The evolving role of interventional pulmonary in the interdisciplinary approach to the staging and management of lung cancer. Part III: Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions

Clinical Lung Cancer

Volumn 8, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 535-547

  Yoneda, Ken Y ^a,b   Mathur, Praveen N ^a   Gasparini, Stefano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Performance status; Pleural biopsy; Pleural effusion; Thoracentesis; Thoracoscopy; Ultrasonography

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CISPLATIN; PACLITAXEL; POVIDONE IODINE; SILVER NITRATE; TALC; TUMOR MARKER; VANDETANIB; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR;

ADVANCED CANCER; ASCITES; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYTODIAGNOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HUMAN; INDWELLING CATHETER; INTERVENTION STUDY; LUNG CANCER; LUNG EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID; LUNG FLUID; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATIENT CARE; PHYSICIAN; PLEURA BIOPSY; PLEURA EFFUSION; PLEURODESIS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; THORACOCENTESIS; THORACOSCOPY; THORAX DRAINAGE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 37349024112     PISSN: 15257304     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3816/CLC.2007.n.040     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Antony VB, Loddenkemper R, Astoul P, et al. Management of malignant pleural effusions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1987-2001.
2. Marel M, Stastny B, Melinova L, et al. Diagnosis of pleural effusions. Experience with clinical studies, 1986 to 1990. Chest 1995; 107:1598-603.
3. Salyer WR, Eggleston JC, Erozan YS. Efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving the pleura. Chest 1975; 67:536-9.
4. Chernow B, Sahn SA. Carcinomatous involvement of the pleura: an analysis of 96 patients. Am J Med 1977; 63:695-702.
5. Hsu C. Cytologic detection of malignancy in pleural effusion: a review of 5,255 samples from 3,811 patients. Diagn Cytopathol 1987; 3:8-12.
6. Johnston WW. The malignant pleural effusion. A review of cytopathologic diagnoses of 584 specimens from 472 consecutive patients. Cancer 1985; 56:905-9.
7. Sears D, Hajdu SI. The cytologic diagnosis of malignant neoplasms in pleural and peritoneal effusions. Acta Cytol 1987; 31:85-97.
8. DiBonito L, Falconieri G, Colautti I, et al. The positive pleural effusion. A retrospective study of cytopathologic diagnoses with autopsy confirmation. Acta Cytol 1992; 36:329-32.
9. Martinez-Moragon E, Aparicio J, Sanchis J, et al. Malignant pleural effusion: prognostic factors for survival and response to chemical pleurodesis in a series of 120 cases. Respiration 1998; 65:108-13.
10. Naito T, Satoh H, Ishikawa H, et al. Pleural effusion as a significant prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 1997; 17:4743-6.
11. Light RW. Pleural diseases. 4th ed. Pleural Diseases. Baltimore, MD: Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001.
12. Sugiura S, Ando Y, Minami H, et al. Prognostic value of pleural effusion in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:47-50.
13. Sanchez-Armengol A, Rodriguez-Panadero F. Survival and talc pleurodesis in metastatic pleural carcinoma, revisited. Report of 125 cases. Chest 1993; 104:1482-5.
14. Naruke T, Tsuchiya R, Kondo H, et al. Implications of staging in lung cancer. Chest 1997; 112:242S-8S.
15. Light RW, Hamm H. Malignant pleural effusion: would the real cause please stand up? Eur Respir J 1997; 10:1701-2.
16. Sahn SA. Pleural diseases related to metastatic malignancies. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:1907-13.
17. Light RW, Erozan YS, Ball WC Jr. Cells in pleural fluid. Their value in differential diagnosis. Arch Intern Med 1973; 132:854-60.
18. Dines DE, Pierre RV, Franzen SJ. The value of cells in the pleural fluid in the differential diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50:571-2.
19. Dewald G, Dines DE, Weiland LH, et al. Usefulness of chromosome examination in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions. N Engl J Med 1976; 295:1494-500.
20. Hirsch A, Ruffie P, Nebut M, et al. Pleural effusion: laboratory tests in 300 cases. Thorax 1979; 34:106-12.
21. Mungall IP, Cowen PN, Cooke NT, et al. Multiple pleural biopsy with the Abrams needle. Thorax 1980; 35:600-2.
22. Edmondstone WM. Investigation of pleural effusion: comparison between fiber-optic thoracoscopy, needle biopsy and cytology. Respir Med 1990; 84:23-6.
