메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 395-414

Gold mining and Jula influence in precolonial southern Burkina Faso

Author keywords

Burkina Faso; Economic; Kong; Mining

Indexed keywords

COLONIZATION; ECONOMIC HISTORY; EIGHTEENTH CENTURY; GOLD; GOLD MINE; MINING INDUSTRY;

EID: 37149056423     PISSN: 00218537     EISSN: 14695138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002185370700326X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (150)
  • 1
    • 37149027244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Other versions of Jula in the literature: Dyula, Dyoula, Diula, Dioula, Djula, Juula. In both popular and academic sources in and outside Burkina Faso, different spellings are employed
    • Other versions of Jula in the literature: Dyula, Dyoula, Diula, Dioula, Djula, Juula. In both popular and academic sources in and outside Burkina Faso, different spellings are employed
  • 3
    • 84971847792 scopus 로고
    • A reconsideration of Wangara/Palolus, Island of Gold
    • S. K. McIntosh, 'A reconsideration of Wangara/Palolus, Island of Gold', Journal of African History, 22 (1981), 145-58.
    • (1981) Journal of African History , vol.22 , pp. 145-158
    • McIntosh, S.K.1
  • 4
    • 37149040411 scopus 로고
    • Traditionelle Goldgewinnung in Mali
    • Bambuk, Bure' and 'Wangara' have been located in different regions by different authors, based on often contradictory sources; see, T. Schunk ed, Frankfurt
    • Bambuk', 'Bure' and 'Wangara' have been located in different regions by different authors, based on often contradictory sources; see, for instance, B. Armbruster, 'Traditionelle Goldgewinnung in Mali', in T. Schunk (ed.), Gold aus Mali (Frankfurt, 1991), 181-221;
    • (1991) Gold aus Mali , pp. 181-221
    • for instance1    Armbruster, B.2
  • 5
    • 84974055169 scopus 로고
    • The lure of the Bambuk gold
    • P. D. Curtin, 'The lure of the Bambuk gold', Journal of African History, 14 (1973), 623-31;
    • (1973) Journal of African History , vol.14 , pp. 623-631
    • Curtin, P.D.1
  • 10
    • 1342306510 scopus 로고
    • Silent trade: Myth and historical evidence
    • P. Moraes Farias, 'Silent trade: Myth and historical evidence', History in Africa, 1 (1974), 9-24;
    • (1974) History in Africa , vol.1 , pp. 9-24
    • Moraes Farias, P.1
  • 11
    • 19044371317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Juula and the expansion of Islam into the forest
    • see also, N. Levtzion and R. I. Pouwels eds, Athens GA
    • see also I. Wilks, 'The Juula and the expansion of Islam into the forest', in N. Levtzion and R. I. Pouwels (eds.), The History of Islam in Africa (Athens GA, 2000), 95-6.
    • (2000) The History of Islam in Africa , pp. 95-96
    • Wilks, I.1
  • 14
    • 37149045018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Lovejoy, 'The internal trade of West Africa before 1800', in J. F. Ade Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.), History of West Africa, I (New York, 1985 [1971]), 655.
    • P. Lovejoy, 'The internal trade of West Africa before 1800', in J. F. Ade Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.), History of West Africa, vol. I (New York, 1985 [1971]), 655.
  • 15
    • 0033941932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Wangara, an Old Soninke diaspora in West Africa?
    • 158 2000
    • A. Massing, 'The Wangara, an Old Soninke diaspora in West Africa?' Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 158 (2000), 281-308.
    • Cahiers d'Études Africaines , pp. 281-308
    • Massing, A.1
  • 16
    • 84974327628 scopus 로고
    • The political organization of traditional gold mining: The western Loby, c. 1850 to c. 1910
    • M. B. Perinbam, 'The political organization of traditional gold mining: the western Loby, c. 1850 to c. 1910', Journal of African History, 29 (1988), 437-62.
    • (1988) Journal of African History , vol.29 , pp. 437-462
    • Perinbam, M.B.1
  • 17
    • 37149014170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This imprecise definition does not correspond to any known precolonial territorial or political unit. Today, the region comprises parts of the provinces of Bougouriba, loba, Poni and Noumbiel; the latter two are in fact predominantly settled by 'ethnic' Lobi
    • This imprecise definition does not correspond to any known precolonial territorial or political unit. Today, the region comprises parts of the provinces of Bougouriba, loba, Poni and Noumbiel; the latter two are in fact predominantly settled by 'ethnic' Lobi.
