-
1
-
-
37249053980
-
-
P. Laslett, ed. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press
-
J. Locke. 1967. Two Treatises of Government. P. Laslett, ed. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press: 332-333.
-
(1967)
Two Treatises of Government
, pp. 332-333
-
-
Locke, J.1
-
2
-
-
84974165017
-
Liberal and Communitarian Approaches to Justification
-
R. Thigpen L. Downing. Liberal and Communitarian Approaches to Justification. Rev Polit 1989 51 : 533 550.
-
(1989)
Rev Polit
, vol.51
, pp. 533-550
-
-
Thigpen, R.1
Downing, L.2
-
3
-
-
37249029354
-
-
D. Solter et al. 2003. Embryo Research in Pluralistic Europe. Berlin Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag: 78.
-
D. Solter et al. 2003. Embryo Research in Pluralistic Europe. Berlin Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag: 78.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
37249053506
-
-
Ibid: 69. ES cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of the 6-7 day old embryo.
-
Ibid: 69. ES cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of the 6-7 day old embryo.
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
37249016620
-
-
Ibid: 104-106. 'Therapeutic' cloning involves creating embryos by transforming somatic cell nuclear DNA into an enucleated oocyte. The ES cells are a nuclear genetic match to the donor-recipient, which avoids immunological rejection of transplanted cells.
-
Ibid: 104-106. 'Therapeutic' cloning involves creating embryos by transforming somatic cell nuclear DNA into an enucleated oocyte. The ES cells are a nuclear genetic match to the donor-recipient, which avoids immunological rejection of transplanted cells.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
37249019743
-
-
Ibid: 66-68. EG cells are derived from foetuses between 5-6 weeks post fertilisation.
-
Ibid: 66-68. EG cells are derived from foetuses between 5-6 weeks post fertilisation.
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
20144376864
-
Stem Cell Medicine: Umbilical Cord Blood and Its Stem Cell Potential
-
S. Watt M. Contreras. Stem Cell Medicine: Umbilical Cord Blood and Its Stem Cell Potential. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2005 10 : 209 220.
-
(2005)
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med
, vol.10
, pp. 209-220
-
-
Watt, S.1
Contreras, M.2
-
8
-
-
37249017125
-
-
Solter et al. op. cit. note 3, s. 2.3. Although it is a point of contention, it appears that most adult SCs are multipotent and are limited in their potential to differentiate only into related cell lineages (i.e. haematopoietic SCs can become other blood cells). ES cells, however, appear to be pluripotent and have the potential to become any one of the hundreds of human-cell types.
-
Solter et al. op. cit. note 3, s. 2.3. Although it is a point of contention, it appears that most adult SCs are multipotent and are limited in their potential to differentiate only into related cell lineages (i.e. haematopoietic SCs can become other blood cells). ES cells, however, appear to be pluripotent and have the potential to become any one of the hundreds of human-cell types.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
37249084192
-
-
Other ethical arguments have been used in the stem cell debates. Such arguments, however, have tended to remain within academic circles and inform policy-makers, rather than dominate any political ideology. A cursory examination of the policies found within the EU states will indicate the prevalence of overtly deontological reasoning prioritising the rights of agents or embryos, or consequentialist reasoning highlighting the benefits of research for agent wellbeing. More details on the national policies can be gathered from the reports and opinions of national advisory bodies, where available.
-
Other ethical arguments have been used in the stem cell debates. Such arguments, however, have tended to remain within academic circles and inform policy-makers, rather than dominate any political ideology. A cursory examination of the policies found within the EU states will indicate the prevalence of overtly deontological reasoning prioritising the rights of agents or embryos, or consequentialist reasoning highlighting the benefits of research for agent wellbeing. More details on the national policies can be gathered from the reports and opinions of national advisory bodies, where available.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
2942595914
-
Bioethics Today, Bioethics Tomorrow: Stem Cell Research and the 'Dignitarian Alliance'
-
Such an approach is indicative of the 'Pro-life' movement. 'Pro-science' protagonists, however, will also see themselves as 'pro-life', because they promote research that can alleviate suffering and clinical morbidity in existing and future patients. Likewise, the 'Dignitairan' may also be pro-science, but maintain that scientific benefits should not come at an unacceptable cost to human dignity.
-
R. Brownsword. Bioethics Today, Bioethics Tomorrow: Stem Cell Research and the 'Dignitarian Alliance'. Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy 2003 17 : 15 57.