23. Emad A, Rezaian GR. Closed percutaneous pleural brushing: a new method for diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions. Respir Med 1998; 92:659-63.
24. Benlloch S, Galbis-Caravajal JM, Martin C, et al. Potential diagnostic value of methylation profile in pleural fluid and serum from cancer patients with pleural effusion. Cancer 2006; 107:1859-65.
25. Diacon AH, Brutsche MH, Soler M. Accuracy of pleural puncture sites: a prospective comparison of clinical examination with ultrasound. Chest 2003; 123:436-41.
26. Barnes TW, Morgenthaler TI, Olson EJ, et al. Sonographically guided thoracentesis and rate of pneumothorax. J Clin Ultrasound 2005; 33:442-6.
27. Petersen WG, Zimmerman R. Limited utility of chest radiograph after thoracentesis. Chest 2000; 117:1038-42.
28. Collins TR, Sahn SA. Thoracocentesis. Clinical value, complications, technical problems, and patient experience. Chest 1987; 91:817-22.
29. Bartter T, Mayo PD, Pratter MR, et al. Lower risk and higher yield for thoracenresis when performed by experienced operators. Chest 1993; 103:1873-6.
30. Grodzin CJ, Balk RA. Indwelling small pleural catheter needle thoracentesis in the management of large pleural effusions. Chest 1997; 111:981-8.
31. Doyle JJ, Hnatiuk OW, Torrington KG, et al. Necessity of routine chest roentgenography after thoracentesis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124:816-20.
32. Grogan DR, Irwin RS, Channick R, et al. Complications associated with thoracentesis. A prospective, randomized study comparing three different methods. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:873-7.
33. Kohan JM, Poe RH, Israel RH, et al. Value of chest ultrasonography versus decubitus roentgenography for thoracentesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133:1124-6.
34. Jones PW, Moyers JP, Rogers JT, et al. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis: is it a safer method? Chest 2003; 123:418-23.
35. Colt HG, Brewer N, Barbur E. Evaluation of patient-related and procedure-related factors contributing to pneumothorax following thoracentesis. Chest 1999; 116:134-8.
36. Yu CJ, Yang PC, Chang DB, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of chest sonography: value in critically ill patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159:695-701.
37. Brandstetter RD, Karetzky M, Rastogi R, et al. Pneumothorax after thoracentesis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Lung 1994; 23:67-70.
38. Light RW. The undiagnosed pleural effusion. Clin Chest Med 2006; 27:309-19.
39. Heffner JE, Brown LK, Barbieri CA. Diagnostic value of tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Primary Study Investigators. Chest 1997; 111:970-80.
40. Heffner JE. Discriminaring between transudates and exudates. Clin Chest Med 2006; 27:241-52.
41. Assi Z, Caruso JL, Herndon J, et al. Cytologically proved malignant pleural effusions: distribution of transudates and exudates. Chest 1998; 113:1302-4.
42. Ashchi M, Golish J, Eng P, et al. Transudative malignant pleural effusions: prevalence and mechanisms. South Med J 1998; 91:23-6.
43. Ryu JS, Ryu ST, Kim YS, et al. What is the clinical significance of transudative malignant pleural effusion? Korean J Intern Med 2003; 18:230-3.
44. Maskell NA, Butland RJ. BTS guidelines for the investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults. Thorax 2003; 58 suppl 2:ii8-17.
45. Sallach SM, Sallach JA, Vasquez E, et al. Volume of pleural fluid required for diagnosis of pleural malignancy. Chest 2002; 122:1913-7.
46. Dekker A, Bupp PA. Cytology of serous effusions. An investigation into the usefulness of cell blocks versus smears. Am J Clin Pathol 1978; 70:855-60.
47. Starr RL, Sherman ME. The value of multiple preparations in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions. A cost-benefit analysis. Acta Cytol 1991; 35:533-7.
48. Villena V, Lopez-Encuentra A, Garcia-Lujan R, et al. Clinical implications of appearance of pleural fluid at thoracentesis. Chest 2004; 125:156-9.
49. Lee WY. Limitations of detection of malignancy in pleural effusions using ELISA-based TRAP assay: comparison with cytological examination. Cytopathology 2005; 16:227-32.
50. Fiegl M, Haun M, Massoner A, et al. Combination of cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization for aneuploidy, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for human mammaglobin/mammaglobin B expression improves diagnosis of malignant effusions. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:474-83.