  • 18
    • 37149013313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Other versions: Ouattara, Ouatara, Watara. In this article I retain the more phonetical version 'Watara'.
    • Other versions: Ouattara, Ouatara, Watara. In this article I retain the more phonetical version 'Watara'.
  • 19
    • 37149020745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 437, 440.
    • , vol.437 , pp. 440
  • 20
    • 37149001862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 447-9.
  • 21
    • 37149052161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 450.
  • 22
    • 37149049629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 452-5.
  • 23
    • 37149019574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archives nationales maliennes à Koulouba, Bamako (ANMKB) I D 46: 'Renseignements sur les villages de la circonscription de Diébougou, Cercle du Lobi', 1903;
    • Archives nationales maliennes à Koulouba, Bamako (ANMKB) I D 46: 'Renseignements sur les villages de la circonscription de Diébougou, Cercle du Lobi', 1903;
  • 24
    • 37149045017 scopus 로고
    • Etudes générales. Quelques notes sur les Oulés, Cercle du Lobi, par le Lieutenant Quégneaux
    • 'Etudes générales. Quelques notes sur les Oulés, Cercle du Lobi, par le Lieutenant Quégneaux', 1911;
    • (1911)
  • 25
    • 37149012986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Monographie du Cercle de Lobi: Deux notices', 1903-11
    • 'Monographie du Cercle de Lobi: Deux notices', 1903-11
  • 27
    • 37149026673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In one footnote (440 n. 25) Perinbam actually admitted that it is not clear how 'resident chiefs' were installed, because according to Labouret there simply were no chieftaincies in that region in precolonial times.
    • In one footnote (440 n. 25) Perinbam actually admitted that it is not clear how 'resident chiefs' were installed, because according to Labouret there simply were no chieftaincies in that region in precolonial times.
  • 28
    • 37149032772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ANMKB I D 46 'Etudes générales, 1911. Other sources she explicitly referred to in fact contradict her hypothesis. In one document, Capitaine Tiffon (Cercle de Lobi) reports to the Commandant in Bobo-Dioulasso, on 24 March 1899, that there are no local or foreign sedentary traders in Lokhosso and Diébougou, only 'les Dioulas de passage, Perinbam cited this source in order to back up the following statement: 'For twenty years, from 1898 to about 1910, gold marketing not only remained almost exclusively in the hands of the Jula from Kong, Bobojulasso, Buna and Bonduku; the number of traders increased as more gold came on the market, Obviously, the source does not confirm this statement at all. Furthermore, some of the sources Perinbam cited do not even refer to the Cercle de Lobi, but to the Cercle de Bobo-Dioulasso region which, in terms of precolonial sociopolitical organization, settlement structures, etc, was different from the former and had indeed closer rel
    • ANMKB I D 46 'Etudes générales', 1911. Other sources she explicitly referred to in fact contradict her hypothesis. In one document, Capitaine Tiffon (Cercle de Lobi) reports to the Commandant in Bobo-Dioulasso, on 24 March 1899, that there are no local or foreign sedentary traders in Lokhosso and Diébougou, only 'les Dioulas de passage'. Perinbam cited this source in order to back up the following statement: 'For twenty years, from 1898 to about 1910, gold marketing not only remained almost exclusively in the hands of the Jula from Kong, Bobojulasso, Buna and Bonduku; the number of traders increased as more gold came on the market'. Obviously, the source does not confirm this statement at all. Furthermore, some of the sources Perinbam cited do not even refer to the Cercle de Lobi, but to the Cercle de Bobo-Dioulasso region which, in terms of precolonial sociopolitical organization, settlement structures, etc., was different from the former and had indeed closer relationships with Kong.
  • 29
    • 37149012985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One scholar, one miner/metal worker and one 'traditionalist'. Perinbam, 'Political organization', 457.
    • One scholar, one miner/metal worker and one 'traditionalist'. Perinbam, 'Political organization', 457.
  • 33
    • 37149010492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As in other West African regions, local clan names can be ' substituted' by Jula patronyms; for instance, the Lobi clan name 'Kambou' is thought of as being equivalent to the Jula patronym 'Watara'. The adoption of Jula names in precolonial times probably facilitated marriage and war alliances, or helped in evading slavery. In any case, it was not necessarily connected with conversion to Islam. The twenty Dyan village heads referred to by Perinbam who bore a Jula patronym all had Dyan first names which is further proof that they were not 'Jula representatives'. Oberhofer, ' Ethnizität', 118.
