The dark side of an island radiation: Systematics and evolution of troglobitic spiders of the genus Dysdera Latreille (Araneae:Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands

Invertebrate Systematics

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 623-660

  Arnedo, Miquel A ^a   Oromí, Pedro ^b   Múrria, Cesc ^a   Macías Hernández, Nuria ^a,b   Ribera, Carles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPATRY; EVOLUTION; ISLAND; MORPHOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY); SPIDER; TAXONOMY;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; CANARY ISLANDS; EURASIA; EUROPE; MACARONESIA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

ARANEAE; DYSDERA; DYSDERA ANDAMANAE; DYSDERA GIBBIFERA; DYSDERA GOLLUMI; DYSDERA LABRADAENSIS; DYSDERIDAE;

EID: 37349121789     PISSN: 14455226     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/IS07015     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In 'Second International Symposium on Information Theory'. (Eds B. N. Petrov and F. Csaki.) pp. 1-434. (Akademiai Kiado: Budapest, Hungary.)
2. Allegrucci, G., Todisco, V., and Sbordoni, V. (2005). Molecular phylogeography of Dolichopoda cave crickets (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae): a scenario suggested by mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, 153-164. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04. 022
3. Alvarez Rixo, J. A., Díaz Alayón, C., and Tejera Gaspar, A. (1991). 'Lenguaje de los Antiguos Isleños.' (Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria: La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.)
4. Ancochea, E., Hernán, F., Cendrero, A., Cantagrel, J. M., Fuster, J. M., Ibarrola, E., and Coello, J. (1994). Constructive and destructive episodes in the building of a young oceanic island, La Palma, Canary Islands, and the genesis of the Caldera de Taburiente. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 60, 243-262.
5. Arechavaleta, M., Zurita, N., Camacho, A. I., and Oromí, P. (1998). La fauna invertebrada de tres cavidades volcánicas del Parque Nacional del Teide (Tenerife): Los Roques, Cuevas Negras y Chavao. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias 10, 65-78.
6. Arnedo, M. A., and Ribera, C. (1996). Dysdera ratonensis Wunderlich, 1991 (Arachnida, Araneae) a troglomorphic species from La Palma, Canary Islands: description of the male and redescription of the female. Revue Arachnologique 11, 109-122.
7. Arnedo, M. A., and Ribera, C. (1997). Radiation of the genus Dysdera (Araneae, Haplogynae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: the island of Gran Canaria. Zoologica Scripta 26, 205-243. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00413.x
8. Arnedo, M. A., and Ribera, C. (1999). Radiation of the genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: The island of Tenerife. The Journal of Arachnology 27, 604-662.
9. Arnedo, M. A., Oromí, P., and Ribera, C. (1996). Radiation of the genus Dysdera (Araneae, Haplogynae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: The Western Islands. Zoologica Scripta 25, 241-274. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1996.tb00165.x
10. Arnedo, M. A., Oromí, P., and Ribera, C. (2000). Systematics of the genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the eastern Canary Islands. The Journal of Arachnology 28, 261-292. doi:10.1636/0161- 8202(2000)028 [0261:SOTGDA]2.0.CO;2
11. Arnedo, M. A., Oromí, P., and Ribera, C. (2001). Radiation of the spider genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: Cladistic assessment based on multiple data sets. Cladistics 17, 313-353. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2001.tb00129.x
12. Arnedo, M. A., Coddington, J., Agnarsson, I., and Gillespie, R. G. (2004). From a comb to a tree: phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31, 225-245. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00261-6
13. Ashmole, N. P. (1993). Colonization of the underground environment in volcanic islands. Memoires de Biospeologie 20, 1-11.
