-
2
-
-
0032159929
-
Intentional ignorance: A history of blind assessment and placebo controls in medicine
-
Kaptchuk TJ. Intentional ignorance: a history of blind assessment and placebo controls in medicine. Bull Hist Med. 1998;72:427-432.
-
(1998)
Bull Hist Med
, vol.72
, pp. 427-432
-
-
Kaptchuk, T.J.1
-
3
-
-
76549223697
-
-
As Beecher jotted to himself in 1950: The measurement of subtle human emotions in reproducible terms is no less of an achievement than that of 'pure' mathematics. In Thesis: Ideas are More Important than Machines, unpublished note, 10/21/50, Box 25, ff 45, Henry K. Beecher Papers, Countway Medical Library (hereafter HBP). Denton JE, Beecher HK. I. Methods in the clinical evaluation of new analgesics. J Am Med Assoc. 1949;141:1056-1057;
-
As Beecher jotted to himself in 1950: "The measurement of subtle human emotions in reproducible terms is no less of an achievement than that of 'pure' mathematics." In "Thesis: Ideas are More Important than Machines," unpublished note, 10/21/50, Box 25, ff 45, Henry K. Beecher Papers, Countway Medical Library (hereafter HBP). Denton JE, Beecher HK. I. Methods in the clinical evaluation of new analgesics. J Am Med Assoc. 1949;141:1056-1057;
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
37049242895
-
A method for quantifying the intensity of pain
-
Beecher HK. A method for quantifying the intensity of pain. Science. 1953;118:322-324;
-
(1953)
Science
, vol.118
, pp. 322-324
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
5
-
-
0346473368
-
Appraisal of drugs intended to alter subjective responses, symptoms
-
Beecher HK. Appraisal of drugs intended to alter subjective responses, symptoms. J Am Med Assoc. 1955;158:399-401;
-
(1955)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.158
, pp. 399-401
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
7
-
-
37349002201
-
Methods in the clinical evaluation of new analgesics. 1056; Keats AS, D'Alessandro GL, Beecher HK. A controlled study of pain relief by intravenous procaine
-
Denton JE, Beecher HK. Methods in the clinical evaluation of new analgesics. 1056; Keats AS, D'Alessandro GL, Beecher HK. A controlled study of pain relief by intravenous procaine. J Am Med Assoc. 1951;147:1761, 1763.
-
(1951)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.147
, Issue.1761
, pp. 1763
-
-
Denton, J.E.1
Beecher, H.K.2
-
8
-
-
37349006387
-
Clinical impression and clinical investigation
-
Beecher HK. Clinical impression and clinical investigation. J Am Med Assoc. 1953;151:44, 45.
-
(1953)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.151
, Issue.44
, pp. 45
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
9
-
-
84882467365
-
The xanthines (theobromine and aminophylline) in the treatment of cardiac pain
-
Gold H, Kwit NT, Otto H. The xanthines (theobromine and aminophylline) in the treatment of cardiac pain. J Am Med Assoc. 1937;108:2173-2179;
-
(1937)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.108
, pp. 2173-2179
-
-
Gold, H.1
Kwit, N.T.2
Otto, H.3
-
10
-
-
0039780372
-
Cornell conferences on therapy: The use of placebos in therapy
-
Gold H. Cornell conferences on therapy: the use of placebos in therapy. N Y State J Med. 1946;46:1718-1727;
-
(1946)
N Y State J Med
, vol.46
, pp. 1718-1727
-
-
Gold, H.1
-
12
-
-
0006840064
-
Resuscitation and sedation of patients with burns which include the airway
-
Beecher HK. Resuscitation and sedation of patients with burns which include the airway. Ann Surg. 1943;117:825-833.
-
(1943)
Ann Surg
, vol.117
, pp. 825-833
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
13
-
-
84956901056
-
-
Beecher HK. Pain in men wounded in battle. Ann Surg. 1946;123:99.
-
Beecher HK. Pain in men wounded in battle. Ann Surg. 1946;123:99.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
37348999435
-
Pain relief with hypnotic doses of barbiturates and a hypothesis
-
Keats AS, Beecher HK. Pain relief with hypnotic doses of barbiturates and a hypothesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1950;100:11.
-
(1950)
J Pharmacol Exp Ther
, vol.100
, pp. 11
-
-
Keats, A.S.1
Beecher, H.K.2
-
15
-
-
77049242855
-
The powerful placebo
-
Beecher HK. The powerful placebo. J Am Med Assoc. 1955;159:1602-1605.