-
(2003)
Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy
, vol.17
, pp. 15-57
-
-
Brownsword, R.1
-
11
-
-
37248999055
-
-
F. Fukuyama. 2002. Our Posthuman Future. London: Profile Books: 101.
-
F. Fukuyama. 2002. Our Posthuman Future. London: Profile Books: 101.
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
37249079883
-
-
This is often paraphrased from the writings of I. Kant. 1996. The Metaphysic of Morals. M. Gregor, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Others have reached a similar conclusion because the debate has been subject to damaging hype, there is a significant risk of exploitation, and there is unlikely to be an egalitarian distribution of benefits. D. Callahan. Editorial. Commonweal 2005; January 14: 12-14;
-
This is often paraphrased from the writings of I. Kant. 1996. The Metaphysic of Morals. M. Gregor, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
15044354900
-
Embryonic Stem Cell Research and the Moral Status of Human Embryos
-
S. Holm. Embryonic Stem Cell Research and the Moral Status of Human Embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 2005 10 (supplement 1 63 67.
-
(2005)
Reprod Biomed Online
, vol.10
, Issue.1
, pp. 63-67
-
-
Holm, S.1
-
14
-
-
37249001018
-
-
R. Green. 2001. The Human Embryo Research Debates: Bioethics in the Vortex of Controversy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
R. Green. 2001. The Human Embryo Research Debates: Bioethics in the Vortex of Controversy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
37249036175
-
-
B. Williams. 1986. Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research. In Human Embryo Research: Yes or No? The Ciba Foundation. London: Tavistock Publications: 185-197.
-
B. Williams. 1986. Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research. In Human Embryo Research: Yes or No? The Ciba Foundation. London: Tavistock Publications: 185-197.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
37249072530
-
-
Such a (rule-)utilitarian position can only be supported in liberal democracies if the synthesis of prioritising benefits over harms does not come at the unjustifiable cost of undermining the status of rights-holders. R. Dworkin. 2004. Taking Rights Seriously (New Impression). London: Duckworth: 184-205.
-
Such a (rule-)utilitarian position can only be supported in liberal democracies if the synthesis of prioritising benefits over harms does not come at the unjustifiable cost of undermining the status of rights-holders. R. Dworkin. 2004. Taking Rights Seriously (New Impression). London: Duckworth: 184-205.
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
37249045655
-
-
D. Beyleveld, R. Brownsword. 2001. Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
D. Beyleveld, R. Brownsword. 2001. Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
37249030077
-
-
D. Beyleveld, S. Patterson. 2004. Globalisation and Human Dignity: Some Effects and Implications for the Creation and Use of Embryos. In Global Governance and the Quest for Justice. R. Brownsword, ed., Volume 4: Human Rights. Oxford: Hart Publishing: 185-202.
-
D. Beyleveld, S. Patterson. 2004. Globalisation and Human Dignity: Some Effects and Implications for the Creation and Use of Embryos. In Global Governance and the Quest for Justice. R. Brownsword, ed., Volume 4: Human Rights. Oxford: Hart Publishing: 185-202.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
37249027390
-
-
J. Glover. 2001. Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century. London: Pimlico; S. Reverby. 2000. Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
-
J. Glover. 2001. Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century. London: Pimlico; S. Reverby. 2000. Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
37249033371
-
-
B. Capps. 2007. Bioethics, Procedural Ethics, and Misrepresentation in the Stem Cell Debate. In Ethics, Law and Society; Volume Three. J. Gunning, S. Holme, eds. Aldershot: Ashgate.
-
B. Capps. 2007. Bioethics, Procedural Ethics, and Misrepresentation in the Stem Cell Debate. In Ethics, Law and Society; Volume Three. J. Gunning, S. Holme, eds. Aldershot: Ashgate.
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
37249038739
-
-
C. Clothier. 1986. Introduction: Research On Early Human Embryos. In: The Ciba Foundation, op. cit. note 15, pp 1-4; at p. 1.
-
C. Clothier. 1986. Introduction: Research On Early Human Embryos. In: The Ciba Foundation, op. cit. note 15, pp 1-4; at p. 1.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
37249042385
-
-
R. Brownsword. 2005. Regulating Stem Cell Research in the United Kingdom: Filling in the Cultural Background. In Crossing Boarders: Cultural, Religious, and Political Differences Concerning Stem Cell Research: A Global Approach. W. Bender, C. Hauskeller, A. Manzei, eds. Münster: Agenda Verlag: 413-433.