14. Baker, R. H., and DeSalle, R. (1997). Multiple sources of character information and the phylogeny of Hawaiian Drosophila. Systematic Biology 46, 654-673. doi:10.2307/2413499
15. Baker, R. H., Yu, X., and DeSalle, R. (1998). Assessing the relative contribution of molecular and morphological characters in simultaneous analysis trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9, 427-436. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0519
16. Barr, T. C. (1967). Observations on the ecology of cave. American Naturalist 101, 475-492. doi:10.1086/282512
17. Barr, T. C. (1968). Cave ecology and the evolution of troglobites. Evolutionary Biology 2, 35-102.
18. Barr, T. C., and Holsinger, J. P. (1985). Speciation in cave faunas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16, 313-337. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001525
19. Bristowe, W. S. (1954). The chelicerae of spiders. Endeavour 13, 42-49.
20. Bristowe, W. S. (1958). 'The World of Spiders.' (Collins: London, UK.)
21. Caccone, A., and Sbordoni, V. (2001). Molecular biogeography of cave life: a study using mitochondrial DNA from bathysciine beetles. Evolution 55, 122-130.
22. Carracedo, J. C., and Day, S. (2002). 'Canary Islands.' (Terra Publishing: Harpenden, UK.)
23. Chapman, P. (1982). The origin of troglobites. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 16, 133-141.
24. Christiansen, K. (1961). Convergence and parallelism in cave Entomobryinae. Evolution 15, 288-301. doi:10.2307/2406229
25. Christiansen, K. (1962). Proposition pour la classification des animaux cavernicoles. Spelunca 2, 76-78.
26. Christiansen, K. (1992). Biological processes in space and time: cave life in the light of modern evolutionary theory. In 'The Natural History of Biospeleology'. (Ed. A. I. Camacho.) pp. 453-480. (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC): Madrid, Spain.)
27. Christiansen, K., and Culver, D. C. (1968). Geographical variation and evolution in Pseudosinella hirsuta. Evolution 22, 237-255. doi:10.2307/2406522
28. Coleman, C. O. (2003). "Digital inking": how to make perfect line drawings on computers. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 3, 303-304. doi:10.1078/1439-6092-00081
29. Contreras-Díaz, H. G., Moya, O., Oromi, P., and Juan, C. (2007). Evolution and diversification of the forest and hypogean ground-beetle genus Trechus in the Canary Islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42, 687-699. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.007
30. Cooke, J. A. L. (1965). A contribution to the biology of the British spiders belonging to the genus Dysdera. Oikos 16, 20-25. doi:10.2307/3564861
31. Criado, C. (1984). El relieve erosivo: las formas de modelado. In 'Geografia de Canarias'. pp. 105-142. (Interinsular Canarias: Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.)
32. Criado, C., and Hansen, A. (1994). Morfodinamica litoral, torrencial y volcanica durante el Pleistoceno final y Holoceno de Jinamar (Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias). In 'Geomorfologia en Espana'. (Eds J. Arnáez Vadillo; J.M. García-Ruiz and A. Gómez Villar.) pp. 369-389. (Sociedad Espanola de Geomorfologia: Logrono, Spain.)
33. Culver, D. C. (1982). 'Cave Life.' (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA.)
34. Culver, D. C. (2001). Subterranean ecosystems. In 'Encyclopedia of Biodiversity'. pp. 527-540. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA.)
35. Culver, D. C., Deharveng, L., Bedos, A., Lewis, J. J., Madden, M., Reddell, J. R., Sket, B., Trontelj, P., and White, D. (2006). The mid-latitude biodiversity ridge in terrestrial cave fauna. Ecography 29, 120-128. doi:10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04435.x
36. Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L., and Deeleman, P. R. (1988). Revision des Dysderinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 131, 141-269.
37. Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1993). The cricket fauna of Chiapanecan caves (Mexico): Systematics, phylogeny and the evolution of troglobitic life (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae, Luzarinae). International Journal of Speleology 22, 1-82.
38. Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1994). A phylogenetic test of troglobitic adaptation in crickets (Insecta, Orthoptera, Grylloidea). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie 317, 907-912.
39. Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1997a). Are troglobitic taxa troglobiomorphic? A test using phylogenetic inference. International Journal of Speleology 26, 1-19.
40. Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1997b). Studies in cave life evolution: a rationale for future theoretical developments using phylogenetic inference. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 35, 23-31.