-
(1955)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.159
, pp. 1602-1605
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
16
-
-
33749771830
-
The subjective response and reaction to sensation: The reaction phase as the effective site for drug action
-
Beecher HK. The subjective response and reaction to sensation: the reaction phase as the effective site for drug action. Am J Med. 1956;20:107-113.
-
(1956)
Am J Med
, vol.20
, pp. 107-113
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
17
-
-
0000864683
-
-
Beecher HK, Keats AS, Mosteller F, et al. The effectiveness of oral analgesics (morphine, codeine, acetylsalicylic acid) and the problem of placebo 'reactors' and 'non-reactors'. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1953;109:393, 399.
-
Beecher HK, Keats AS, Mosteller F, et al. The effectiveness of oral analgesics (morphine, codeine, acetylsalicylic acid) and the problem of placebo 'reactors' and 'non-reactors'. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1953;109:393, 399.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
0000762640
-
A study of the placebo response
-
Lasagna L, Mosteller F, von Felsinger JM, et al. A study of the placebo response. Am J Med. 1954;16:770, 776.
-
(1954)
Am J Med
, vol.16
, Issue.770
, pp. 776
-
-
Lasagna, L.1
Mosteller, F.2
von Felsinger, J.M.3
-
19
-
-
0031439991
-
The powerful placebo effect: Fact or fiction?
-
Kienle GS, Kiene H. The powerful placebo effect: fact or fiction? J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:1311-1318.
-
(1997)
J Clin Epidemiol
, vol.50
, pp. 1311-1318
-
-
Kienle, G.S.1
Kiene, H.2
-
20
-
-
0032748751
-
Placebos and placebo effects in medicine: Historical overview
-
deCraen AJM, Kaptchuk TJ, Tijssen JGP, et al. Placebos and placebo effects in medicine: historical overview. J R Soc Med. 1999;92:512-513.
-
(1999)
J R Soc Med
, vol.92
, pp. 512-513
-
-
deCraen, A.J.M.1
Kaptchuk, T.J.2
Tijssen, J.G.P.3
-
21
-
-
37349035501
-
-
Michael DeBakey to Henry K. Beecher, 12/30/55, Box 28, ff 53, HBP.
-
Michael DeBakey to Henry K. Beecher, 12/30/55, Box 28, ff 53, HBP.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
0011193216
-
Increased stress and effectiveness of placebos and 'active' drugs
-
Beecher HK. Increased stress and effectiveness of placebos and 'active' drugs. Science. 1960;132:91-92;
-
(1960)
Science
, vol.132
, pp. 91-92
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
23
-
-
0000410874
-
Evidence for increased effectiveness of placebos with increased stress
-
Evidence for increased effectiveness of placebos with increased stress. Am J Physiol. 1956;187:163-169.
-
(1956)
Am J Physiol
, vol.187
, pp. 163-169
-
-
-
24
-
-
85025944674
-
The dynamics of placebo therapy: A clinical study
-
Fischer HK, Dlin BM. The dynamics of placebo therapy: a clinical study. Am J Med Sci. 1956;232:511.
-
(1956)
Am J Med Sci
, vol.232
, pp. 511
-
-
Fischer, H.K.1
Dlin, B.M.2
-
25
-
-
70449184732
-
-
In discussion following Taber RE and Marchiano T. Observations on the hemodynamic effects of experimental internal mammary artery ligation [original presentation on 11/22/57]. Arch Surg. 1958;76:785.
-
In discussion following Taber RE and Marchiano T. Observations on the hemodynamic effects of experimental internal mammary artery ligation [original presentation on 11/22/57]. Arch Surg. 1958;76:785.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
0004169920
-
-
Glover RP, Davila RC, Kyle RH, et al. Ligation of the internal mammary arteries as a means of increasing blood supply to the myocardium. J Thorac Surg. 1957;34:661. Ischemic heart disease was not isolated as a subtype of cardiovascular disease (accounting, at the time, for two-thirds of such attributed deaths) until 1968, 5 years after cardiovascular death rates had reached their all-time high. Death rate, by cause: 1900-1998 [Table Ab929-951].
-
Glover RP, Davila RC, Kyle RH, et al. Ligation of the internal mammary arteries as a means of increasing blood supply to the myocardium. J Thorac Surg. 1957;34:661. "Ischemic heart disease" was not isolated as a subtype of cardiovascular disease (accounting, at the time, for two-thirds of such attributed deaths) until 1968, 5 years after cardiovascular death rates had reached their all-time high. (Death rate, by cause: 1900-1998 [Table Ab929-951].