-
R. Brownsword. 2005. Regulating Stem Cell Research in the United Kingdom: Filling in the Cultural Background. In Crossing Boarders: Cultural, Religious, and Political Differences Concerning Stem Cell Research: A Global Approach. W. Bender, C. Hauskeller, A. Manzei, eds. Münster: Agenda Verlag: 413-433.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
37249058006
-
-
Furthermore, this step is necessary to affirm the rights of individuals and avoids the problems associated with utilitarian ethics and the harm principle. For discussion see: J. Rawls. 1973. A Theory of Justice. London: Oxford University Press: 180-181. The SC debate has been preoccupied by concerns of who are actually morally significant individuals, and that there may be no compromise or reasonable accommodation to be made, at least with those who hold that embryos are not potential rights-holders, but are actual rights-holders, and those who support embryo research. Resolving whether human rights are derived from dignity or vice versa, however, is not necessary for the dialectical and apodictic argument offered here, since the desire for authoritarian control derives from the agent's internal and rational viewpoint. Whether the agent subsequently chooses to defend the status of non-agents does not reflect upon the reasonableness of reaching a compromise position.
-
Furthermore, this step is necessary to affirm the rights of individuals and avoids the problems associated with utilitarian ethics and the harm principle. For discussion see: J. Rawls. 1973. A Theory of Justice. London: Oxford University Press: 180-181. The SC debate has been preoccupied by concerns of who are actually morally significant individuals, and that there may be no compromise or reasonable accommodation to be made, at least with those who hold that embryos are not potential rights-holders, but are actual rights-holders, and those who support embryo research. Resolving whether human rights are derived from dignity or vice versa, however, is not necessary for the dialectical and apodictic argument offered here, since the desire for authoritarian control derives from the agent's internal and rational viewpoint. Whether the agent subsequently chooses to defend the status of non-agents does not reflect upon the reasonableness of reaching a compromise position.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
37249060871
-
-
Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17.
-
Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
37249073075
-
-
D. Beyleveld. The Concept of a Human Right and Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights. Public Law 1995; Winter: 577-598.
-
D. Beyleveld. The Concept of a Human Right and Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights. Public Law 1995; Winter: 577-598.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
0043198218
-
Jurisprudence and the Constitution
-
p. 21.
-
N. MacCormick. Jurisprudence and the Constitution. Curr Leg Probl 1983 36 : 13 30
-
(1983)
Curr Leg Probl
, vol.36
, pp. 13-30
-
-
MacCormick, N.1
-
27
-
-
37249049498
-
-
The argument for deriving generic rights is presented in: A. Gewirth. 1978. Reason and Morality. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Regarding this claim, see Ibid: 52-63; and D. Beyleveld. 1991. The Dialectical Necessity of Morality: An Analysis and Defence of Alan Gewirth's Argument to the Principle of Generic Consistency. Chicago: Chicago University Press: 14.
-
The argument for deriving generic rights is presented in: A. Gewirth. 1978. Reason and Morality. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Regarding this claim, see Ibid: 52-63; and D. Beyleveld. 1991. The Dialectical Necessity of Morality: An Analysis and Defence of Alan Gewirth's Argument to the Principle of Generic Consistency. Chicago: Chicago University Press: 14.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
37249063294
-
-
This argument only applies to the rights that agents can claim. Because of space, I cannot consider rights that may be claimed on behalf of others (e.g. non-agents), but see: Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17.
-
This argument only applies to the rights that agents can claim. Because of space, I cannot consider rights that may be claimed on behalf of others (e.g. non-agents), but see: Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
37249076121
-
-
Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, pp. 253-254.
-
Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, pp. 253-254.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
84963079801
-
Categorical Consistency in Ethics
-
A. Gewirth. Categorical Consistency in Ethics. Philos Q 1967 17 : 289 299.
-
(1967)
Philos Q
, vol.17
, pp. 289-299
-
-
Gewirth, A.1
-
31
-
-
37249062807
-
-
Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17, p. 72.
-
Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17, p. 72.
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
37249073563
-
-
Beyleveld, op. cit. note 27, pp. 36-37; Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, p. 44.
-
Beyleveld, op. cit. note 27, pp. 36-37; Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, p. 44.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
37249019742
-
-
R. Brownsword. 2005. Techno-Regulation, Human Rights and Human Dignity. In Brownsword, op. cit. note 18: 203-234; A. Gewirth. 1999. Replies to My Colleagues. In Boylan, op. cit. note 2, pp. 191-213; p. 211.
-
R. Brownsword. 2005. Techno-Regulation, Human Rights and Human Dignity. In Brownsword, op. cit. note 18: 203-234; A. Gewirth. 1999. Replies to My Colleagues. In Boylan, op. cit. note 2, pp. 191-213; p. 211.
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
37249074553
-
-
Dworkin, op. cit. note 16, pp. 94-100.
-
Dworkin, op. cit. note 16, pp. 94-100.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
37249041661
-
-
Brownsword, op. cit. note 33, pp. 204-205.
