Analysing resilience in dryland agro-ecosystems: A case study of the Makanya catchment in Tanzania over the past 50 years

Land Degradation and Development

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 680-696

  Enfors, Elin I ^a   Gordon, L J ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Agro ecosystems; Land degradation; Resilience; Smallholder farmers; Soil water interactions; Sub Saharan Africa; Tanzania

Indexed keywords

CATCHMENTS; ECOSYSTEMS; NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT; RAIN; SOILS;

AFRICA; AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS; LAND DEGRADATION; RESILIENCE; SOIL-WATER INTERACTIONS;

AGRICULTURE;

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM; AGRICULTURAL SOIL; DRYLAND FARMING; LAND DEGRADATION; NATURAL RESOURCE; RESILIENCE; SOIL WATER;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA;

EID: 37449034307     PISSN: 10853278     EISSN: 1099145X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ldr.807     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Anderson D. 1984. Depression, dust bowl, demography, and drought: The colonial state and soil con servation in East Africa during the 1930s. African Affairs 83: 321-343.
2. Barron J, Rockstrom. J, Gichuki F, Hatibu N. 2003. Dry spell analysis and maize yields for two semi-arid locations in East Africa. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 117: 23-37.
3. Berkes F, Folke C (eds). 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
4. Bernard HR. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks.
5. Brookfield HC. 2001. Exploring Agrodiversity: Issues, Cases, and Methods in Biodiversity Conservation. Columbia University Press: New York.
6. Carpenter S, Walker B, Anderies JM, Abel N. 2001. From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what? Ecosystems 4: 765-781.
7. Chambers R. 1983. Rural Development: Putting the Last First. Longman: London.
8. Colding J, Elmqvist T, Olsson P. 2003. Living with disturbance: Building resilience in social-ecological systems. In Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change, Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
9. Coulson A. 1982. Tanzania: A Political Economy. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
10. Dahlberg AC. 2000. Interpretations of environmental change and diversity: A critical approach to indications of degradation - the case of Kalakamate, northeast Botswana. Land Degradation & Development 11: 549-562.
11. Dregne HE, Chou NT. 1992. Global desertification dimensions andcosts. In Degradation and Restoration of Arid Lands, Dregne HE(ed.). Texas Technological University: Lubbock.
12. Ellis F, Mdoe N. 2003. Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Tanzania. World Development 31: 1367-1384.
13. Eswaran H, Lal R, Reich PF. 2001. Land degradation: An overview. In Response to Land Degradation, Bridges EM, Hannan ID, Oldeman LR, Penning de Fries FWT, Scherr SJ, Sombatpanit S (eds). Science Publishers, Inc.: Enfield.
14. Fabricius C, Koch E, Magome H, Turner S (eds). 2004. Rights, Resources & Rural Development: Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa. Earthscan: London.
15. FAO. 1979. Yield response to water. Irrigation and drainage paper 33. FAO. Rome, Italy.
16. Fernandez RJ, Archer ERM, Ash AJ, Dowlatabadi H, Hiernaux PHY, Reynolds JF, Vogel CH, Walker BH, Wiegand T. 2002. Degradation and recovery in socio-ecological systems: A view from the household/farm level. In Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts? Reynolds JF, Stafford Smith DM (eds). Dahlem. University Press: Berlin.
17. Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 35: 557-581.
18. Goldman M. 2003. Partitioned nature, privileged knowledge: Comimmity-based conservation in Tanzania. Development and Change 34: 833-862.
19. Gunderson LH, Holling CS (eds). 2002. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press: Washington DC.
20. Havnevik KJ. 1993. Tanzania: The Limits to Development from Above. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet: Uppsala.
21. Holling CS. 1986. Resilience of ecosystems; local surprise and global change. In Sustainable Development of the Biosphere, Clark WC, Munn RE (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
22. Hutchinson CF, Herrmann SM, Maukonen T, Weber J. 2005. The "greening" of the Sahel. Journal of Arid Environments 63: 535-537.
23. IFPRI. 2005. The future of small farms: Proceedings of a research workshop, Wye, UK, June 26-29 2005. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
24. IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York.
25. Kikula I. 1998. Policy Implications on the Environment: The Case of Villagization in Tanzania. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet: Uppsala.
26. Kimambo IN. 1996. Environmental control and hunger in the mountains and plains of nineteenth-century northeastern Tanzania. In Custodians of the Land: Ecology and Culture in the History of Tanzania, Maddox G, Giblin J, Kimambo I (eds). James Currey: London.
27. Kingdon JW. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Harper Collins: New York.