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
37349114312
-
-
In Carter SB, Gartner SS, Haines MR, Olmstead AL, Sutch R, and Wright G, eds, Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, Online. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
-
In Carter SB, Gartner SS, Haines MR, Olmstead AL, Sutch R, and Wright G, eds, Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, Online. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
37349111949
-
-
Ellis LB, Blumgart HL, Harken DC, et al. Clinical conference: long-term management of patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1958;17:946.
-
Ellis LB, Blumgart HL, Harken DC, et al. Clinical conference: long-term management of patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1958;17:946.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
0000470176
-
The development of a new blood supply to the heart by operation
-
Beck CS. The development of a new blood supply to the heart by operation. Ann Surg. 1935;102:801-813;
-
(1935)
Ann Surg
, vol.102
, pp. 801-813
-
-
Beck, C.S.1
-
30
-
-
84872639479
-
Development of an anastomosis between the coronary vessels and a transplanted internal mammary artery
-
Vineberg AM. Development of an anastomosis between the coronary vessels and a transplanted internal mammary artery. Can Med Assoc J. 1946;55:117-119.
-
(1946)
Can Med Assoc J
, vol.55
, pp. 117-119
-
-
Vineberg, A.M.1
-
31
-
-
0142241674
-
Coronary vascular anastomoses by internal mammary artery implantation
-
Vineberg A. Coronary vascular anastomoses by internal mammary artery implantation. Can Med Assoc J. 1958;78:871-879;
-
(1958)
Can Med Assoc J
, vol.78
, pp. 871-879
-
-
Vineberg, A.1
-
32
-
-
37349060857
-
Bilateral internal mammary artery ligation and coronary artery occlusion
-
Hardin R, Shumacker HB Jr, Su CS, et al. Bilateral internal mammary artery ligation and coronary artery occlusion. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959;108:518-522.
-
(1959)
Surg Gynecol Obstet
, vol.108
, pp. 518-522
-
-
Hardin, R.1
Shumacker Jr, H.B.2
Su, C.S.3
-
33
-
-
37349105852
-
Ligation of the internal mammary arteries
-
Ligation of the internal mammary arteries. N Engl J Med. 1957;257:385.
-
(1957)
N Engl J Med
, vol.257
, pp. 385
-
-
-
34
-
-
84924636559
-
The ligature of the two internal mammary arteries in disorders of vascularization of the myocardium
-
Battezzati M, Tagliaferro A, DeMarchi G. The ligature of the two internal mammary arteries in disorders of vascularization of the myocardium. Minerva Med. 1955;46(part 2):1178-1188.
-
(1955)
Minerva Med
, vol.46
, Issue.PART 2
, pp. 1178-1188
-
-
Battezzati, M.1
Tagliaferro, A.2
DeMarchi, G.3
-
36
-
-
0004243923
-
Evaluation of internal mammary artery ligation for relief of angina pectoris
-
for exceptions
-
(for exceptions, see Blair CR, Roth RF, Zintel HA. Evaluation of internal mammary artery ligation for relief of angina pectoris. Surg Forum. 1957;8:345-348);
-
(1957)
Surg Forum
, vol.8
, pp. 345-348
-
-
see Blair, C.R.1
Roth, R.F.2
Zintel, H.A.3
-
37
-
-
2842605198
-
Internal-mammary-artery ligation for coronary insufficiency
-
Adams R. Internal-mammary-artery ligation for coronary insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1958;258:113-115.
-
(1958)
N Engl J Med
, vol.258
, pp. 113-115
-
-
Adams, R.1
-
38
-
-
0008584385
-
New surgery for ailing hearts
-
Ratcliff JD. New surgery for ailing hearts. Reader's Dig. 1957;71:73.
-
(1957)
Reader's Dig
, vol.71
, pp. 73
-
-
Ratcliff, J.D.1
-
39
-
-
0001625662
-
The comparative value of drugs used in the continuous treatment of angina pectoris
-
Evans W, Hoyle C. The comparative value of drugs used in the continuous treatment of angina pectoris. Q J Med. 1933;26:311-336;
-
(1933)
Q J Med
, vol.26
, pp. 311-336
-
-
Evans, W.1
Hoyle, C.2
-
40
-
-
0344418532
-
Comparison of effects of alpha-tocopherol and a matching placebo on chest pain in patients with heart disease
-
Travell J, Rinzler SH, Bakst H, et al. Comparison of effects of alpha-tocopherol and a matching placebo on chest pain in patients with heart disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1949;52:345-353;
-
(1949)
Ann N Y Acad Sci
, vol.52
, pp. 345-353
-
-
Travell, J.1
Rinzler, S.H.2
Bakst, H.3
-
41
-
-
0012187472
-
A method for the evaluation of the effects of drugs on cardiac pain in patients with angina of effort
-
Greiner T, Gold H, Cattell M, et al. A method for the evaluation of the effects of drugs on cardiac pain in patients with angina of effort. Am J Med. 1950;9:143-155;
-
(1950)
Am J Med
, vol.9
, pp. 143-155
-
-
Greiner, T.1
Gold, H.2
Cattell, M.3
-
42
-
-
37349038064
-
Assay of anti-anginal agents: I. A curve analysis with multiple control periods
-
Cole SL, Kaye H, Griffith GC. Assay of anti-anginal agents: I. A curve analysis with multiple control periods. Circulation. 1952;15:405-413.