-
Brownsword, op. cit. note 33, pp. 204-205.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
37249093184
-
-
M. Charlesworth. 1990. Community Control of IVF and Embryo Experimentation. In Embryo Experimentation. P. Singer et al. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 147-152; T. Nagel. 1995. Moral Epistemology. In Society's Choices: Social and Ethical Decision Making In Biomedicine, R. Bulger et al. eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press: 201-214.
-
M. Charlesworth. 1990. Community Control of IVF and Embryo Experimentation. In Embryo Experimentation. P. Singer et al. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 147-152; T. Nagel. 1995. Moral Epistemology. In Society's Choices: Social and Ethical Decision Making In Biomedicine, R. Bulger et al. eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press: 201-214.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
37249059519
-
-
M. Warnock. 1985. A Question of Life: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2. D. Beyleveld, R. Brownsword. 1994. Law as a Moral Judgement. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: esp. Chapter Eight;
-
M. Warnock. 1985. A Question of Life: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
0000982081
-
Are There Any Natural Rights?
-
p. 185.
-
H. Hart. Are There Any Natural Rights? Philos Rev 1955 64 : 175 191
-
(1955)
Philos Rev
, vol.64
, pp. 175-191
-
-
Hart, H.1
-
39
-
-
37249088551
-
-
Cf. T. Hobbes. 1968. Leviathan. C. Macpherson ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
-
Cf. T. Hobbes. 1968. Leviathan. C. Macpherson ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
37249067736
-
-
Locke, op. cit. note 1, esp. Second Treatise, Chapter Two.
-
Locke, op. cit. note 1, esp. Second Treatise, Chapter Two.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
37249037186
-
-
Cf. I. Kant. 1999. The Metaphysical Elements of Justice. J. Ladd, Trans. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co.: 114-115.
-
Cf. I. Kant. 1999. The Metaphysical Elements of Justice. J. Ladd, Trans. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co.: 114-115.
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
37249091363
-
-
G. Panichas. 1988. Hobbes, Prudence, and Basic Rights. Nous 22: 555-571: p. 567.
-
G. Panichas. 1988. Hobbes, Prudence, and Basic Rights. Nous 22: 555-571: p. 567.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
37249040180
-
Reason and Rights in Hobbes' Leviathan
-
: p. 313.
-
D. Farrell. Reason and Rights in Hobbes' Leviathan. History of Philosophy Quarterly 1984 1 : 297 314
-
(1984)
History of Philosophy Quarterly
, vol.1
, pp. 297-314
-
-
Farrell, D.1
-
44
-
-
37249026905
-
-
nd Ed. London: Penguin: 18.
-
nd Ed. London: Penguin: 18.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
37249029352
-
-
These documents contain procedural rules indicating how rights are to be protected and points at which they can be justifiably violated. B. Capps. 2005. The Human Embryo, Stem Cell Research, and the European Union. In Bender et al. op. cit. note 22: 435-467; pp. 437-438.
-
These documents contain procedural rules indicating how rights are to be protected and points at which they can be justifiably violated. B. Capps. 2005. The Human Embryo, Stem Cell Research, and the European Union. In Bender et al. op. cit. note 22: 435-467; pp. 437-438.
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
37249088067
-
-
Although some decisions require urgency, concern issues of a sensitive or secret nature, or are imposed upon by other obligations. In these cases - and for related reasons, for those that lose or abstain from elections - indirect authorisation is granted for the prevailing government to make decisions on our behalf. Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, pp. 308-310; Nagel, op. cit. note 36; O. O'Neill. 2002. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 169-174.
-
Although some decisions require urgency, concern issues of a sensitive or secret nature, or are imposed upon by other obligations. In these cases - and for related reasons, for those that lose or abstain from elections - indirect authorisation is granted for the prevailing government to make decisions on our behalf. Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, pp. 308-310; Nagel, op. cit. note 36; O. O'Neill. 2002. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 169-174.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
37249003459
-
-
Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, pp. 308-310.
-
Gewirth, op. cit. note 27, pp. 308-310.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
37249005987
-
-
Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 38, p. 296.
-
Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 38, p. 296.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
84976193274
-
Rousseau Réchauée - Being Obliged, Consenting, Participating, and Obeying only Oneself
-
E. Watt. Rousseau Réchauée - Being Obliged, Consenting, Participating, and Obeying Only Oneself. J Polit 1981 43 : 707 719.