51. Yang CT, Lee MH, Lan RS, et al. Telomerase activity in pleural effusions: diagnostic significance. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:567-73.
52. Dejmek A, Yahata N, Ohyashiki K, et al. In situ telomerase activity in pleural effusions: a promising marker for malignancy. Diagn Cytopathol 2001; 24:11-5.
53. Mu XC, Brien TP, Ross JS, et al. Telomerase activity in benign and malignant cytologic fluids. Cancer 1999; 87:93-9.
54. Passebosc-Faure K, Li G, Lambert C, et al. Evaluation of a panel of molecular markers for the diagnosis of malignant serous effusions. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6862-7.
55. Okamoto I, Morisaki T, Sasaki J, et al. Molecular detection of cancer cells by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of specific CD44 variant RNAs. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:307-15.
56. Nagel H, Schulten HJ, Gunawan B, et al. The potential value of comparative genomic hybridization analysis in effusion-and fine needle aspiration cytology. Mod Pathol 2002; 15:818-25.
57. Leung AN, Muller NL, Miller RR. CT in differenrial diagnosis of diffuse pleural disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154:487-92.
58. Adams RF, Gleeson FV. Percutaneous image-guided cutting-needle biopsy of the pleura in the presence of a suspected malignant effusion. Radiology 2001; 219:510-4.
59. Scott EM, Marshall TJ, Flower CD, et al. Diffuse pleural thickening: percutaneous CT-guided cutting needle biopsy. Radiology 1995; 194:867-70.
60. Aksoy E, Atac G, Sevim T, et al. Diagnostic yield of closed pleural brushing. Tuberk Toraks 2005; 53:238-44.
61. Pastis NJ, Nietert PJ, Silvestri GA. Variation in training for interventional pulmonary procedures among US pulmonary/critical care fellowships: a survey of fellowship directors. Chest 2005; 127:1614-21.
62. Pastis NJ, Nietert PJ, Silvestri GA. Fellow's perspective of their training in interventional pulmonary procedures. J Bronchol 2005; 12:88-95.
63. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Internal medicine program requirements. Available at: http//www.acgme.org/acWebsite/RRC_140/ 140_prIndex.asp. Accessed: February 1, 2006.
64. Maskell NA, Gleeson FV, Davies RJ. Standard pleural biopsy versus CT-guided cutting-needle biopsy for diagnosis of malignant disease in pleural effusions: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:1326-30.
65. Ferrer J, Roldan J, Teixidor J, et al. Predictors of pleural malignancy in patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracoscopy. Chest 2005; 127:1017-22.
66. Menzies R, Charbonneau M. Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of pleural disease. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:271-6.
67. Cantó A, Blasco E, Casillas M, et al. Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Thorax 1977; 32:550-4.
68. Hucker J, Bhatnagar NK, al-Jilaihawi AN, et al. Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and management of recurrent pleural effusions. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52:1145-7.
69. Page RD, Jeffrey RR, Donnelly RJ. Thoracoscopy: a review of 121 consecutive surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 48:66-8.
70. Loddenkemper R, Grosser H, Gabler A, et al. Prospective evaluation of biopsy methods in diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions: inpatient comparison between pleural fluid cytology, blind needle biopsy and thoracoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127:14.
71. Rodriguez-Panadero F, Lopez-Mejias J. Survival time of patients with pleural metastatic carcinoma predicted by glucose and pH studies. Chest 1989; 95:320-4.
72. Fielding D, Hopkins P, Serisier D. Frozen section of pleural biopsies at medical thoracoscopy assists in correctly identifying benign disease. Respirology 2005; 10:636-42.
73. Chrysanthidis MG, Janssen JP. Autofluorescence videothoracoscopy in exudative pleural effusions: preliminary results. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:989-92.
74. McLean AN, Bicknell SR, McAlpine LG, et al. Investigation of pleural effusion: an evaluation of the new Olympus LTF semiflexible thoracofiberscope and comparison with Abram's needle biopsy. Chest 1998; 114:150-3.
75. Boutin C, Viallat JR, Cargnino P, et al. Thoracoscopy in malignant pleural effusions. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124:588-92.
76. Canto A, Ferrer G, Romagosa V, et al. Lung cancer and pleural effusion. Clinical significance and study of pleural metastatic locations. Chest 1985; 87:649-52.