    • As in other West African regions, local clan names can be ' substituted' by Jula patronyms; for instance, the Lobi clan name 'Kambou' is thought of as being equivalent to the Jula patronym 'Watara'. The adoption of Jula names in precolonial times probably facilitated marriage and war alliances, or helped in evading slavery. In any case, it was not necessarily connected with conversion to Islam. The twenty Dyan village heads referred to by Perinbam who bore a Jula patronym all had Dyan first names which is further proof that they were not 'Jula representatives'. Oberhofer, ' Ethnizität', 118.
  • 41
    • 0037001436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrows and earth shrines: Towards a history of Dagara expansion in southern Burkina Faso
    • R. Kuba and C. Lentz, 'Arrows and earth shrines: Towards a history of Dagara expansion in southern Burkina Faso', Journal of African History, 43 (2002), 377-406.
    • (2002) Journal of African History , vol.43 , pp. 377-406
    • Kuba, R.1    Lentz, C.2
  • 43
    • 37149055989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also
    • see also Lentz, Ethnicity, 72-103.
    • Ethnicity , pp. 72-103
    • Lentz1
  • 44
    • 37148999706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Names and populations were probably much less bound in precolonial times than they are today. Half of all the present-day Phuo clans, for instance, still remember a different sociocultural origin: R. Kuba, 'Comment devenir Pougouli? Stratégies d'inclusion an sud-ouest du Burkina Faso', in R. Kuba, C. Lentz and C. N. Somda (eds.), Histoire du peuplement et relations interethniques an Burkina Faso (Paris, 2003), 137-67.
    • Names and populations were probably much less bound in precolonial times than they are today. Half of all the present-day Phuo clans, for instance, still remember a different sociocultural origin: R. Kuba, 'Comment devenir Pougouli? Stratégies d'inclusion an sud-ouest du Burkina Faso', in R. Kuba, C. Lentz and C. N. Somda (eds.), Histoire du peuplement et relations interethniques an Burkina Faso (Paris, 2003), 137-67.
  • 45
    • 37149048721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Une fois loti ... : Bodenrecht und Siedlungsgeschichte in einer westafrikanischen Kleinstadt (Diébougou, Burkina Faso)
    • See, for instance, Mainz
    • See, for instance, M. Gensler, '"Une fois loti ... ": Bodenrecht und Siedlungsgeschichte in einer westafrikanischen Kleinstadt (Diébougou, Burkina Faso)', in Arbeitspapiere des Instituts für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien 14 (Mainz, 2002, www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/workingpapers/Gensler.pdf);
    • (2002) Arbeitspapiere des Instituts für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien , pp. 14
    • Gensler, M.1
  • 49
    • 37149032501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Kuba and K. Werthmann, 'Diébougou: Aperçu historique', in K. Werthmann (ed.), Diébougou, une petite ville du Burkina Faso (Arbeitspapiere des Instituts für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien, 45) (Mainz, 2004 www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/workingpapers/ Diebougouf.pdf), 19-31;
    • R. Kuba and K. Werthmann, 'Diébougou: Aperçu historique', in K. Werthmann (ed.), Diébougou, une petite ville du Burkina Faso (Arbeitspapiere des Instituts für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien, 45) (Mainz, 2004 www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/workingpapers/ Diebougouf.pdf), 19-31;
  • 53
    • 37149002788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Şaul, War houses';
    • Şaul, 'War houses';
  • 54
    • 84871164558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les maisons de guerre des Watara dans l'ouest burkinabè précolonial
    • G. Y. Madiéga and O. Nao eds, Paris
    • M. Şaul, 'Les maisons de guerre des Watara dans l'ouest burkinabè précolonial', in G. Y. Madiéga and O. Nao (eds.), Burkina Faso. Cent ans d'histoire, 1895-1995 (Paris, 2003), 381-417;
    • (2003) Burkina Faso. Cent ans d'histoire, 1895-1995 , pp. 381-417
    • Şaul, M.1
  • 55
    • 37149055343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les Dagara-Dioula de Diébougou: Identité musulmane dans une petite ville ouest-africaine
    • Werthmann ed
    • J. Weinmann, 'Les Dagara-Dioula de Diébougou: Identité musulmane dans une petite ville ouest-africaine', in Werthmann (ed.), Diébougou, 52-65.