-
(1981)
J Polit
, vol.43
, pp. 707-719
-
-
Watt, E.1
-
50
-
-
37249031110
-
-
M. Benjamin. 1995. The Value of Consensus. In Bulger et al. op. cit. note 36, pp. 241-260.
-
M. Benjamin. 1995. The Value of Consensus. In Bulger et al. op. cit. note 36, pp. 241-260.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
37249016619
-
-
O'Neill, op. cit. note 46, p. 169.
-
O'Neill, op. cit. note 46, p. 169.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
37249041161
-
-
th June 2005.
-
th June 2005.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
37249044896
-
-
J. Nickel. 1988. Philosophy and Policy. In Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Volume One: Ethics In A Changing World. D. Rosenthal, F. Shehadi, eds. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press: 139-148. While public opinion may identify areas of social agreement or disagreement, it should not be taken to be authoritative or 'a substitute for reasoned [normative] argument about alternatives open to policy makers'.
-
J. Nickel. 1988. Philosophy and Policy. In Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Volume One: Ethics In A Changing World. D. Rosenthal, F. Shehadi, eds. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press: 139-148.
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
33749513680
-
Public Policy and the Future of Bioethics
-
pp. 90-91.
-
A. Campbell. Public Policy and the Future of Bioethics. Genomics, Society and Policy 2005 1 : 86 91
-
(2005)
Genomics, Society and Policy
, vol.1
, pp. 86-91
-
-
Campbell, A.1
-
55
-
-
11144337404
-
Cell Phoney: Human Cloning after Quintavalle
-
Interpretation of policy where there is ambiguity may rightly be criticised on the grounds that: (1) (unelected) Judges may not have the requisite competency to review the consistency of biotechnology policies (and appointments may become seemingly political; see: Editorial. 2005. Bush Picks Conservative Judge for Supreme Court. The Guardian 31 October; N. Lewis. 2005. Alito Often Ruled for Religious Expression. New York Times 21 November); (2) that it encourages incremental liberalisation; and (3) policies have been strained under purposivism to the detriment of free debate and institutional responsibility and accountability.
-
D. Morgan, M. Ford. Cell Phoney: Human Cloning After Quintavalle. J Med Ethics 2004 30 : 524 536.
-
(2004)
J Med Ethics
, vol.30
, pp. 524-536
-
-
Morgan, D.1
Ford, M.2
-
56
-
-
18144369989
-
Reproductive Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges
-
R. Brownsword. Reproductive Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges. Mod Law Rev 2004 67 : 304 321.
-
(2004)
Mod Law Rev
, vol.67
, pp. 304-321
-
-
Brownsword, R.1
-
57
-
-
37249086332
-
-
M. Benjamin. 1994. Conflict, Compromise, and Moral Integrity. In Duties to Others C. Campbell & B. Lustig, eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 261-278.
-
M. Benjamin. 1994. Conflict, Compromise, and Moral Integrity. In Duties to Others C. Campbell & B. Lustig, eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 261-278.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
37249055185
-
-
Benjamin, op. cit. note 50, pp. 249-251.
-
Benjamin, op. cit. note 50, pp. 249-251.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
37249042882
-
-
Suggesting that there is no single right answer in controversial issues; however, controversiality does not itself imply the absence of a right answer. Dworkin, op. cit. note 16, Chapter Thirteen.
-
Suggesting that there is no single right answer in controversial issues; however, controversiality does not itself imply the absence of a right answer. Dworkin, op. cit. note 16, Chapter Thirteen.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
37249079882
-
-
Benjamin, op. cit. note 50, p. 245; Rawls, op. cit. note 49, pp. 385-395.
-
Benjamin, op. cit. note 50, p. 245; Rawls, op. cit. note 49, pp. 385-395.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
37249023064
-
-
Compromise should not resolve to find the lowest common denominator, since this merely results in ineffective and unpersuasive measures. Benjamin, Ibid. In such cases, it may be better to enact temporary moratoriums and urge further reflection, rather than to operate on shallow consensus.
-
Compromise should not resolve to find the lowest common denominator, since this merely results in ineffective and unpersuasive measures. Benjamin, Ibid. In such cases, it may be better to enact temporary moratoriums and urge further reflection, rather than to operate on shallow consensus.
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
37249073564
-
-
Rawls, op. cit. note 49, Lecture IV.
-
Rawls, op. cit. note 49, Lecture IV.
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
37249023065
-
-
D. Gauthier. 1986. Morals By Agreement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
-
D. Gauthier. 1986. Morals By Agreement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
37249061854
-
-
H. Engelhardt. 1986. The Foundations of Bioethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 41; Rawls, op. cit. note 49, p. 37.