77. Kendall SW, Bryan AJ, Large SR, et al. Pleural effusions: is thoracoscopy a reliable investigation? A retrospective review. Respir Med 1992; 86:437-40.
78. Hansen M, Faurschou P, Clementsen P. Medical thoracoscopy, results and complications in 146 patients: a retrospective study. Respir Med 1998; 92:228-32.
79. Sahn SA. Pathogenesis and clinical features of diseases associated with a low pleural fluid glucose. In: Hirsch CJ, Bignon J, Hirsch A, eds. The Pleura in Health and Disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1985:267-85.
80. Burrows CM, Mathews WC, Colt HG. Predicting survival in patients with recurrent symptomatic malignant pleural effusions: an assessment of the prognostic values of physiologic, morphologic, and quality of life measures of extent of disease. Chest 2000; 117:73-8.
81. Elis A, Blickstein D, Mulchanov I, et al. Pleural effusion in parients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case-controlled study. Cancer 1998; 83:1607-11.
82. Light RW, Jenkinson SG, Minh VD, et al. Observations on pleural fluid pressures as fluid is withdrawn during thoracentesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121:799-804.
83. Lee YC, Light RW. Management of malignant pleural effusions. Respirology 2004; 9:148-56.
84. Dresler CM, Olak J, Herndon JE II, et al. Phase III intergroup study of talc poudrage vs talc slurry sclerosis for malignant pleural effusion. Chest 2005; 127:909-15.
85. Shaw P, Agarwal R. Pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004; (1):CD002916. Review.
86. Tan C, Sedrakyan A, Browne J, et al. The evidence on the effectiveness of management for malignant pleural effusion: a systematic review. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006; 29:829-38.
87. Maskell NA, Lee YC, Gleeson FV, et al. Randomized trials describing lung inflammation after pleurodesis with talc of varying particle size. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:377-82.
88. Lee YC, Baumann MH, Maskell NA, et al. Pleurodesis practice for malignant pleural effusions in five English-speaking countries: survey of pulmonologists. Chest 2003; 124:2229-38.
89. Dikensoy O, Light RW. Alternative widely available, inexpensive agents for pleurodesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2005; 11:340-4.
90. Paschoalini Mda S, Vargas FS, Marchi E, et al. Prospective randomized trial of silver nitrate vs talc slurry in pleurodesis for symptomatic malignant pleural effusions. Chest 2005; 128:684-9.
91. Patz EF Jr, McAdams HP, Erasmus JJ, et al. Sclerotherapy for malignant pleural effusions: a prospective randomized trial of bleomycin vs doxycycline with small-bore catheter drainage. Chest 1998; 113:1305-11.
92. Sartori S, Tombesi P, Tassinari D, et al. Sonographically guided small-bore chest tubes and sonographic monitoring for rapid sclerotherapy of recurrent malignant pleural effusions. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23:1171-6.
93. Thompson RL, Yau JC, Donnelly RF, et al. Pleurodesis with iodized talc for malignant effusions using pigtail catheters. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32:739-42.
94. Marom EM, Patz EF Jr, Erasmus JJ, et al. Malignant pleural effusions: treatment with small-bore-catheter thoracostomy and talc pleurodesis. Radiology 1999; 210:277-81.
95. Spiegler PA, Hurewitz AN, Groth ML. Rapid pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions. Chest 2003; 123:1895-8.
96. Mager HJ, Maesen B, Verzijlbergen F, et al. Distribution of talc suspension during treatment of malignant pleural effusion with talc pleurodesis. Lung Cancer 2002; 36:77-81.
97. Lorch DG, Gordon L, Wooten S, et al. Effect of patient positioning on distribution of tetracycline in the pleural space during pleurodesis. Chest 1988; 93:527-9.
98. Dryzer SR, Allen ML, Strange C, et al. A comparison of roration and nonrotation in tetracycline pleurodesis. Chest 1993; 104:1763-6.
99. Villanueva AG, Gray AW Jr, Shahian DM, et al. Efficacy of short term versus long term tube thoracostomy drainage before tetracycline pleurodesis in the treatment of malignant pleural effusions. Thorax 1994; 49:23-5.
100. Yildirim E, Dural K, Yazkan R, et al. Rapid pleurodesis in symptomatic malignant pleural effusion. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 27:19-22.