    • Diébougou , pp. 52-65
    • Weinmann, J.1
  • 59
    • 37149031865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Firstcomers in this region normally claim the ritual authority over the land they settle and cultivate. C. Lentz, Firstcomers and latecomers: indigenous theories of land-ownership in West Africa, in R. Kuba and C. Lentz (eds, Land and the Politics of Belonging in West Africa Leiden, 2006, 35-56;
    • Firstcomers in this region normally claim the ritual authority over the land they settle and cultivate. C. Lentz, 'Firstcomers and latecomers: indigenous theories of land-ownership in West Africa', in R. Kuba and C. Lentz (eds.), Land and the Politics of Belonging in West Africa (Leiden, 2006), 35-56;
  • 62
    • 37149022873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In a list, Tableau généalogique de la famille des Ouattara, qui occupe le pouvoir dans les États de Kong depuis deux siècles environ, Binger mentions one grandson of Sekou Ouattara, Ali-Ierré (Ali Yèréré, who resided in Diébougou. L. Binger, Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée par le pays Kong et le Mossi Paris, 1892, I, 326
    • In a list, 'Tableau généalogique de la famille des Ouattara, qui occupe le pouvoir dans les États de Kong depuis deux siècles environ', Binger mentions one grandson of Sekou Ouattara, Ali-Ierré (Ali Yèréré), who resided in Diébougou. L. Binger, Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée par le pays Kong et le Mossi (Paris, 1892), I, 326.
  • 63
    • 37149054335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ali Y_agreréré was the ruler of the 'royaume Watara de Kubo' who normally resided in Diébougou (or rather Loto). He died after a battle with the Samorians. Y. Person, Samori: Une revolution Dyula 3 vols.) (Dakar, 1968-75) III, 1883.
    • Ali Y_agreréré was the ruler of the 'royaume Watara de Kubo' who normally resided in Diébougou (or rather Loto). He died after a battle with the Samorians. Y. Person, Samori: Une revolution Dyula 3 vols.) (Dakar, 1968-75) III, 1883.
  • 64
    • 37149046511 scopus 로고
    • According to Person, Kubo was founded by the end of the nineteenth century but did not succeed in subjecting the Lobi, the Dagara-Wilé and the Bwa. Person
    • According to Person, Kubo was founded by the end of the nineteenth century but did not succeed in subjecting the Lobi, the Dagara-Wilé and the Bwa. Person, Samori, III, 1877.
    • (1877) Samori , vol.3
  • 67
    • 37149007362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviews with Sanogo Balaji, Loto, 25 Feb. 2001, 16 Mar. 2007
    • Interviews with Sanogo Balaji, Loto, 25 Feb. 2001, 16 Mar. 2007.
  • 68
    • 84900717274 scopus 로고
    • Dioula and Sonongui roles in the Islamization of the region of Kong
    • See, for instance
    • See, for instance, K. Green, 'Dioula and Sonongui roles in the Islamization of the region of Kong', African and Asian Studies, 20 (1986), 97-117;
    • (1986) African and Asian Studies , vol.20 , pp. 97-117
    • Green, K.1
  • 71
    • 37149014499 scopus 로고
    • Precursors of Samori
    • P. J. M. Newman ed, London
    • Y. Person, ' Precursors of Samori', in P. J. M. Newman (ed.), Africa from Early Times i to 1800 (London, 1969), 90-109;
    • (1969) Africa from Early Times i to 1800 , pp. 90-109
    • Person, Y.1
  • 72
    • 37149019872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Y. Person, 'The Atlantic coast and the southern savannahs, 1800-1800', in J. F. Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.), History of West Africa, II (New York, 1984), 262-307;
    • Y. Person, 'The Atlantic coast and the southern savannahs, 1800-1800', in J. F. Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.), History of West Africa, vol. II (New York, 1984), 262-307;
  • 73
    • 37149021982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Şaul, War houses';
    • Şaul, 'War houses';
  • 76
    • 37149055328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the Dagara-Jula and the history of Islam in Diébougou, see
    • For the Dagara-Jula and the history of Islam in Diébougou, see Weinmann, 'Les Dagara-Dioula'.
    • Les Dagara-Dioula
    • Weinmann1
  • 80
    • 37149011729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several chiefs installed by the French misused their power and abused the local populations. Oberhofer, 'Ethnizität', 45-6.
    • Several chiefs installed by the French misused their power and abused the local populations. Oberhofer, 'Ethnizität', 45-6.
  • 81
    • 37149011166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the history of the Dagara in this region see
    • For the history of the Dagara in this region see Kuba and Lentz, 'Arrows and earth shrines'.