-
H. Engelhardt. 1986. The Foundations of Bioethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 41; Rawls, op. cit. note 49, p. 37.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
37249085819
-
-
Here I endorse 'filters' - that Dworkin referred to in establishing a 'discriminatory moral position', op. cit. note 16, pp. 248-252 - that exclude arguments that include prejudices, mere emotional reactions, rationalisations, and parroting. Justifiable arguments are held sincerely, and not arbitrarily, and are consistent with other beliefs of the proponent.
-
Here I endorse 'filters' - that Dworkin referred to in establishing a 'discriminatory moral position', op. cit. note 16, pp. 248-252 - that exclude arguments that include prejudices, mere emotional reactions, rationalisations, and parroting. Justifiable arguments are held sincerely, and not arbitrarily, and are consistent with other beliefs of the proponent.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
37249023369
-
-
Rawls, op. cit. note 49, p. xxiv.
-
Rawls, op. cit. note 49, p. xxiv.
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
37249017124
-
-
M. Rein. 1978. Social Science and Public Policy. London: Penguin Education.
-
M. Rein. 1978. Social Science and Public Policy. London: Penguin Education.
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
37249015108
-
-
Capps, op. cit. note 45.
-
Capps, op. cit. note 45.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
37249053978
-
-
D. Callahan. 1988. Foreword to G. Annas' Judging Medicine. Clifton, New Jersey: Humana Press: viii.
-
D. Callahan. 1988. Foreword to G. Annas' Judging Medicine. Clifton, New Jersey: Humana Press: viii.
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
37249069121
-
Constitutional Legitimation for Political Acts
-
pp. 6-8.
-
F. Michelman. Constitutional Legitimation for Political Acts. Mod Law Rev 2003 66 : 1 15
-
(2003)
Mod Law Rev
, vol.66
, pp. 1-15
-
-
Michelman, F.1
-
71
-
-
37249061363
-
-
Ibid: 7-8.
-
Ibid: 7-8.
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
37249076122
-
-
As S. Hampshire suggests in his Innocence and Experience. 1989. Cambridge, Massachusett. Harvard University Press.
-
As S. Hampshire suggests in his Innocence and Experience. 1989. Cambridge, Massachusett. Harvard University Press.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
0003998520
-
Pluralism and Proceduralism
-
J. Cohen. Pluralism and Proceduralism. Chic Kent Law Rev 1994 69 : 589 618.
-
(1994)
Chic Kent Law Rev
, vol.69
, pp. 589-618
-
-
Cohen, J.1
-
74
-
-
37249040669
-
-
The question of the practical means of establishing 'overlapping consensus' is beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice it to say that, in practice, finding a reasonable reconciliation between different camps would be exceptionally difficult; but that is not to say that it would be impossible. There are numerous examples where fundamental disagreements have resulted, perhaps in the most rudimentary way, in consensus. The next stage of justifying procedural mechanisms is to show, at the micro- (national) and macro- (international) level, how an examination of the varied and complex comprehensive doctrines can provide an understanding of the nature of the disagreement, and thereby furnish ideas of how they can be compromised to the benefit of the community without overly sacrificing the interests of the individual or group.
-
The question of the practical means of establishing 'overlapping consensus' is beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice it to say that, in practice, finding a reasonable reconciliation between different camps would be exceptionally difficult; but that is not to say that it would be impossible. There are numerous examples where fundamental disagreements have resulted, perhaps in the most rudimentary way, in consensus. The next stage of justifying procedural mechanisms is to show, at the micro- (national) and macro- (international) level, how an examination of the varied and complex comprehensive doctrines can provide an understanding of the nature of the disagreement, and thereby furnish ideas of how they can be compromised to the benefit of the community without overly sacrificing the interests of the individual or group.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
37249090384
-
-
Dworkin, op. cit. note 16, Chapter 13.
-
Dworkin, op. cit. note 16, Chapter 13.
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
0008677375
-
Natural Law and the Ethics of Discourse
-
J. Finnis. Natural Law and the Ethics of Discourse. Ratio Juris 1999 12 : 354 373.
-
(1999)
Ratio Juris
, vol.12
, pp. 354-373
-
-
Finnis, J.1
-
77
-
-
37249068222
-
-
The Argument for Authoritative Regulation proceeds from the agent's position as a rights-holder; this status also guarantees certain political and civil rights which cannot be overridden, regardless of the fairness of procedures. Cohen, op. cit. note 72, pp. 604-615.
-
The Argument for Authoritative Regulation proceeds from the agent's position as a rights-holder; this status also guarantees certain political and civil rights which cannot be overridden, regardless of the fairness of procedures. Cohen, op. cit. note 72, pp. 604-615.
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
37249046631
-
-
Finnis, op. cit. note 75, pp. 365-368. In this regard
-
Finnis, op. cit. note 75, pp. 365-368.
