.K., Schreier H., and Lavkulich L.M. Linkages between phosphorus index estimates and environmental quality indicators. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 59 6 (2004) 243-251
86. Schoumans, O.F., Silgram, M. (Eds.), 2003. Review and Literature Evaluation of Nutrient Quantification Tools. Application and evaluation of phosphorus and nitrogen loss quantification tools. EuroHarp WP 3 and 4. European Commission Framework Programme 5, 122 pp.
87. Selvik, J.R., Tjomsland, T., Borgvang, S.A., Eggestad, H.O., 2006. Tilførsler av næringsstoffer til Norges kystområder i 2005, beregnet med tilførselsmodellen TEOTIL2. NIVA-report 5330-2007 (in Norwegian).
88. SEPA (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency), 2003. Miljökvalitetsnormer för fosfor i sjöar. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Report 5288.
89. Sharpley A.N., McDowell R.W., Weld J.L., and Kleinman P. Assessing site vulnerability to phosphorus loss in an agricultural watershed. Journal of Environmental Quality 30 (2001) 2026-2036
90. Sharpley A.N., Weld J.L., Beegle D.B., Kleinman P.J.A., Gburek W.J., Moore P.A., and Mullins G. Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58 3 (2003) 137-152
91. Søndergaard M., Jeppesen E., and Jensen J.P. Water Framework Directive: ecological classification of Danish lakes. Journal of Applied Ecology 42 (2005) 616-629
92. Stålnacke P., Vandsemb S.M., Vassiljev A., Grimvall A., and Jolankai G. Changes in nutrient levels in some Eastern European rivers in response to large-scale changes in agriculture. Water Science and Technology 49 3 (2004) 29-36
93. Statistics Sweden, 2005. Nitrogen and phosphorus balances in agricultural land and in agricultural sector in 2003. MI 40SM 0501.
94. Sveistrup T.E., Haraldsen T.K., Langohr R., Marcelino V., and Kværner J. Impact of land use and seasonal freezing on morphological and physical properties of silty Norwegian soils. Soil and Tillage Research 81 (2005) 39-56
95. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. Sweden's environmental objectives, de facto 2004 (http://www.miljomal.nu).
96. Turtola E., and Paajanen A. Influence of improved subsurface drainage on phosphorus losses and nitrogen leaching from a heavy clay soil. Agricultural Water Management 28 (1995) 295-310
97. Ulén B. A simplified risk assessment for losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus through drainage pipes from agricultural soils. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science 56 (2006) 307-314
98. Ulén B., and Jakobsson C. Critical evaluations of measures to mitigate phosphorus losses from agricultural land to surface waters in Sweden. Science of Total Environment 344 (2005) 37-50
99. Ulén B., Calsson C., and Lidberg B. Recent trends and patterns of nutrient concentrations in small agricultural streams in Sweden. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 98 (2004) 307-322
100. Uusitalo, R., 2004. Potential bioavailability of particulate phosphorus in runoff from arable clayey soils. Agrifood Research Reports 53, 99 pp.
101. Uusitalo R., and Jansson H. Dissolved reactive phosphorus in runoff assessed by soil extraction with an acetate buffer. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 11 (2002) 343-354
102. Vagstad, N., Stålnacke, P., Andersen, H.E., Deelstra, J., Gustavson, A., Iital, A., Jansons, V., Kyllmar, K., Loigu, E., Rekolainen, S., Vouorenmaa, J., 2001. Nutrient losses from Agriculture in the Nordic and Baltic Regiona. Tema Nord Report 2001:591.
103. Valpasvuo-Jaatinen P., Rekolainen S., and Latostenmaa H. Finnish agriculture and its sustainability: environmental impacts. Ambio 7 (1997) 448-455
104. Veith T.L., Sharpley A.N., Weld J.L., and Gburek W.J. Comparison of measured and simulated phosphorus losses with indexed site vulnerability. Transactions of the ASAE 48 (2005) 557-565
105. Vuorenmaa J., Rekolainen S., Lepistö A., Kenttämies K., and Kauppila P. Losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural and forest areas in Finland during the 1980s and 1990s. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 76 (2002) 213-248
106. Weld J.L., Sharpley A.N., Beegle D.B., and Gburek W.J. Identifying critical sources of phosphorus export from agricultural watersheds. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 59 (2001) 29-38
107. Wischmeier, W.H., Smith, D.D., 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses - a guide to conservation planning. Agriculture handbook no 537, US Department of Agriculture.
108. Zuzel J.F., and Pikul Jr. J.L. Infiltration into a seasonally frozen agricultural soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42 (1987) 447-450