The history, chemistry and modes of action of carmine and related dyes

Biotechnic and Histochemistry

Volumn 82, Issue 4-5, 2007, Pages 173-187

  Dapson, R W ^a  

^a Dapson & Dapson LLC   (United States)

Author keywords

Acetocarmine; Best's carmine; Carmine; Carminic acid; cochineal; kermes; kermesic acid; Minocarminic acid; Mucicarmine

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE; CARMINIC ACID; COLORING AGENT; DYE; GLYCOGEN; MUCIN;

AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; CELL NUCLEUS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; DECOMPOSITION; EXTRACTION AND EXTRACTS; FOOD COLOR; HEAT TREATMENT; HISTORY; HYDROGEN BOND; NONHUMAN; PH; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PURIFICATION; SOLUBILIZATION; STAINING; STANDARDIZATION;

CARMINE; CELL NUCLEUS; CHROMOSOMES; MUCINS; STAINING AND LABELING;

KERMES;

EID: 37249046371     PISSN: 10520295     EISSN: 14737760     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10520290701704188     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Bhatia, SB and Venkataraman, K. (1965) The position of the carboxyl group in carminic acid. Indian J. Chem., 3, pp. 92-93.
2. Bemiss, E. The Dyer's Companion, p. 307. Dover Publications, Mineola, NY
3. Beecken, H., Gottschalk, E-M, Gizycki, U. v., Krämer, H., Maassen, D., Mathies, H-G, Musso, H., Rathjen, C. and Zdhorszky, UI (2003) Orcein and litmus. Biotech. & Histochem, 78, pp. 289-302.
4. Carson, FL (1990) Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text, p. 294. ASCP Press, Chicago
5. Chimenos, JM, Fernandez, AI, Villalba, G., Segarra, M., Urruticoeches, A., Artaza, B. and Espiell, F. (2003) Removal of ammonium and phosphates from wastewater resulting from the process of cochineal extraction using MgO-containing by-product. Water Res., 37, pp. 1601-1607.
6. Dapson, RW (2005) Dye-tissue interactions: Mechanisms, quantification and bonding parameters for dyes used in biological staining. Biotech. Histochem., 80, pp. 49-72.
7. Dapson, RW (2006) A method for determining identity and relative purity of carmine, carminic acid and aminocarminic acid. Biotech. & Histochem., 81, pp. 1-5.
8. Dapson, RW and Frank, M. (2007) Revised procedures for the certification of carmine (CI 75740) as a biological stain. Biotech. & Histochem
9. Davenport, HA (1964) Histological and Histochemical Technics, pp. 182-184. WB Saunders, Philadelphia
10. Eisner, T., Nowicki, S., Goetz, M. and Meinwold, J. (1980) Red cochineal dye (carminic acid): Its role in nature. Science, 208, pp. 1039-1042.
11. Eisner, T., Ziegler, R., McCormick, JL, Eisner, M. and Meinwald, J. (1994) Defensive use of an acquired substance (carminic acid) by predaceous insect larvae. Experientia, 50, pp. 610-615.
12. Finlay, V. (2004) Color: A Natural History of the Palette, p. 448. Random House, New York
13. Garfield, S. (2000) Mauve; How One Man Invented a Color that Changed the World, p. 224. W. W. Norton Comp., New York
14. Green, FJ (1990) The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes and Indicators, p. 191. Aldrich Cemical Comp., Milwaukee
15. Greenfield, AB (2005) A Perfect Red: Empoire, Espionage, and the Quest for the Color of Desire, p. 338. Harper Collins Publishers, NY
16. Harms, H. (1957) Handbuch der Farbstoffe für die Mikroskopie, Teil II, 2 Liefg, pp. 156-159. Staufen-Verlag, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany
17. Horobin, RW and Bancroft, JD (1998) Troubleshooting Histology Stains, pp. 194-197. Churchill Livingstone, New York
18. Horobin, RW and Kiernan, JA (2002) Conn's Biological Stains: A Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine, BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford
19. Horobin, RW and Murgatroyd, LB (1971) The staining of glycogen with Best's carmine and similar hydrogen bonding dyes. A mechanistic study. Histochem. J, 3, pp. 1-9.
20. Humason, GL (1979) Animal Tissue Techniques, p. 474. WH Freeman & Co., San Francisco
21. International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (2006) Carmine dye extraction process and the cochineal insect.
22. Kawasaki, Y., Sugimoto, N., Sato, K., Yamazaki, T., Ishiwata, H. and Maitani, T. (2002) Identification of acid-stable carmine in imported apple syrup product (article in Japanese, abstract in English). Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 43, pp. 191-195.
23. Kiel, EG and Heertjes, PM (1963) Metal complexes of alizarin. I. The structure of the calcium-aluminum lake of alizarin. J. Soc. Dyers Colorists., 79, pp. 21-27.
24. Kiel, EG and Heertjes, PM (1963) Metal complexes of alizarin. II. The structure of some metal complexes of alizarin other than Turkey red. J. Soc. Dyers Colorists., 79, pp. 21-27.
25. Lancaster, FE and Lawrence, JF (1996) High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of carminic acid, a- and B-norbixin, and the determination of carminic acid in foods. J. Chromatog. A, 732, pp. 394-398.
26. Laurén, PA and Sorvari, TE (1969) The histochemical specificity of mucicarmine staining in the identification of epithelial mucosubstances. Acta Histochem., 34, pp. 263-272.
27. Lillie, RD (1977) H. J. Conn's Biological Stains, p. 610. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
28. Lillie, RD and Fullmer, HM (1976) Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry, pp. 215-650. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York
29. Marshall, PN and Horobin, RW (1974) A simple assay procedure for carmine and carminic acid samples. Stain Technol, 49, pp. 19-28.
30. Meloan, SN, Valentine, LS and Puchtler, H. (1971) On the structure of carminic acid and carmine. Histochemie, 27, pp. 87-95.
31. Mendez, J., Gonzalez, M., Lobo, MG and Carnero, A. (2004) Color quality of pigments in cochineals (Dactylopius coccus Costa). Geographical origin characterization using multivariate statistical analyis. J. Agric. Food Chem, 52, pp. 1331-1337.
32. Muspratt, S. Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and analytical as Relating to the Arts and Manufacture, p. 836. Wm. Mackenzie, London
33. Napier, J. A Manual of Dyeing and Dyeing Recipes, Composing a System of Elementary Chemistry as Applied to Dyeing, with Receipts for the General Reader for Dyeing on Cotton, Silk and Wool, with Coloured Pattern of Cloth of Each Fabric, p. 420. Charles Griffin & Co., London
34. Portillo, L. and Vigueras, AL (1998) Procedings Primer Congreso Internacional de Grana Cochinilla y Colorantes Naturales, pp. 37-38. Oaxaca, Mexico
35. Portillo, L. and Vigueras, AL (1998) Natural enemies of cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa): Importance in Mexico. J. Prof. Assoc. Cactus Dev., 3, pp. 43-49.
36. Sheehan, DC and Hrapchak, BB (1980) Theory and Practice of Histotechnology, p. 481. CV Mosby Co., St. Louis
37. Sugimoto, N., Kawasaki, Y., Sato, K., Aoki, H., Ichi, T., Koda, T., Yamazaki, T. and Maitani, T. (2002) Structure of acid-stable carmine. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 43, pp. 18-23.
38. de Menonville, N-J Thiery Traité de la culture du nopal et de l'education de la cochenille dans les colonies Francaises de l'América, pp. 753-875.
39. Totty, BA (2002) Theory and Practice of Histologic Techniques, pp. 163-200. Churchill Livingstone, New York