Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT)-its history and its limitations

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 20-32

  Budd, Grahame M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Calibration of heat stress meters; Heat illness; Heat stress; Prevention

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; CALIBRATION; EVAPORATION; HEAT STRESS; HEAT TOLERANCE; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; REVIEW; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; TRAINING; UNITED STATES; WET BULB GLOBE TEMPERATURE;

BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION; CALIBRATION; HEAT STRESS DISORDERS; HISTORY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; HUMIDITY; MILITARY PERSONNEL; RESEARCH DESIGN; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 37249083568     PISSN: 14402440     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. ACSM. Prevention of thermal injuries during distance running. Position stand. Med J Aust 1984;December 8/22:876-9.
2. ACSM. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand on the prevention of thermal injuries during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1987;19:529-33.
3. Sports Medicine Australia, Policy, Preventing heat illness in sport; 2006. Available at: http://www.sma.org.au/pdfdocuments/Heat_policy.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2006.
4. Grimmer K., King E., Larsen T., Farquharson T., Potter A., Sharpe P., et al. Prevalence of hot weather conditions related to sports participation guidelines: a South Australian investigation. J Sci Med Sport 9 (2006) 72-80
5. Ramsey J.D. Abbreviated guidelines for heat stress exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 39 (1978) 491-495
6. Ramsey J.D., and Chai C.P. Inherent variability in heat-stress decision rules. Ergonomics 26 (1983) 495-504
7. Ergonomics. Special issue: heat stress indices. Ergonomics 1995;38(1):1-192.
8. Industrial Health. Special issue. Heat stress at work: preventive research. Ind Health 2006;44(3):329-480.
9. Budd G.M. How do wildland firefighters cope? Physiological and behavioural temperature regulation in men suppressing Australian summer bushfires with hand tools. J Therm Biol 26 (2001) 381-386
10. Budd G.M. Assessment of thermal stress-the essentials. J Therm Biol 26 (2001) 371-374
11. Brotherhood J.R. The practical assessment of heat stress. In: Hales J.R.S., and Richards D.A.B. (Eds). Heat stress: physical exertion and environment (1987), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 451-468
12. Brotherhood J.R. Heat stress and strain in exercise and sport. J Sci Med Sport 11 1 (2008) 6-19
13. Macpherson R.K. The assessment of the thermal environment. A review. Br J Ind Med 19 (1962) 151-164
14. ACGIH. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents in the workroom environment with intended changes for 1975. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 1975.
15. Kerslake D.McK. The stress of hot environments (1972), Cambridge University Press
16. Minard D. Effective temperature scale and its modifications. Research Report MR 005.01-0001.01, Report No. 6. Bethesda, MD: Naval Medical Research Institute; 1964.
17. Sohar E., Birenfeld Ch., Schoenfeld Y., and Shapiro Y. Description and forecast of summer climate in physiologically significant terms. Int J Biometeorol 22 (1978) 75-81
18. Epstein Y., and Moran D.S. Thermal comfort and the heat stress indices. Ind Health 44 (2006) 388-398
19. Yaglou C.P., Baetjer A.M., Machle W., McConnell W.J., Shaudy L.A., Winslow C.-E.A., et al. Thermal standards in industry. Am J Publ Health 40 (1950) 131-143
20. Macpherson R.K. Physiological responses to hot environments. An account of work done in Singapore, 1948-1953, at the Royal Naval Tropical Research Unit, with an appendix on preliminary work done at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, London (1960), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London
21. Yaglou C.P., and Minard D. Control of heat casualties at military training centers. Am Med Assoc Arch Ind Health 16 (1957) 302-316
22. Hatch T.F. Design requirements and limitations of a single-reading heat stress meter. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 34 (1973) 66-72
