Clinical judgement of near pupil responses provides a useful indicator of focusing ability in children with cerebral palsy

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 33-37

  Saunders, Kathryn J ^a   Mcclelland, Julie F ^a   Richardson, Patrick M ^a   Stevenson, Mike ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCOMMODATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HEMIPLEGIA; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NYSTAGMUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPIL REFLEX; RETINOSCOPY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPASTIC PARESIS; STRABISMUS;

ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR; ADOLESCENT; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EYE DISEASES; EYE MOVEMENT MEASUREMENTS; FEMALE; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; MALE; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; REFLEX, PUPILLARY; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 37449021784     PISSN: 00121622     EISSN: 14698749     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.02012.x     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Campbell F W, Westheimer G. (1959) Factors influencing accommodation responses of the human eye. J Opt Soc Am 49: 658-571.
2. Banks M. (1980) Infant refraction and accommodation. Int Ophthalmol Clin 20: 205-232.
3. Heath GG. (1956) Components of accommodation. Am J Optom Am Acad Optom 33: 569-579.
4. Howland HC. (1982) Infant eyes: Optics and accommodation. Curr Eye Res 2: 217-224.
5. Brookman KE. (1983) Ocular accommodation in human infants. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 60: 91-99.
6. Currie DC, Manny RE. (1997) The development of accommodation. Vision Res 37: 1525-1533.
7. Aslin RN, Shea SL, Metz HS. (1990) Use of the Canon R-1 Autorefractor to measure refractive errors and accommodative responses in infants. Clin Vis Sci 5: 61-70.
8. Flitcroft DI, Judge SJ, Morley JW. (1992) Binocular interactions in accommodation control: Effects of anisometropic stimuli. J Neurosci 12: 188-203.
9. Chen AH, O'Leary DJ, Howell ER. (2000) Near visual function in young children. Part I: Near point of convergence. Part II: Amplitude of accommodation. Part III: Near heterophoria. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 20: 185-198.
10. Donders FC. (1864) On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye. With a preliminary essay on physiological dioptrics. Translated from the author's manuscript by William Daniel Moore. London: The New Sydenham Society. p 207-208.
11. Duane A. (1915) Anomalies of the accommodation clinically considered. Trans Am Ophthal 1: 386-402.
12. Nott IS. (1925) Dynamic skiametry, accommodation and convergence. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 6: 490-503.
13. Whitefoot H, Charman WN. (1992) Dynamic retinoscopy and accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 12: 8-17.
14. McClelland JF, Saunders KJ. (2003) The repeatability and validity of dynamic retinoscopy in assessing the accommodative response. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 23: 243-250.
15. McClelland JF, Saunders KJ. (2004) Accommodative lag using dynamic retinoscopy: Age norms for school-age children. Optom Vis Sci 81: 929-933.
16. Leat SJ, Gargon JL. (1996) Accommodative response in children and young adults using dynamic retinoscopy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 16: 375-384.
17. Woodhouse JM, Meades JS, Leat SJ, Saunders KJ. (1993) Reduced accommodation in children with Down syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34: 2382-2387.
18. Leat SJ. (1996) Reduced accommodation in children with cerebral palsy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 16: 375-384.
19. Duckman RH. (1984) Accommodation in cerebral palsy: Function and remediation. J Am Optom Assoc 55: 281-283.
20. McClelland JF, Parkes J, Hill N, Jackson AJ, Saunders KJ. (2006) Accommodative dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy: A population-based study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47: 1824-1830.
21. Hyvärinen L. (1995) Childhood Visual Impairment - Theory and Practice, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, April.
22. Parkes J, Dolk H, Hill N, Pattenden S. (2001) Cerebral palsy in Northern Ireland: 1981-93. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 15: 278-286.
23. Adoh TO, Woodhouse JM, Oduwaiye KA. (1992) The Cardiff Test: A new visual acuity test for toddlers and children with intellectual impairment. A preliminary report. Optom Vis Sci 69: 427-432.
24. McClelland JF, Parkes J, Hill AE, Jackson AJ, Saunders KJ; Association of Research in Vision Science and Ophthalmology. (2005) Visual acuity and disorders of ocular posture in children with cerebral palsy. IOVS 46: ARVO E-Abstract No. 1935.
25. Movshon JA, Eggers HM, Gizzi MS, Hendrickson AE, Kiorpes L, Boothe RG. (1987) The effects of unilateral blur on the macaque's visual system. III. Physiological observations. J Neurosci 7: 1340-1351.
26. Stewart RE, Woodhouse MJ, Trojanowska LD. (2005) In focus: The use of bifocal spectacles with children with Down's syndrome. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 25: 514-522.
27. Ross LM, Heron G, Mackie R, McWilliams R, Dutton G. (2000) Reduced accommodative function in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: A novel management strategy. Dev Med Child Neurol 42: 699-700.