41. Desutter-Grandcolas, L., and Grandcolas, P. (1996). The evolution toward troglobitic life: A phylogenetic reappraisal of climatic relict and local habitat shift hypotheses. Memoires de Biospeologie 23, 57-63.
42. Dowling, T. E., Martasian, D. P., and Jeffery, W. R. (2002). Evidence for multiple genetic forms with similar eyeless phenotypes in the blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 446-455.
43. Fage, L. (1931). Araneae, 5e série, précédée d'un essai sur l'évolution souterraine et son déterminisme. In Biospeologica, LV. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 71, 91-291.
44. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783-791. doi:10.2307/2408678
45. Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., and Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3, 294-299.
46. Gillespie, R. G. (2004). Community assembly through adaptive radiation in Hawaiian spiders. Science 303, 356-359. doi:10.1126/science. 1091875
47. Glover, P. E., Glover, E. C., Trump, E. C., and Wateridge, L. E. D. (1964). The lava caves of Mount Suswa, Kenya, with particular reference to their studies in ecological role. Studies in Speleology 1, 51-56.
48. Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S., and Nixon, K. C. (2003). TNT: Tree Analysis Using New Technologies. Available at http://www.zmuc.dk/public/ phylogeny/TNT/ [Verified 30 November 2007]
49. Gould, S. J., and Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation- a missing term in the science of form. Palaeobiology 8, 4-15.
50. Grandcolas, P. (1997). 'The Origin of Biodiversity in Insects: Phylogenetic Tests of Evolutionary Scenarios.' (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris, France.)
51. Guillou, H., Carracedo, J. C., Torrado, F. P., and Badiola, E. R. (1996). K-Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy of a hotspot-induced, fast grown oceanic island: El Hierro, Canary Islands. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 73, 141-155. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(96)00021-2
52. Hall, T. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41, 95-98.
53. Hedin, M. C. (1997a). Molecular phylogenetics at the population/species interface in cave spiders of the Southern Appalachians (Araneae: Nesticidae: Nesticus). Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 309-324.
54. Hedin, M. C. (1997b). Speciational history in a Diverse clade of habitatspecialized spiders (Araneae: Nesticidae: Nesticus): Inferences from geographic-based sampling. Evolution 51, 1929-1945. doi:10.2307/2411014
55. Hoch, H., and Howarth, F. G. (1999). Multiple cave invasion by the species of the cixiid planthopper Oliarus in Hawaii. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, 453-475. doi:10.1006/zjls.1998. 0185
56. Holsinger, J. R. (1988). Troglobites: the evolution of cave-dwelling organisms. American Scientist 76, 146-153.
57. Hopkin, S. P., and Martin, M. H. (1985). Assimilation of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, and iron by the spider Dysdera crocata, a predator of woodlice. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34, 183-187. doi:10.1007/BF01609722
58. Howarth, F. G. (1972). Cavernicoles in lava tubes on the island of Hawaii. Science 175, 325-326. doi:10.1126/science.175.4019.325
59. Howarth, F. G. (1973). The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava tubes, 1. Introduction. Pacific Insects 15, 139-151.
60. Howarth, F. G. (1981). Community structure and niche differentiation in Hawaiian lava tubes. In 'Island Ecosystems; Biological Organization in Selected Hawaiian Communities'. (Eds D. Mueller-Dombois, K. W. Bridges and H. L. Carson.) pp.318-336. (Academic Press: New York, USA.)
61. Howarth, F. G. (1983). Ecology of cave arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 28, 365-389. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.002053
62. Howarth, F. G. (1986). The tropical cave environment and the evolution of troglobites. In 'Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Speleology'. pp. 153-155. (Barcelona, Spain.)
63. Howarth, F. G. (1987). The evolution of non-relictual tropical troglobites. International Journal of Speleology 16, 1-16.
64. Howarth, F. G. (1991). Hawaiian cave faunas: Macroevolution on young islands. In 'The Unity of Evolutionary Biology'. (Ed. E. C. Dudley.) pp. 285-295. (Dioscorides Press: Portland, OR, USA.)