-
(1952)
Circulation
, vol.15
, pp. 405-413
-
-
Cole, S.L.1
Kaye, H.2
Griffith, G.C.3
-
43
-
-
37349084756
-
-
Joseph T. Roberts (Chief of Cardiology at the Veterans Affairs hospital in Buffalo) to Henry K. Beecher, 3/23/57, Box 13, ff 65, HBP. The talk, entitled Heart Pain: Its Mechanism and Relief, would be the longest of the evening. In Box 13, ff 66, HBP.
-
Joseph T. Roberts (Chief of Cardiology at the Veterans Affairs hospital in Buffalo) to Henry K. Beecher, 3/23/57, Box 13, ff 65, HBP. The talk, entitled "Heart Pain: Its Mechanism and Relief," would be the longest of the evening. In Box 13, ff 66, HBP.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
37349017076
-
-
B.L. Brofman, in discussion following Glover RP, et al. Ligation of the internal mammary arteries, 705. See also Jones DS. Visions of a cure: visualization, clinical trials, and controversies in cardiac therapeutics, 1968-1998. Isis. 2000;91:504-541.
-
B.L. Brofman, in discussion following Glover RP, et al. Ligation of the internal mammary arteries, 705. See also Jones DS. Visions of a cure: visualization, clinical trials, and controversies in cardiac therapeutics, 1968-1998. Isis. 2000;91:504-541.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
0004243923
-
Evaluation of internal mammary artery ligation for relief of angina pectoris
-
Blair CR, Roth RF, Zintel HA. Evaluation of internal mammary artery ligation for relief of angina pectoris. Surg Forum. 1957;8:345-348.
-
(1957)
Surg Forum
, vol.8
, pp. 345-348
-
-
Blair, C.R.1
Roth, R.F.2
Zintel, H.A.3
-
46
-
-
2542441428
-
Experimental ligation of the internal mammary artery and its effect on coronary occlusion
-
Sabiston DC, Blalock A. Experimental ligation of the internal mammary artery and its effect on coronary occlusion. Surgery. 1958;43:906-912.
-
(1958)
Surgery
, vol.43
, pp. 906-912
-
-
Sabiston, D.C.1
Blalock, A.2
-
47
-
-
2542476907
-
Experimental evaluation of internal mammary artery ligation as a means of myocardial vascularization
-
Vansant JH, Muller WH Jr. Experimental evaluation of internal mammary artery ligation as a means of myocardial vascularization. Surgery. 1959;45:840-847.
-
(1959)
Surgery
, vol.45
, pp. 840-847
-
-
Vansant, J.H.1
Muller Jr., W.H.2
-
48
-
-
2842605198
-
-
Adams R. Internal-mammary-artery ligation for coronary insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1958;258:113-115. In a nice (and one imagines, intentional) parallel, Adams also described how a fifth patient, intended for the procedure, had been instead hypnotized out of his pain before the procedure could be undertaken.
-
Adams R. Internal-mammary-artery ligation for coronary insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1958;258:113-115. In a nice (and one imagines, intentional) parallel, Adams also described how a fifth patient, intended for the procedure, had been instead hypnotized out of his pain before the procedure could be undertaken.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
0008581304
-
Bilateral internal mammary artery ligation for angina pectoris: Preliminary clinical considerations
-
Kitchell JR, Glover RP, Kyle RH. Bilateral internal mammary artery ligation for angina pectoris: preliminary clinical considerations. Am J Cardiol. 1958;1:46-50.
-
(1958)
Am J Cardiol
, vol.1
, pp. 46-50
-
-
Kitchell, J.R.1
Glover, R.P.2
Kyle, R.H.3
-
50
-
-
0000128414
-
Internal-mammary-artery ligation for angina pectoris: Its failure to produce relief
-
Fish RG, Crymes TP, Lovell MG. Internal-mammary-artery ligation for angina pectoris: its failure to produce relief. N Engl J Med. 1958;259:418.