28. Kiondo A. 1995. Politico-economic developments. In Change in Tanzania 1980-1994, Winai Strom G (ed.). SIDA: Stockholm.
29. Koning N, Smaling E. 2005. Environmental crisis or 'lie of the land'? The debate on soil degradation in Africa. Land Use Policy 22: 3-11.
30. Koponen J. 1996. Population: A dependent variable. In Custrodians of the Land: Ecology and Culture in the History of Tanzania, Maddox G, Giblin J, Kimambo I (eds). James Currey: London.
31. Leach M, Mearns R. 1996. Challenging received wisdom in Africa. In The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, Leach M, Mearns R (eds). Heinemann: Portsmouth.
32. Mikkelsen B. 1995. Methods for Development Work and Research: A Guide for Practitioners. Sage Publications: New Delhi.
33. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment. World Resources Institute: Washington DC, USA.
34. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis. World Resources Institute: Washington DC.
35. Molden D. (ed). 2007. Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Earthscan: London.
36. Mortimore M. 2005. Dryland development: Success stories from West Africa. Environment 47: 8-21.
37. Ngigi SN. 2003. What is the limit of up-scaling rainwater harvesting in a river basin? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28: 943-956.
38. Niamir-Fuller M. 1998. The resilience of pastoral herding in Sahelian Africa. In Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, Berkes F, Folke C (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
39. Olsson P, Folke C, Hahn T. 2004. Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: The development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden. Ecology and Society 9(4): 2.
40. Olsson P, Gunderson LH, Carpenter SR, Ryan P, Lebel L, Folke C, Holling CS. 2006. Shooting the rapids: Navigating transitions to adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 11(1): 18.
41. Ponte S. 2002. Farmers and Markets in Tanzania. James Currey Ltd.: Oxford.
42. Reij C, Tappan G, Belemvire A. 2005. Changing land management practices and vegetation on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso (1968-2002). Journal of Arid Environments 63: 642-659.
43. Robertson GP, Swinton SM. 2005. Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: A grand challenge for agriculture. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3: 38-46.
44. Rockström J. 2003. Resilience building and water demand management for drought mitigation. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28: 869-877.
45. Rockström J, Folke C, Gordon L, Hatibu N, Jewitt G, de Vries FP, Rwehumbiza F, Sally H, Savenije H, Schulze R. 2004. A watershed approach to upgrade rainfed agriculture in water scarce regions through water system innovations: An integrated research initiative on water for food and rural livelihoods in balance with ecosystem functions. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 29: 1109-1118.
46. Röling NG, Wagemakers MAE (eds). 1998. Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture: Participatory Learning and Adaptive Management in Times of Environmental Uncertainty. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York.
47. Sayer JA, Campbell BM. 2004. The Science of Sustainable Development: Local Livelihoods and the Global Environment. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
48. Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413: 591-596.
49. SEI. 2005. Sustainable Pathways to Attain the Millennium Development Goals: Assessing the Key Role of Water Energy and Sanitation. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm.
50. Shao J. 1986. The villagization program and the disruption of the ecological balance in Tanzania. Canadian Journal of African Studies-Revue Canadienne Des Etudes Africaines 20: 219-240.
51. Sheridan MJ. 2004. The environmental consequences of independence and socialism in North Pare, Tanzania, 1961-88. Journal of African History 45: 81-102.
52. Tengó M, Hammer M. 2003. Management practices for building adaptive capacity: A case from northern Tanzania. In Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change, Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
53. The United Republic of Tanzania. 2002. Population and housing census. Central Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam.
54. Tiffen M, Mortimore M, Gichuki F. 1994. More People, Less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya. ACTS Press: Nairobi.
55. UNEP. 1992. World Atlas of Desertification. Edward Arnold: London.
56. Usman MT, Reason CJC. 2004. Dry spell frequencies and their variability over southern Africa. Climate Research 26: 199-211.
57. Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM. 1997. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 277: 494-499.
58. World Bank. 2001. Tanzania at the Turn of the Century: From Reforms to Sustained Growth and Poverty Reduction. World Bank: Washington DC.
59. Ylhaisi J. 2003. Forest privatization and the role of community in forests and nature protection in Tanzania. Environmental Science & Policy 6: 279-290.