    • Arrows and earth shrines
    • Kuba1    Lentz2
  • 83
    • 37149048719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Şaul, War houses';
    • Şaul, 'War houses';
  • 85
    • 33646684497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mining as microcosm in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa. An overview
    • A. B. Knapp, V. C. Pigott and E. Herbert eds, London
    • E. Herbert, 'Mining as microcosm in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa. An overview', in A. B. Knapp, V. C. Pigott and E. Herbert (eds.), Social Approaches to an Industrial Past. The Archaeology & Anthropology of Mining (London, 1998), 138-54;
    • (1998) Social Approaches to an Industrial Past. The Archaeology & Anthropology of Mining , pp. 138-154
    • Herbert, E.1
  • 88
    • 37149034673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for other centers of gold trade see also Bovill, The Golden Trade, 126;
    • for other centers of gold trade see also Bovill, The Golden Trade, 126;
  • 90
    • 37149022877 scopus 로고
    • The Mossi and the Akan states, 1400 to 1800
    • J. F. Ajayi and M. Crowder eds, New York
    • I. Wilks, 'The Mossi and the Akan states, 1400 to 1800', in J. F. Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.), History of West Africa (New York, 1985), 481.
    • (1985) History of West Africa , pp. 481
    • Wilks, I.1
  • 92
    • 37149049305 scopus 로고
    • Das Gold der Lobi: Aspekte historischer und ethnologischer Interpretation
    • K. Schneider, 'Das Gold der Lobi: Aspekte historischer und ethnologischer Interpretation', Paideuma, 36 (1990), 277-90;
    • (1990) Paideuma , vol.36 , pp. 277-290
    • Schneider, K.1
  • 93
    • 85033292812 scopus 로고
    • L'or
    • see also, J. Devisse ed, Paris
    • see also J. Devisse, ' L'or', in J. Devisse (ed.), Vallées du Niger (Paris, 1993), 344-58;
    • (1993) Vallées du Niger , pp. 344-358
    • Devisse, J.1
  • 95
    • 37149036195 scopus 로고
    • Vers la fin du mystère des ruines du Lobi?
    • M. Père, 'Vers la fin du mystère des ruines du Lobi?' Journal des africanistes, 62 (1992), 79-93.
    • (1992) Journal des africanistes , vol.62 , pp. 79-93
    • Père, M.1
  • 96
    • 37149004574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binger, Du Niger, I, 316. Binger made the ruler of Bouna sign a treaty with the French government which stated that the 'Lobi' belonged to the realm of Kong.
    • Binger, Du Niger, I, 316. Binger made the ruler of Bouna sign a treaty with the French government which stated that the 'Lobi' belonged to the realm of Kong.
  • 97
    • 37149019555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peuples voltaïques
    • Il aurait certes été bien interéssant pour moi de visiter les territoires aurifères du Lobi, mais je ne me sentais pas suffisamment protégé pour entreprendre ce voyage
    • Kambou-Ferrand, Peuples voltaïques, 253. About the 'Lobi' region, he said: 'Il aurait certes été bien interéssant pour moi de visiter les territoires aurifères du Lobi, mais je ne me sentais pas suffisamment protégé pour entreprendre ce voyage'.
    • About the 'Lobi' region, he said , vol.253
    • Kambou-Ferrand1
  • 102
    • 37149048706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearly, Binger made a distinction between 'Lobi' and the region around Poura he was traveling through. For these gold-bearing zones lying north of the 'Lobi', Kiéthéga uses the name 'Gurunsi' which refers to the present-day populations. Kiéthéga, L'or, 40.
    • Clearly, Binger made a distinction between 'Lobi' and the region around Poura he was traveling through. For these gold-bearing zones lying north of the 'Lobi', Kiéthéga uses the name 'Gurunsi' which refers to the present-day populations. Kiéthéga, L'or, 40.
  • 104
    • 37149002123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Other such mining pits can apparently be found all over the region, but neither myself nor any other researcher has systematically explored them
    • Other such mining pits can apparently be found all over the region, but neither myself nor any other researcher has systematically explored them.