23. ISO 7243. Hot environments-estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 1989.
24. Parsons K.C. Heat stress standard ISO 7243 and its global application. Ind Health 44 (2006) 368-379
25. Schickele E. Environment and fatal heat stroke-an analysis of 157 cases occurring in the army in the U.S. during World War II. Milit Surg 100 (1947) 235-256
26. Cook E.L. Epidemiological approach to heat trauma. Milit Med 116 (1955) 317-322
27. Minard D. Prevention of heat casualties in Marine Corps recruits. Milit Med 126 (1961) 261-272
28. Minard D., Belding H.S., and Kingston J.R. Prevention of heat casualties. J Am Med Assoc 165 (1957) 1813-1818
29. Gun R.T., and Budd G.M. Effects of thermal, personal and behavioural factors on the physiological strain, thermal comfort and productivity of Australian shearers in hot weather. Ergonomics 38 (1995) 1368-1384
30. TB Med 175. The etiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of adverse effects of heat. Washington, DC: Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force; 1957.
31. Brief RS, Confer RG. Environmental measurements and engineering assessment of heat data. In: Horvath SM, Jensen RC, editors. Standards for occupational exposures to hot environments. Proceedings of symposium. HEW Publication Number (NIOSH) 76-100. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1976.
32. Budd GM, Brotherhood JR, Hendrie AL, Jeffery SE, Beasley FA, Costin BP, et al. Project Aquarius. 9. Relative influence of job demands and personal factors on the energy expenditure, strain, and productivity of men suppressing wildland fires. Int J Wildland Fire 1997;7(2):159-66. Available online at http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/115/issue/2391.htm. Hard copy available at http://www.ffp.csiro.au/nfm/fbm/publications/books/stress.html. Both accessed June 1, 2007.
33. Budd GM, Brotherhood JR, Hendrie AL, Jeffery SE, Beasley FA, Costin BP, et al. Project Aquarius. 10. Effects of work, weather, and fire on the energy expenditure, strain, and productivity of men suppressing wildland fires. Int J Wildland Fire 1997;7(2):167-80. Available online at http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/115/issue/2391.htm. Hard copy available at http://www.ffp.csiro.au/nfm/fbm/publications/books/stress.html. Both accessed June 1, 2007.
34. Brotherhood JR, Budd GM, Hendrie AL, Jeffery SE, Beasley FA, Costin BP, et al. Project Aquarius. 11. Effects of fitness, fatness, body size, and age on the energy expenditure, strain, and productivity of men suppressing wildland fires. Int J Wildland Fire 1997;7(2):181-99. Available online at http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/115/issue/2391.htm. Hard copy available at http://www.ffp.csiro.au/nfm/fbm/publications/books/stress.html. Both accessed June 1, 2007.
35. Kark J.A., Burr P.Q., Wenger C.B., Gastaldo E., and Gardner J.W. Exertional heat illness in Marine Corps recruit training. Aviat Space Environ Med 67 (1996) 354-360
36. Henschel A. Comparison of heat stress action levels. In: Dukes-Dobos FN, Henschel A, editors. Proceedings of a NIOSH workshop on recommended heat stress standards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1980. pp. 21-31.
37. Ramanathan N.L., and Belding H.S. Physiological evaluation of the WBGT index for occupational heat stress. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 34 (1973) 375-383
38. Leithead C.S., and Lind A.R. Heat stress and heat disorders (1964), Churchill, London
39. Ramsey JD. Appendix C. Standards Advisory Committee on heat stress. Recommended standard for work in hot environments. In: Horvath SM, Jensen RC, editors. Standards for occupational exposures to hot environments. Proceedings of symposium. HEW Publication Number (NIOSH) 76-100. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1976. pp. 191-204.
40. Budd GM, Brotherhood JR, Hendrie AL, Jeffery SE, Beasley FA, Costin BP, et al. Project Aquarius. 6. Heat load from exertion, weather, and fire in men suppressing wildland fires. Int J Wildland Fire 1997;7(2):119-31. Available online at http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/115/issue/2391.htm. Hard copy available at http://www.ffp.csiro.au/nfm/fbm/publications/books/stress.html. Both accessed June 1, 2007.