-
(1958)
N Engl J Med
, vol.259
, pp. 418
-
-
Fish, R.G.1
Crymes, T.P.2
Lovell, M.G.3
-
51
-
-
37349002916
-
Controlled studies on the efficacy of bilateral internal mammary artery ligation in patients with angina pectoris
-
Fremont RE, Klopstock R, Glass P. Controlled studies on the efficacy of bilateral internal mammary artery ligation in patients with angina pectoris. Angiology. 1959;10:20-27.
-
(1959)
Angiology
, vol.10
, pp. 20-27
-
-
Fremont, R.E.1
Klopstock, R.2
Glass, P.3
-
52
-
-
37349115758
-
-
Reported R. Morton Bolman in late 1957: One of the drawbacks of this procedure, we feel, is that it is too simple. It is an operation that should be done late in the afternoon, when one's colleagues are not present, because it is so simple that they will all be doing it shortly. In discussion following Reference 19. See also Reference 21, p 952.
-
Reported R. Morton Bolman in late 1957: "One of the drawbacks of this procedure, we feel, is that it is too simple. It is an operation that should be done late in the afternoon, when one's colleagues are not present, because it is so simple that they will all be doing it shortly." In discussion following Reference 19. See also Reference 21, p 952.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
37349074911
-
Ligation of the internal mammary arteries
-
Denman FR, Hampton J. Ligation of the internal mammary arteries. Heart Bull. 1958;7:69.
-
(1958)
Heart Bull
, vol.7
, pp. 69
-
-
Denman, F.R.1
Hampton, J.2
-
54
-
-
37349097848
-
Evaluation of the bilateral internal mammary artery ligation
-
Mazel MS. Evaluation of the bilateral internal mammary artery ligation. Angiology. 1958;9:353-365.
-
(1958)
Angiology
, vol.9
, pp. 353-365
-
-
Mazel, M.S.1
-
55
-
-
37349064633
-
Bilateral internal mammary artery ligation in coronary artery disease: Clinical report of thirty cases
-
Johnson AS, Griffin R. Bilateral internal mammary artery ligation in coronary artery disease: clinical report of thirty cases. J Michigan State Med Soc. 1959;58:84.
-
(1959)
J Michigan State Med Soc
, vol.58
, pp. 84
-
-
Johnson, A.S.1
Griffin, R.2
-
56
-
-
77049211458
-
-
References 40 and 41 emerged from practitioners who were already performing comparatively more dangerous cardiac surgical procedures for the apparent alleviation of ischemia. See Mazel MS, Bernstein MM, Callen IR, et al. A simple operation for the treatment of chronic coronary artery disease. Arch Surg. 1955;70:309-317.
-
References 40 and 41 emerged from practitioners who were already performing comparatively more dangerous cardiac surgical procedures for the apparent alleviation of ischemia. See Mazel MS, Bernstein MM, Callen IR, et al. A simple operation for the treatment of chronic coronary artery disease. Arch Surg. 1955;70:309-317.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
37349090944
-
The Johnson operation for acquired and congenital coronary insufficiency
-
Johnson AS, Griffin R. The Johnson operation for acquired and congenital coronary insufficiency. J Michigan State Med Soc. 1958;57:384-396.
-
(1958)
J Michigan State Med Soc
, vol.57
, pp. 384-396
-
-
Johnson, A.S.1
Griffin, R.2
-
58
-
-
37348999434
-
-
In this setting, it is perhaps interesting to note the authors' report that the patients were told that they would undergo a two-stage procedure (in which the first stage consisted of no arterial ligation) and that some patients derive full benefit from the first stage
-
In this setting, it is perhaps interesting to note the authors' report that the patients "were told that they would undergo a two-stage procedure (in which the first stage consisted of no arterial ligation) and that some patients derive full benefit from the first stage."
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
70449243257
-
An evaluation of internal-mammary-artery ligation by a double-blind technic
-
Cobb LA, Thomas GI, Dillard DH, et al. An evaluation of internal-mammary-artery ligation by a double-blind technic. N Engl J Med. 1959;260:1116-1117.