65. Howarth, F. G. (1993). High stress subterranean habitats and evolutionary change in cave-inhabiting arthropods. American Naturalist 142, 565-577.
66. Howarth, F. G., and Hoch, H. (2005). Adaptive shifts. In 'Encyclopedia of Caves'. (Eds D. C. Culver and W. B. White.) pp. 17-24. (Academic Press: Boston, MA, USA.)
67. Izquierdo, I. (1997). 'Estrategias adaptativas al medio subterraneo de las especies del genero Loboptera Brunner W. (Blattaria, Blattellidae) en las Islas Canarias.' (Universidad de La Laguna: La Tenerife, Spain.)
68. Jarrige, J. (1957). Coleopteres Brachelytra de l'ile de la Reunion. Memoires Institut Sciences Madagascar. Serie E 8, 103-118.
69. Juberthie, C. (1984). La colonisation du mileu souterrain; théories et méthodes, relations avec la spéciation et l'evolution souterraine. Memoires de Biospeologie 11, 65-102.
70. Kane, T., and Culver, D. C. (1992). Biological processes in space and time: analysis of adaptation. In 'The Natural History of Biospeleology'. (Ed. A. I. Camacho.) pp. 377-400. (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC): Madrid, Spain.)
71. Kumar, S., Tamura, K., and Nei, M. (2004). MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics 5, 150-163. doi:10.1093/bib/5.2.150
72. Kuntner, M., Sket, B., and Blejec, A. (1999). A comparison of the respiratory systems in some cave and surface species of spiders (Araneae, Dysderidae). The Journal of Arachnology 27, 142-148.
73. Legendre, P., and Legendre, L. (1998). 'Numerical Ecology.' (Elsevier B. V.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)
74. Leleup, N., and Leleup, J. (1968). 'Mission zoologique belge aux ãiles Galapagos et en Ecuador.' (Musâee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale; Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique: Tervuren, Bruxelles, Belgium.)
75. Leys, R., Watts, C. H., Cooper, S. J., and Humphreys, W. F. (2003). Evolution of subterranean diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporini, Bidessini) in the arid zone of Australia. Evolution 57, 2819-2834.
76. Losos, J. B., Jackman, T. R., Larson, A., De Queiroz, K., and Rodriguez Schettino, L. (1998). Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science 279, 2115-2118. doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2115
77. Martín, J. L. (1991). 'Fauna invertebrada del Parque Nacional de Timanfaya (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias).' (Servicio de publicaciones de la Caja General de Ahorros de Canarias: Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.)
78. Martín, J. L. (1992). 'Caracterización ecológica y evolución de las comunidades subterráneas en las islas de Tenerife, el Hierro y La Palma.' (Universidad de La Laguna: La Laguna, Spain.)
79. Martín, J. L., and Oromí, P. (1986). An ecological study of Cueva de los Roques lava tube (Tenerife, Canary Islands). Journal of Natural History 20, 375-388. doi:10.1080/00222938600770281
80. Medina, A. L. (1991). El medio subterráeneo superficial en las Islas Canarias: Caracterización y consideraciones sobre su fauna. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
81. Miller, J. A. (2005). Cave adaptation in the spider genus Anthrobia (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Zoologica Scripta 34, 565-592. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00206.x
82. Miller, J. S., and Wenzel, J. W. (1995). Ecological characters and phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology 40, 389-415. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002133
83. Moulds, T. A., Murphy, N., Adams, M., Reardon, T., Harvey, M. S., Jennings, J., and Austin, A. D. (2007). Phylogeography of cave pseudoscorpions in southern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 34, 951-962.
84. Nixon, K. C. (2002). WinClada. (Published by the Author: New York, USA.) Available at www.cladistics.com [Verified 30 November 2007]
85. Oromí, P. (2004). Canary Islands: Biospeleology. In 'Encyclopedia of caves and karst science'. (Ed. J. Gunn.) pp. 179-181. (Fitzroy Dearborn: New York, USA.)