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
0344521663
-
A Theory of Communicative Competence
-
considers that Habermas' criteria necessary for the 'Ideal speech situation' is practically unattainable. See: J. Habermas 1970. Towards a Theory of Communicative Competence. In Recent Sociology No. 2. H. Dreitzel, ed. New York: Macmillan: 114-148.
-
T. McCarthy A Theory of Communicative Competence (Philos Soc Sci 1973 3 : 135 156)
-
(1973)
Philos Soc Sci
, vol.3
, pp. 135-156
-
-
McCarthy, T.1
-
80
-
-
37249053504
-
-
Brownsword, op. cit. note 33, pp. 223-225.
-
Brownsword, op. cit. note 33, pp. 223-225.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
37249074057
-
-
Ibid; House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. 2005. Human Reproductive Technologies and the Law Fourth Report. Session 2001-02. HC 791, para. 20.
-
Ibid; House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. 2005. Human Reproductive Technologies and the Law Fourth Report. Session 2001-02. HC 791, para. 20.
-
-
-
-
82
-
-
37249011504
-
-
O'Neill, op. cit. note 46, Ch. 6.
-
O'Neill, op. cit. note 46, Ch. 6.
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
37249078873
-
-
Ibid; J. Pennock & J. Chapman eds. 1979. Compromise in Ethics, Law, and Politics. New York: New York University Press.
-
Ibid; J. Pennock & J. Chapman eds. 1979. Compromise in Ethics, Law, and Politics. New York: New York University Press.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
37249073074
-
-
Dignity is the alleged basis of many human rights documents (supra. fn 45), but recourse to such a 'fundamental value' has created numerous problems. See Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17. Such problems arise because '. the notion of dignity plays a very dubious role in contemporary bioethical discourse. It is a slippery and inherently speciesist notion, it has a tendency to stifle argument and debate and encourages the drawing of moral boundaries in the wrong places'. H. Kuhse. 2000. Is There a Tension Between Autonomy and Dignity. In Bioethics and Biolaw: Volume Two: Four Ethical Principles. P. Kemp et al. eds. Copenhagen: Rhodos International Science and Arts Publishers & Centre for Ethics and Law: 61-74. p. 74.
-
Dignity is the alleged basis of many human rights documents (supra. fn 45), but recourse to such a 'fundamental value' has created numerous problems. See Beyleveld & Brownsword, op. cit. note 17. Such problems arise because '. the notion of dignity plays a very dubious role in contemporary bioethical discourse. It is a slippery and inherently speciesist notion, it has a tendency to stifle argument and debate and encourages the drawing of moral boundaries in the wrong places'. H. Kuhse. 2000. Is There a Tension Between Autonomy and Dignity. In Bioethics and Biolaw: Volume Two: Four Ethical Principles. P. Kemp et al. eds. Copenhagen: Rhodos International Science and Arts Publishers & Centre for Ethics and Law: 61-74. p. 74.
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
37249084326
-
-
S. Besson. 2005. The Morality of Conflict: Reasonable Disagreement and the Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
-
S. Besson. 2005. The Morality of Conflict: Reasonable Disagreement and the Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
37249050006
-
-
There is something to be said regarding the moral content of these principles, but this is beyond the scope of this paper. See M. Benjamin. 1995. The Value of Consensus. In R. Bulger et al. op. cit. note 36, pp. 241-260; M. Golding. 1979. The Nature of Compromise. In Pennock & Chapman op. cit. note 82, pp. 3-25.
-
There is something to be said regarding the moral content of these principles, but this is beyond the scope of this paper. See M. Benjamin. 1995. The Value of Consensus. In R. Bulger et al. op. cit. note 36, pp. 241-260; M. Golding. 1979. The Nature of Compromise. In Pennock & Chapman op. cit. note 82, pp. 3-25.
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
37249084794
-
-
Rawls, op. cit. 49, pp. 158-172.
-
Rawls, op. cit. 49, pp. 158-172.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
37249083644
-
-
In practice it is difficult to speak plausibly of the procedural criteria and the 'end state' of policy-making separately. Rejecting the 'democratic pluralist' view that procedural and substantive values are separate and not 'parts of a package', is however beyond the scope of this paper. I have limited my discussion to the process analysis of proceduralism, and this negates any present concern with further grounding principles. Such 'end-state' analysis, however, does demand careful consideration. Cohen, op. cit. note 72; and A. Kuflik. 1979. Morality and Compromise. In Pennock & Chapman, op. cit. note 83, pp. 38-65, discuss this alleged separation in detail, both coming down on the side that such a separation is misleading. Support for the 'democratic pluralist' view can be found in: J. Habermas. 1996. Reply to Symposium Participants: Habermas on Law and Democracy: Critical Exchanges. Cardozo Law Rev 17: 1477-1557; and Hampshire, op. cit. note 71.