-
(1959)
N Engl J Med
, vol.260
, pp. 1116-1117
-
-
Cobb, L.A.1
Thomas, G.I.2
Dillard, D.H.3
-
60
-
-
73049158284
-
-
See as a later distillation of Beecher's attack on monospecific disease causality, Beecher HK. The placebo effect and sound planning in surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1962;114:507;
-
See as a later distillation of Beecher's attack on monospecific disease causality, Beecher HK. The placebo effect and sound planning in surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1962;114:507;
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
73049180663
-
-
and Nonspecific forces surrounding disease and the treatment of disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1962;179:437-440.
-
and Nonspecific forces surrounding disease and the treatment of disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1962;179:437-440.
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
33750600931
-
Comparison of internal mammary artery ligation and sham operation for angina pectoris
-
Dimond EG, Kittle CF, Crockett JE. Comparison of internal mammary artery ligation and sham operation for angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1960;5:483-486.
-
(1960)
Am J Cardiol
, vol.5
, pp. 483-486
-
-
Dimond, E.G.1
Kittle, C.F.2
Crockett, J.E.3
-
63
-
-
0001587714
-
Surgery as placebo: A quantitative study of bias
-
Beecher HK. Surgery as placebo: a quantitative study of bias. J Am Med Assoc. 1961;176:1102-1107.
-
(1961)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.176
, pp. 1102-1107
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
64
-
-
37349059086
-
-
I am quite certain that this material will precipitate a great deal of controversy. In Henry K. Beecher to F. John Lewis, 10/4/61, Box 29, ff 55, HBP.
-
"I am quite certain that this material will precipitate a great deal of controversy." In Henry K. Beecher to F. John Lewis, 10/4/61, Box 29, ff 55, HBP.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
0007730520
-
Pain, placebos and physicians
-
Beecher HK. Pain, placebos and physicians. Practitioner. 1962;189:141-155.
-
(1962)
Practitioner
, vol.189
, pp. 141-155
-
-
Beecher, H.K.1
-
66
-
-
37349007112
-
-
Henry K. Beecher to Richard I. Evans, 8/26/68, Box 29, ff 46, HBP. Beecher also noted to Evans that the paper had been rejected by the American Surgical Association. As Beecher's attention turned to the necessity for the protection of patients under experimental conditions, he continued to turn to the BIMAL studies as justification for the parallel importance of randomized controlled trials, when done properly. See Vienna, 5/12/65; Henry K. Beecher to Helen Taussig, 8/1/66, both in Box 11, ff 67, HBP.
-
Henry K. Beecher to Richard I. Evans, 8/26/68, Box 29, ff 46, HBP. Beecher also noted to Evans that the paper had been rejected by the American Surgical Association. As Beecher's attention turned to the necessity for the protection of patients under experimental conditions, he continued to turn to the BIMAL studies as justification for the parallel importance of randomized controlled trials, when done properly. See "Vienna," 5/12/65; Henry K. Beecher to Helen Taussig, 8/1/66, both in Box 11, ff 67, HBP.
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
0014276663
-
Saphenous vein autograft replacement of severe segmental artery occlusion: Operative technique
-
Favolaro RG. Saphenous vein autograft replacement of severe segmental artery occlusion: operative technique. Ann Thorac Surg. 1968;5:334-339.
-
(1968)
Ann Thorac Surg
, vol.5
, pp. 334-339
-
-
Favolaro, R.G.1
-
68
-
-
37349025989
-
-
See Reference 30, Jones. This section of the present paper owes a great debt to Jones's paper.
-
See Reference 30, Jones. This section of the present paper owes a great debt to Jones's paper.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
85010245857
-
-
Spodick was inspired not by Beecher, but rather by Thomas Chalmers. Chalmers TC. Mortality rate versus funeral rate in clinical medicine. Gastroenterology. 1964;46:788-791.
-
Spodick was inspired not by Beecher, but rather by Thomas Chalmers. Chalmers TC. Mortality rate versus funeral rate in clinical medicine. Gastroenterology. 1964;46:788-791.
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
0014960692
-
Letter: Need for controlled study
-
Spodick DH. Letter: need for controlled study. J Am Med Assoc. 1970;213:1344.
-
(1970)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.213
, pp. 1344
-
-
Spodick, D.H.1
-
71
-
-
0015622680
-
The surgical mystique and the double standard. Controlled trials of medical and surgical therapy for cardiac disease: Analysis, hypothesis, proposal
-
Spodick DH. The surgical mystique and the double standard. Controlled trials of medical and surgical therapy for cardiac disease: analysis, hypothesis, proposal. Am Heart J. 1973;85:579-583.
-
(1973)
Am Heart J
, vol.85
, pp. 579-583
-
-
Spodick, D.H.1
-
72
-
-
0016768314
-
Numerators without denominators: There is no FDA for the surgeon
-
Spodick DH. Numerators without denominators: there is no FDA for the surgeon. J Am Med Assoc. 1975;232:35-36.