101. Goodman A, Davies CW. Efficacy of short-term versus long-term chest tube dtainage following talc slurry pleurodesis in patients with malignant pleural effusions: a randomised trial. Lung Cancer 2006; 54:51-5.
102. Yim AP, Chan AT, Lee TW, et al. Thoracoscopic talc insufflation versus talc slurry for symptomatic malignant pleural effusion. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62:1655-8.
103. Tremblay A, Michaud G. Single-center experience with 250 tunnelled pleural catheter insertions for malignanr pleural effusion. Chest 2006; 129:362-8.
104. Putnam JB Jr, Light RW, Rodriguez RM, et al. A randomized comparison of indwelling pleural catheter and doxycycline pleurodesis in the management of malignant pleural effusions. Cancer 1999; 86:1992-9.
105. Putnam JB Jr, Walsh GL, Swisher SG, et al. Outpatient management of malignant pleural effusion by a chronic indwelling pleural catheter. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69:369-75.
106. Reed DN Jr, Vyskocil JJ, Rao V. Subcutaneous access ports with fenestrated catheters for improved management of recurrent pleural effusions. Am J Surg 1999; 177:145-6.
107. Verfaillie G, Herreweghe RV, Lamote J, et al. Use of a Port-a-Cath system in the home setting for the treatment of symptomatic recurrent malignant pleural effusion. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2005; 14:182-4.
108. Hoyer RJ, Leung N, Witzig TE, et al. Treatment of diuretic refractory pleural effusions with bevacizumab in four patients with primary systemic amyloidosis. Am J Hematol 2007; 82:409-13.
109. Kalomenidis I, Stathopoulos GT, Barnette R, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in post-CABG pleural effusions are associated with pleural inflam-mation and permeability. Respir Med 2007; 101:223-39.
110. Tomimoto H, Yano S, Muguruma H, et al. Levels of soluble vascular endorhelial growth factor receptor 1 are elevated in the exudative pleural effusions. J Med Invest 2007; 54:146-53.
111. Kalomenidis I, Kollintza A, Sigala I, et al. Angiopoietin-2 levels are elevated in exudative pleural effusions. Chest 2006; 129:1259-66.
112. Kiropoulos TS, Kostikas K, Gourgoulianis KI. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in pleural fluid and serum of patients with tuberculous pleural effusions. Chest 2005; 128:468.
113. Yano S, Herbst RS, Shinohara H, et al. Treatment for malignant pleural effusion of human lung adenocarcinoma by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:957-65.
114. Matsumori Y, Yano S, Goto H, et al. ZD6474, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, inhibits growth of experimental lung metastasis and production of malignant pleural effusions in a non-small cell lung cancer model. Oncol Res 2006; 16:15-26.
115. Pichelmayer O, Gruenberger B, Zielinski C, et al. Bevacizumab is active in malignant effusion. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:1853.
116. Paschoalini Mda S, Vargas FS, Marchi E, et al. Prospective randomized trial of silver nitrate vs talc slurry in pleurodesis for symptomatic malignant pleural effusions. Chest 2005; 128:684-9.
117. Olivares-Torres CA, Laniado-Laborin R, Chavez-Garcia C, et al. Iodopovidone pleurodesis for recurrent pleural effusions. Chest 2002; 122:581-3.
118. Lee YC, Yasay JR, Johnson JE, et al. Comparing transforming growth factor-beta2, talc and bleomycin as pleurodesing agents in sheep. Respirology 2002; 7:209-16.
119. Gary Lee YC, Teixeira LR, Devin CJ, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta2 induces pleurodesis significantly faster rhan talc. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:640-4.
120. Shoji T, Tanaka F, Yanagihara K, et al. Phase II study of repeated intrapleural chemotherapy using implantable access system for management of malignant pleural effusion. Chest 2002; 121:821-4.
121. Seto T, Ushijima S, Yamamoto H, et al. Intrapleural hypotonic cisplatin treatment for malignant pleural effusion in 80 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a multi-institutional phase II trial. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:717-21.
122. Ishida A, Miyazawa T, Miyazu Y, et al. Intrapleural cisplatin and OK432 therapy for malignant pleural effusion caused by non-small cell lung cancer. Respirology 2006; 11:90-7.
123. Ohta Y, Shimizu Y, Matsumoto I, et al. Management of malignant pleural effusion by multimodality treatment including the use of paclitaxel administered by 24-hour intrathoracic infusion for patients with carcinomatous pleuritis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2006; 25:15-9.