86. Oromí, P., and Izquierdo, I. (1994). The Canary Islands: Underground environment and adapted fauna. In 'Encyclopaedia Biospeleologica'. (Eds C. Juberthie and V. Decu.) pp. 631-639. (Société Internationale de Biospéologie: Moulis, France.)
87. Oromí, P., Martín, J. L., Medina, A. L., and Izquierdo, I. (1991). The evolution of the hypogean fauna in the Canary Islands. In 'The Unity of Evolutionary Biology'. (Ed. E. C. Dudley.) pp. 380-395. (Dioscorides Press: Portland, OR, USA.)
88. Peck, S. B. (1975). The invertebrate fauna of tropical American caves, Part III: Jamaica, an introduction. International Journal of Speleology 7, 303-326.
89. Peck, S. B. (1990). Eyeless arthropods of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Composition and origin of the cryptozoic fauna of a young, tropical, oceanic archipelago. Biotropica 22, 366-381. doi:10.2307/2388554
90. Peck, S. B., and Finston, T. L. (1993). Galapagos islands, troglobites: the questions of tropical toglobites, parapatric distribution with eyed-sister-species, and the origin of parapatric speciation. Memoires de Biospeologie 20, 19-37.
91. Petit-Maire, N., Delibrias, G., Meco, J., Pomel, S., and Rosso, J. C. (1986). Paleoclimatologie des Canarie Orientales (Fuerteventura). Comptes Rendues Academie Sciences Paris, t. 303, Serie II 13, 1241-1246.
92. Platnick, N. I. (2006). The world spider catalog. (American Museum of Natural History: New York.) Available at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/ spiders/catalog81-87/INTRO1.html [Verified 30 November 2007]
93. Pollard, S. D. (1986). Prey capture in Dysdera crocata (Araneae: Dysderidae), a long fanged spider. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13, 149-150.
94. Pollard, S. D., Jackson, R. R., Van Olphen, A., and Robertson, M. W. (1995). Does Dysdera crocata (Araneae Dysderidae) prefer woodlice as prey? Ethology Ecology and Evolution 7, 271-275.
95. Pons, J., and Vogler, A. (2006). Size, frequency, and phylogenetic signal of multiple-residue indels in sequence alignment introns. Cladistics 22, 144-156. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00088.x
96. Posada, D., and Buckley, T. R. (2004). Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic Biology 53, 793-808. doi:10.1080/10635150490522304
97. Posada, D., and Crandall, K. A. (1998). MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817-818.
98. Poulson, T. L. (1981). Variations in life history of linyphiid cave spiders. In 'Eighth International Congress of Speleology, Bowling Green, Kentucky'. (Ed. B. F. Beck.) pp. 60-62. (National Speleological Society: Bowling Green, KY, USA.)
99. Racovitza, E. G. (1907). Essai sur les problemes biospeologiques. Archives Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (Biospeologica I) 43(6), 371-488.
100. Rambaut, A., and Drummond, A. J. (2003). TRACER. Available at http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer [Verified 30 November 2007]
101. Reddell, J. R. (1977). preliminary survey of the caves of the Yucatan Peninsula. In 'Studies of the Caves and Cave Fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula'. (Ed. J. R. Reddell.) pp. 215-296. (The Speleo. Press: Austin, TX, USA.)
102. Ribera, C., and Juberthie, C. (1994). Araneae. In 'Encyclopaedia Biospeologica.' (Ed. C. Juberthie.) pp. 197-214. (Société Internationale de Biospéologie: Moulis, France.)
103. Rivera, M. A., Howarth, F. G., Taiti, S., and Roderick, G. K. (2002). Evolution in Hawaiian cave-adapted isopods (Oniscidea: Philosciidae): vicariant speciation or adaptive shifts? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25, 1-9. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00353-6
104. Rognon, P., Coude-Gaussen, G., Le Costumer, M. N., Balouet, J. C., and Ochietti, S. (1989). Le massif dunaire de Jandia (Fuerteventura, Canaries): evolution des paleoenvironments de 20.000 BP a l'actuel. Bulletin de l'Association francaise pour l'Etude du Quaternaire 1, 31-37.