-
(1975)
J Am Med Assoc
, vol.232
, pp. 35-36
-
-
Spodick, D.H.1
-
73
-
-
0019988690
-
The randomized controlled clinical trial: Scientific and ethical bases
-
Spodick DH. The randomized controlled clinical trial: scientific and ethical bases. Am J Med. 1982;73:420-425.
-
(1982)
Am J Med
, vol.73
, pp. 420-425
-
-
Spodick, D.H.1
-
74
-
-
0017786018
-
Lessons of the coronary-bypass debate
-
For similar concerns, see
-
For similar concerns, see Hiatt HH. Lessons of the coronary-bypass debate. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:1462-1464.
-
(1977)
N Engl J Med
, vol.297
, pp. 1462-1464
-
-
Hiatt, H.H.1
-
75
-
-
0015009369
-
Revascularization of the heart - numerators in search of denominators
-
Spodick DH. Revascularization of the heart - numerators in search of denominators. Am Heart J. 1971;81:149-157.
-
(1971)
Am Heart J
, vol.81
, pp. 149-157
-
-
Spodick, D.H.1
-
76
-
-
0015109942
-
Letter: Coronary revascularization
-
Spodick DH. Letter: coronary revascularization. Circulation. 1971;44:302.
-
(1971)
Circulation
, vol.44
, pp. 302
-
-
Spodick, D.H.1
-
77
-
-
0017798712
-
The first decade of aortocoronary bypass grafting, 1967-1977
-
McIntosh HD, Garcia JA. The first decade of aortocoronary bypass grafting, 1967-1977. Circulation. 1978;57:419.
-
(1978)
Circulation
, vol.57
, pp. 419
-
-
McIntosh, H.D.1
Garcia, J.A.2
-
78
-
-
37349034079
-
-
In 1977, Ernest Barsamian would report on the BIMAL studies: The opportunity was, indeed, a unique one, as reflected by the fact that no other randomized comparison of an operation with a sham operation has been recorded in the English surgical literature. Barsamian E. The rise and fall of internal mammary artery ligation in the treatment of angina pectoris and the lessons learned. In Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds, Costs, Risks, and Benefits of Surgery. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977, p 218
-
In 1977, Ernest Barsamian would report on the BIMAL studies: "The opportunity was, indeed, a unique one, as reflected by the fact that no other randomized comparison of an operation with a sham operation has been recorded in the English surgical literature." Barsamian E. The rise and fall of internal mammary artery ligation in the treatment of angina pectoris and the lessons learned. In Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds., Costs, Risks, and Benefits of Surgery. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977, p 218.
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
0018782393
-
Are randomized trials appropriate for evaluating new operations?
-
Bonchek LI. Are randomized trials appropriate for evaluating new operations? N Engl J Med. 1979;301:45.
-
(1979)
N Engl J Med
, vol.301
, pp. 45
-
-
Bonchek, L.I.1
-
80
-
-
0015540823
-
-
In 1973, the University of Michigan's Irwin J. Schatz would ask, amidst a list of such queries about CABG: Does the relief of pain after bypass surgery occur in more patients than what one might expect from a placebo, or a sham operation? No answer was forthcoming. Schatz IJ. The need to know, Chest. 1973;63:82.
-
In 1973, the University of Michigan's Irwin J. Schatz would ask, amidst a list of such queries about CABG: "Does the relief of pain after bypass surgery occur in more patients than what one might expect from a placebo, or a sham operation?" No answer was forthcoming. Schatz IJ. The need to know, Chest. 1973;63:82.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
0017097161
-
Coronary bypass surgery: Debate over its benefits
-
Kolata GB. Coronary bypass surgery: debate over its benefits. Science. 1976;194:1264.
-
(1976)
Science
, vol.194
, pp. 1264
-
-
Kolata, G.B.1
-
82
-
-
0016793662
-
The faith that heals
-
Frank JD. The faith that heals. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1975;137:129-130.
-
(1975)
Johns Hopkins Med J
, vol.137
, pp. 129-130
-
-
Frank, J.D.1
-
83
-
-
85001477265
-
Long term improvement of effort angina following aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft surgery: Increased myocardial blood flow or pain denial placebo effect?
-
Heitz A, Crochet D, Lesperance J. Long term improvement of effort angina following aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft surgery: increased myocardial blood flow or pain denial placebo effect? Am J Cardiol. 1976;37:126.