41. Budd GM, Brotherhood JR, Hendrie AL, Jeffery SE, Beasley FA, Costin BP, et al. Project Aquarius. 7. Physiological and subjective responses of men suppressing wildland fires. Int J Wildland Fire 1997;7(2):133-44. Available online at http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/115/issue/2391.htm. Hard copy available at http://www.ffp.csiro.au/nfm/fbm/publications/books/stress.html. Both accessed June 1, 2007.
42. Candas V., and Hoeft A. Clothing, assessment and effects on thermophysiological responses of man working in humid heat. Ergonomics 38 1 (1995) 115-127
43. Parsons K.C. International heat stress standards: a review. Ergonomics 38 (1995) 6-22
44. NIOSH. Criteria for a recommended standard... Occupational exposure to hot environments. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare: Health Services and Mental Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HSM 72 - 10269; 1972.
45. Nishi Y. Field assessment of thermal characteristics of man and his environment by using a programmable pocket calculator. ASHRAE Trans 83 (1977) 103-124
46. Kamon E., and Ryan C. Effective heat strain index using pocket computer. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 42 (1981) 611-615
47. Budd G.M., Fox R.H., Hendrie A.L., and Hicks K.E. A field survey of thermal stress in New Guinea villagers. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 268 (1974) 393-400
48. Bureau of Meteorology. About the WBGT and apparent temperature indices. Australian Government; 2007. Available at http://www.bom.gov.au/info/thermal_stress. Accessed February 8, 2007.
49. Pandolf K.B., and Moran D.S. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)-to what extent is GT essential?. Aviat Space Environ Med 70 (1999) 480-484
50. Cohen J., Cohen P., West S.G., and Aiken L.S. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. 3rd ed. (2003), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
51. Onkaram B., Stroschein L.A., and Goldman R.F. Three instruments for assessment of WBGT and a comparison with WGT (Botsball). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41 (1980) 634-641
52. Budd GM, Beasley FA, Lincoln GJ, Porter HG. Field evaluation of the Reuter-Stokes Type RSS-211 heat stress monitor and the U.S. Navy Model Electro V motorized psychrometer. Unpublished report to Director-General of Naval Health Services, Royal Australian Navy; 1980.
53. Casella CEL UK. Microtherm heat stress WBGT meter (with kit case); 2007. Available at http://www.casellacel.com/Products/Detail.asp?ID=87. Accessed February 8, 2007.
54. Kyoto Electronics. Heat stroke prevention WBGT meter (wet bulb globe temperature meter). Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co. Ltd.; 2007. Available at http://www.kagaku.com/kem/ewbgt.html. Accessed February 8, 2007.
55. Malchaire J.B. Evaluation of natural wet bulb and wet globe thermometers. Ann Occup Hyg 19 (1976) 251-258
56. Moran D.S., Pandolf K.B., Shapiro Y., Heled Y., Shan Y., Mathew W.T., et al. An environmental stress index (ESI) as a substitute for the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT). J Therm Biol 26 (2001) 427-431
57. Moran D.S., Pandolf K.B., Shapiro Y., Frank A., Heled Y., Shan Y., et al. The role of global radiation measured by a light sensor on heat stress assessment. J Therm Biol 26 (2001) 433-436
58. Moran D.S., and Epstein Y. Evaluation of the environmental stress index (ESI) for hot/dry and hot/wet climates. Ind Health 44 (2006) 399-403
59. Ciriello V.M., and Snook S.H. The prediction of WBGT from the Botsball. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38 (1977) 264-271
60. Botsford J.H. A wet globe thermometer for environmental heat measurement. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 32 (1971) 1-10
61. Beshir M.Y. A comprehensive comparison between WBGT and Botsball. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 42 (1981) 81-87
62. NIOSH. Criteria for a recommended standard... Occupational exposure to hot environments. Revised criteria 1986. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 86-113; 1986.