105. Ronquist, F., and Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572-1574.
106. Rovner, J. S. (1986). Nests of terrestrial spiders maintain a physical gill flooding and the evolution of silk constructions. The Journal of Arachnology 14, 327-338.
107. Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., and Coulsen, A. R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74, 5463-5468.
108. Sarthein, M., and Koopman, B. (1980). Late Quaternary deep-sea record on northwest African dust supply and wind circulation. In 'Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands'. (Eds E. M. van Zinderen Bakker, Sr. and J. A. Coetzee.) pp. 239-253. (A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam, Germany.)
109. Sarthein, M., Tetzlaff, G., Koopmann, B., Wolter, K., and Pflaumann, U. (1981). Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-west Africa. Nature 293, 193-196.
110. Sbordoni, V. (1982). Advances in speciation of cave animals. In 'Mechanism of Speciation'. (Ed. C. Bigozzi.) pp. 219-240. (A.R. Liss: New York, USA.)
111. Sbordoni, V., Allegrucci, G., and Cesaroni, D. (2000). Population genetic structure, speciation and evolutionary rates in cave-dwelling organisms. In 'Ecosystems of the World'. (Eds H. Wilkens, D. C. Culver and W. F. Humphreys.) pp. 453-477. (Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)
112. Schilthuizen, M., Cabanban, A. S., and Haase, M. (2005). Possible speciation with gene flow in tropical cave snails. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43, 133-138. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00289.x
113. Schiner, J. R. (1854). Fauna der Adelsberger-, Lueger- und Magdalenen-Grotte. In 'Die Grotten und Höhlen von Adelsberg, Lueg, Planina und Laas'. (Ed. A. Schmidl.) pp. 231-172. (Braunmülkler: Wien, Germany.)
114. Schluter, D. (2000). 'The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation.' (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
115. Simmons, M. P., and Ochoterena, H. (2000). Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49, 369-381. doi:10.1080/10635159950173889
116. Simmons, M. P., Ochoterena, H., and Carr, T. G. (2001). Incorporation, relative homoplasy, and effect of gap characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 50, 454-462. doi:10.1080/ 106351501300318049
117. Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., and Flook, P. (1994). Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87, 651-701.
118. Sorenson, M. D. (1999). 'TreeRot ver. 2.' (Boston University: Boston, MA, USA.) Available at http://people.bu.edu/msoren/TreeRot.html [Verified 5 December 2007]
119. Strecker, U., Bernatchez, L., and Wilkens, H. (2003). Genetic divergence between cave and surface populations of Astyanax in Mexico (Characidae, Teleostei). Molecular Ecology 12, 699-710. doi:10.1046/j.1365- 294X.2003.01753.x
120. Swofford, D. (2001). 'PAUP Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods), Version 4.' (Sinauer Associated: Sunderland, MA, USA.)
121. Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., and Higgins, D. G. (1997). The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25, 4876-4882. doi:10.1093/nar/25.24.4876
122. Trajano, E. (1995). Evolution of tropical troglobites: applicability of the model of quaternary climatic fluctuations. Memoires de Biospeologie 22, 203-210.
123. Wheeler, W. C., and Hayashi, C. Y. (1998). The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders. Cladistics 14, 173-192. doi:10.1111/j.1096- 0031.1998.tb00331.x
124. Wiens, J. J., Chippindale, P. T., and Hillis, D. M. (2003). When are phylogenetic analyses misled by convergence? A case study in Texas cave salamanders. Systematic Biology 52, 501-514.
125. Wilkens, H., and Hüppop, K. (1986). Sympatric speciation in cave fishes? Studies on a mixed population of epi- and hypogean Astyanax (Characidae, Pisces). Zeitschrift fuer Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 24, 223-230.
126. Wunderlich, J. (1991). Die Spinnen-fauna der Makaronesischen Inseln. Beiträge zur Araneologie 1, 1-619.
127. Young, N. D., and Healy, J. (2003). GapCoder automates the use of indel characters in phylogenetic analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 4, 6.