Dynamic changes in body form during swimming in the water snake Nerodia sipedon

Zoology

Volumn 111, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 48-61

  Pattishall, Abigail ^a   Cundall, David ^a  

^a LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aquatic vertebrates; Body shape; Snake anatomy; Swimming performance

Indexed keywords

HYDROPHIIDAE; NERODIA; NERODIA SIPEDON; SERPENTES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 37349105374     PISSN: 09442006     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Aubret F., Bonnet X., and Maumelat S. Tail loss, body condition and swimming performances in tiger snakes, Notechis ater occidentalis. J. Exp. Zool. 303A (2005) 894-903
2. Azizi E., Gillis G.B., and Brainerd E.L. Morphology and mechanics of myosepta in a swimming salamander (Siren lacertina). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 133 (2002) 967-978
3. Balent K.L., and Andreadis P.T. The mixed foraging strategy of juvenile northern water snakes. J. Herpetol. 32 (1998) 575-579
4. Brown E.E. Feeding habits of the northern water snake, Natrix sipedon Linnaeus. Zoologica 43 (1958) 55-71
5. Buffa P. Ricerche sulla muscolatura cutanea dei serpenti e considerazioni sulla locomozione di questi animali. Atti Acad. Sci. Ven.-Trent.-Istr. 1 (1904) 145-288
6. Churukian C.J., and Schenk E.A. Iron gallein elastic method - a substitute for verhoeff's tissue stain. Stain Tech. 51 (1976) 213-217
7. Conant R., and Collins J.T. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America. third ed. (1998), Houghton Mifflin, Boston expanded
8. Cundall D. Functional morphology. In: Seigel R.A., Collins J.T., and Novak S.S. (Eds). Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (1987), Blackburn Press, Caldwell 106-140
9. Gans C. The feeding mechanism of snakes and its possible evolution. Am. Zool. 1 (1961) 217-227
10. Gasc J.-P. L'interprétation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l' axe vertébral chez les serpents (Reptilia). Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Ser. A, Zool. 83 (1974) 1-182
11. Gasc J.-P. Axial musculature. In: Gans C., and Parsons T.S. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia vol. 11 (1981), Academic Press, New York 355-435
12. Gibbons J.W., and Dorcas M.E. North American Watersnakes: A Natural History (2004), University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
13. Gillis G.B. Undulatory locomotion in elongate aquatic vertebrates: anguilliform swimming since Sir James Gray. Am. Zool. 36 (1996) 656-665
14. Gillis G.B. Anguilliform locomotion in an elongate salamander (Siren intermedia): effects of speed on axial undulatory movements. J. Exp. Biol. 200 (1997) 767-784
15. Gillis G.B. Environmental effects on undulatory locomotion in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata): kinematics in water and on land. J. Exp. Biol. 201 (1998) 949-961
16. Graham J.B., Lowell W.R., Rubinoff I., and Motta J. Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake Pelamis platurus. J. Exp. Biol. 127 (1987) 27-44
17. Gray J. Animal Locomotion (1968), Weidenfield and Nicholson, London
18. Greene H. Dietary correlates of the origin and radiation of snakes. Am. Zool. 23 (1983) 431-441
19. Greer A.E. The Biology and Evolution of Australian Snakes (1997), Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney
20. Gritis P. Osteology and myology of the tail in the green snake Opheodrys aestivus (Serpentes: Colubridae): patterns of morphological change. M.S. Thesis (1992), Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
21. Heatwole H. Sea Snakes (1987), New South Whales University Press, Kensington
22. Hertel H. Structure, Form and Movement (1966), Rheinold, New York
23. Hoffstetter R., and Gasc J.P. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans C. (Ed). Biology of the Reptilia vol. 1 (1969), Academic Press, New York 281-299
24. Humason G.L. Animal Tissue Techniques. fourth ed. (1979), W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco
25. Ineich I., and Laboute P. Sea Snakes of New Caledonia (2002), IRD Éditions, Muséum nationale d'Histoire naturelle, Paris
26. Jayne B.C. Swimming in constricting (Elaphe g. guttata) and nonconstricting (Nerodia fasciata pictiventris) colubrid snakes. Copeia 1985 (1985) 195-208
27. Jayne B.C. Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: an electromyographic study of lateral undulation of the Florida banded water snake (Nerodia fasciata) and the yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta). J. Morphol. 197 (1988) 159-181
28. Liao J.C. Swimming in needlefish (Belonidae): anguilliform locomotion with fins. J. Exp. Biol. 205 (2002) 2875-2884
29. Lighthill M.J. Aquatic animal propulsion of high hydromechanical efficiency. J. Fluid Mech. 44 (1970) 265-301
30. Lighthill M.J. Mathematical Biofluiddynamics (1975), Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia
31. Moon B.R., and Gans C. Kinematics, muscular activity and propulsion in gopher snakes. J. Exp. Biol. 201 (1998) 2669-2684
32. Mosauer, W., 1931. The locomotion of snakes and its anatomical basis. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan.
33. Mosauer W. The myology of the trunk region of snakes and its significance for ophidian taxonomy and phylogeny. Univ. Calif. Los Angeles Publ. Biol. Sci. 1 (1935) 81-120
34. Rivera G., Savitzky A.H., and Hinkley J.A. Mechanical properties of the integument of the common gartersnake, Thamnophis sirtalis (Serpentes: Colubridae). J. Exp. Biol. 208 (2005) 2913-2922
35. Rosenberg H.I. Functional anatomy of pulmonary ventilation in the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans. J. Morphol. 140 (1973) 171-184
36. Schultz W.W., and Webb P.W. Power requirements of swimming: do new methods resolve old questions?. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42 (2002) 1018-1025
37. Shine R., and Shetty S. Moving in two worlds: aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in sea snakes (Laticauda colubrina, Laticaudidae). J. Evol. Biol. 14 (2001) 338-346
38. Shine R., and Shetty S. The influence of natural selection and sexual selection on the tails of sea-snakes (Laticauda colubrina). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 74 (2001) 121-129
39. Shine R., Cogger H.G., Reed R.R., Shetty S., and Bonnet X. Aquatic and terrestrial locomotor speeds of amphibious sea-snakes (Serpentes, Laticaudidae). J. Zool., Lond. 259 (2003) 261-268
40. Taylor G. Analysis of the swimming of long narrow animals. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. 214 (1952) 158-183
41. Tytell E.D. The hydrodynamics of eel swimming. II. Effect of swimming speed. J. Exp. Biol. 207 (2004) 3265-3279
42. Tytell E.D., and Lauder G.V. The hydrodynamics of eel-swimming. I. Wake structure. J. Exp. Biol. 207 (2004) 1825-1841
43. Weatherhead P.J., and Robertson I.C. Thermal constraints on swimming performance and escape response of northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon). Can. J. Zool. 70 (1992) 94-98
44. Webb J.K. Pregnancy decreases swimming performance of female northern death adders (Acanthophis praelongus). Copeia 2004 (2004) 357-363
45. Webb P.W., and Blake R.W. Swimming. In: Hildebrand M., Bramble D., Liem K., and Wake D. (Eds). Functional Vertebrate Morphology (1987), Harvard University Press, Cambridge 110-128