-
(1976)
Am J Cardiol
, vol.37
, pp. 126
-
-
Heitz, A.1
Crochet, D.2
Lesperance, J.3
-
84
-
-
37349117838
-
-
Preston TA. Coronary Artery Surgery: A Critical Review. New York: Raven Press; 1977:67-68. Preston would later in the same chapter add: The methodology of medical science is not wholly applicable to our problem. Therefore, we have the means neither to substantiate nor to disprove the alleged results of coronary artery surgery in a manner satisfactory for definitive answers. If this is the case, we must deal with the problem by the best methods allowable, but we must also admit that these methods do not give us adequate answers.
-
Preston TA. Coronary Artery Surgery: A Critical Review. New York: Raven Press; 1977:67-68. Preston would later in the same chapter add: "The methodology of medical science is not wholly applicable to our problem. Therefore, we have the means neither to substantiate nor to disprove the alleged results of coronary artery surgery in a manner satisfactory for definitive answers. If this is the case, we must deal with the problem by the best methods allowable, but we must also admit that these methods do not give us adequate answers."
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
0032578961
-
Gene therapy for myocardial angiogenesis: Initial clinical results with direct myocardial injection of phVEGF165 as sole therapy for myocardial ischemia
-
Losordo DW, Vale PR, Symes JF, et al. Gene therapy for myocardial angiogenesis: initial clinical results with direct myocardial injection of phVEGF165 as sole therapy for myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 1998;98:2800-2804.
-
(1998)
Circulation
, vol.98
, pp. 2800-2804
-
-
Losordo, D.W.1
Vale, P.R.2
Symes, J.F.3
-
86
-
-
0033598429
-
Use of placebo surgery in controlled trials of a cellular-based therapy for Parkinson's disease
-
Freeman TB, Vawter DE, Leaverton PE, et al. Use of placebo surgery in controlled trials of a cellular-based therapy for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:988-992.
-
(1999)
N Engl J Med
, vol.341
, pp. 988-992
-
-
Freeman, T.B.1
Vawter, D.E.2
Leaverton, P.E.3
-
87
-
-
0042837887
-
A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease
-
Olanow CW, Goetz CG, Kordower JH, et al. A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2003;54:403-414.
-
(2003)
Ann Neurol
, vol.54
, pp. 403-414
-
-
Olanow, C.W.1
Goetz, C.G.2
Kordower, J.H.3
-
88
-
-
0030053119
-
Arthroscopic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study: results of a pilot study
-
Mosely JB, Wray NP, Kuykendall D, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study: results of a pilot study. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:28-34.
-
(1996)
Am J Sports Med
, vol.24
, pp. 28-34
-
-
Mosely, J.B.1
Wray, N.P.2
Kuykendall, D.3
-
89
-
-
0037063133
-
A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee
-
Mosely JB, O'Malley K, Petersen NJ, et al. A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:81-88.
-
(2002)
N Engl J Med
, vol.347
, pp. 81-88
-
-
Mosely, J.B.1
O'Malley, K.2
Petersen, N.J.3
-
90
-
-
0019497995
-
Placebo effect in surgery for Meniere's disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on endolymphatic sac shunt surgery
-
Thomsen J, Bretlau P, Tos M, et al. Placebo effect in surgery for Meniere's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study on endolymphatic sac shunt surgery. Arch Otolaryngol. 1981;107:271-277.
-
(1981)
Arch Otolaryngol
, vol.107
, pp. 271-277
-
-
Thomsen, J.1
Bretlau, P.2
Tos, M.3
-
92
-
-
0037063111
-
Is placebo surgery unethical?
-
Horng S, Miller FG. Is placebo surgery unethical? N Engl J Med. 2002;347:137-139.
-
(2002)
N Engl J Med
, vol.347
, pp. 137-139
-
-
Horng, S.1
Miller, F.G.2
-
93
-
-
25144497439
-
Science and ethics of sham surgery: A survey of Parkinson disease clinical researchers
-
Kim SYH, Frank S, Holloway R, et al. Science and ethics of sham surgery: a survey of Parkinson disease clinical researchers. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1357.
-
(2005)
Arch Neurol
, vol.62
, pp. 1357
-
-
Kim, S.Y.H.1
Frank, S.2
Holloway, R.3
-
94
-
-
1242279729
-
Sham surgery: An ethical analysis
-
Miller FG. Sham surgery: an ethical analysis. Am J Bioethics. 2003;3:46.
-
(2003)
Am J Bioethics
, vol.3
, pp. 46
-
-
Miller, F.G.1
|