-
In practice it is difficult to speak plausibly of the procedural criteria and the 'end state' of policy-making separately. Rejecting the 'democratic pluralist' view that procedural and substantive values are separate and not 'parts of a package', is however beyond the scope of this paper. I have limited my discussion to the process analysis of proceduralism, and this negates any present concern with further grounding principles. Such 'end-state' analysis, however, does demand careful consideration. Cohen, op. cit. note 72; and A. Kuflik. 1979. Morality and Compromise. In Pennock & Chapman, op. cit. note 83, pp. 38-65, discuss this alleged separation in detail, both coming down on the side that such a separation is misleading. Support for the 'democratic pluralist' view can be found in: J. Habermas. 1996. Reply to Symposium Participants: Habermas on Law and Democracy: Critical Exchanges. Cardozo Law Rev 17: 1477-1557; and Hampshire, op. cit. note 71.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
1842587894
-
Bioethics and the Political Distortion of Biomedical Science
-
P. Singer. 1988. Ethical Experts In A Democracy. In Rosenthal & Shehadi op. cit. note 53, pp. 149-161.
-
E. Blackburn. Bioethics and the Political Distortion of Biomedical Science. N Engl J Med 2004 350 : 1379 1380.
-
(2004)
N Engl J Med
, vol.350
, pp. 1379-1380
-
-
Blackburn, E.1
-
90
-
-
37249062808
-
-
Warnock, op. cit. note 37.
-
Warnock, op. cit. note 37.
-
-
-
-
91
-
-
37249060869
-
-
Human Genetics Advisory Commission and Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. 1998. Cloning Issues in Reproduction, Science and Medicine. London: Department of Trade and Industry; Department of Health. 2000. Stem Cell Research: Medical Progress with Responsibility - A Report from the Chief Medical Officer's Expert Group Reviewing the Potential of Developments in Stem Cell Research and Cell Nuclear Replacement to Benefit Human Health. London; House of Lords Select Committee. 2002. Stem Cell Research. HL Paper 83(i) London: HMSO.
-
Human Genetics Advisory Commission and Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. 1998. Cloning Issues in Reproduction, Science and Medicine. London: Department of Trade and Industry; Department of Health. 2000. Stem Cell Research: Medical Progress with Responsibility - A Report from the Chief Medical Officer's Expert Group Reviewing the Potential of Developments in Stem Cell Research and Cell Nuclear Replacement to Benefit Human Health. London; House of Lords Select Committee. 2002. Stem Cell Research. HL Paper 83(i) London: HMSO.
-
-
-
-
92
-
-
37249017175
-
-
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. In response to concerns regarding SC research, further regulations on embryo research (2000) and an Act on cloning (2001) were passed.
-
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. In response to concerns regarding SC research, further regulations on embryo research (2000) and an Act on cloning (2001) were passed.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
37249019741
-
-
Morgan, op. cit. note 55.
-
Morgan, op. cit. note 55.
-
-
-
-
94
-
-
37249037185
-
-
House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, op. cit. note 80.
-
House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, op. cit. note 80.
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
37249043378
-
-
Department of Health. 2005. Review of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act: A Public Consultation. London: Department of Health: 3.
-
Department of Health. 2005. Review of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act: A Public Consultation. London: Department of Health: 3.
-
-
-
-
96
-
-
37249075605
-
-
Further examples would include in the EU, Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells; and the UN's success in finding common bioethics norms, articulated in the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights 1997, and the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 2005.
-
Further examples would include in the EU, Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells; and the UN's success in finding common bioethics norms, articulated in the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights 1997, and the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 2005.
-
-
-
-
97
-
-
37249030076
-
-
Capps, op. cit. note 45.
-
Capps, op. cit. note 45.
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
37249023063
-
-
House of Commons, op. cit. note 80.
-
House of Commons, op. cit. note 80.
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
37249056167
-
-
st January. Am J Bioeth 2006; 6: W33.
-
st January. Am J Bioeth 2006; 6: W33.
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
37249029560
-
-
A. Gewirth. 1965. Political Philosophy. London: Collier Macmillan: 1-30.
-
A. Gewirth. 1965. Political Philosophy. London: Collier Macmillan: 1-30.
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
37249030591
-
-
Nagel, op. cit. note 36, p. 212.
-
Nagel, op. cit. note 36, p. 212.
-
-
-
|