  • 105
    • 37149056893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeri/Nyira is a clan name among the Dagara and the Phuo (Pougouli). These clans possibly originated from Mande-speaking traders who in the distant past settled in the area and assimilated to the local agricultural populations. See J. Hébert, 'Esquisse d'une monographie historique du pays dagara. Par un groupe de Dagara en collaboration avec le père Hébert' (Diébougou, 1976), 152;
    • Yeri/Nyira is a clan name among the Dagara and the Phuo (Pougouli). These clans possibly originated from Mande-speaking traders who in the distant past settled in the area and assimilated to the local agricultural populations. See J. Hébert, 'Esquisse d'une monographie historique du pays dagara. Par un groupe de Dagara en collaboration avec le père Hébert' (Diébougou, 1976), 152;
  • 106
    • 37149054980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Installation pacifique on appropriation violente de terre? Réflexions sur l'histoire de l'installation des Phuo à Bonzan
    • Kuba et al, eds
    • U. Bürger, 'Installation pacifique on appropriation violente de terre? Réflexions sur l'histoire de l'installation des Phuo à Bonzan', in Kuba et al. (eds.), Les Dagara, 131-40;
    • Les Dagara , pp. 131-140
    • Bürger, U.1
  • 107
    • 37149026656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration, identité ethnique et pouvoir politique: Les Kufule d'Oronkua
    • Kuba et al, eds
    • D. Knösel, 'Migration, identité ethnique et pouvoir politique: Les Kufule d'Oronkua', in Kuba et al. (eds.), Les Dagara, 87-95;
    • Les Dagara , pp. 87-95
    • Knösel, D.1
  • 109
    • 84974346732 scopus 로고
    • Habitations souterraines bobo ou anciens puits de mines en pays Wilé?
    • G. Savonnet, 'Habitations souterraines bobo ou anciens puits de mines en pays Wilé?' Bulletin de l'IFAN, Série B, 36 (1974), 227-45.
    • (1974) Bulletin de l'IFAN, Série B , vol.36 , pp. 227-245
    • Savonnet, G.1
  • 111
    • 37149043786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hébert, Esquisse
    • Hébert, 'Esquisse'.
  • 112
    • 37149034336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extraction et traitement rituel de l'or
    • Fiéloux et al, eds
    • K. Schneider, 'Extraction et traitement rituel de l'or', in Fiéloux et al. (eds.), Images d'Afrique, 195.
    • Images d'Afrique , pp. 195
    • Schneider, K.1
  • 115
    • 37149037100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tauxier said about the Kulango in the Cercle de Bondoukou (present-day Côte d'Ivoire), that they had formerly mined gold for the Abron rulers: 'Actuellement ils n'en cherchent plus, d'une part parce que les gîtes se sont en grande partie épuisés, d'autre part parce qu'ils ont peur que les Européens ne leur sachant de l'or, n'élèvent encore l'impôt'. L. Tauxier, Le noir de Bondoukou. Koulangos, Dyoulas, Abron etc. (Paris, 1921), 46-7.
    • Tauxier said about the Kulango in the Cercle de Bondoukou (present-day Côte d'Ivoire), that they had formerly mined gold for the Abron rulers: 'Actuellement ils n'en cherchent plus, d'une part parce que les gîtes se sont en grande partie épuisés, d'autre part parce qu'ils ont peur que les Européens ne leur sachant de l'or, n'élèvent encore l'impôt'. L. Tauxier, Le noir de Bondoukou. Koulangos, Dyoulas, Abron etc. (Paris, 1921), 46-7.
  • 117
    • 37149051209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to Boutillier, gold was a major source of power for the rulers of Bouna. The gold was mined by slaves and other dependants. The most lucrative deposits were located in the 'Lobi', 'assez mal à propos appelés ainsi, puisque, s'ils sont situés aujourd'hui dans une région effectivement peuplée des Lobi, ces derniers ne s'y sont effectivement installés que depuis moins de deux siècles'. Boutillier, Bouna, 245.
    • According to Boutillier, gold was a major source of power for the rulers of Bouna. The gold was mined by slaves and other dependants. The most lucrative deposits were located in the 'Lobi', 'assez mal à propos appelés ainsi, puisque, s'ils sont situés aujourd'hui dans une région effectivement peuplée des Lobi, ces derniers ne s'y sont effectivement installés que depuis moins de deux siècles'. Boutillier, Bouna, 245.
  • 121
    • 37149048704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both Levtzion and Perinbam assumed that the 'silent trade' and the 'strange and savage ways' of local populations described in Arab and Portuguese sources could have referred to the Lobi people. Levtzion, Muslims and Chiefs, 139;
    • Both Levtzion and Perinbam assumed that the 'silent trade' and the 'strange and savage ways' of local populations described in Arab and Portuguese sources could have referred to the Lobi people. Levtzion, Muslims and Chiefs, 139;
  • 122
    • 37149033094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This assumption is clearly unsustainable
    • Perinbam, 'Political organization', 456. This assumption is clearly unsustainable.
    • Political organization , vol.456
    • Perinbam1
  • 123
    • 37149043781 scopus 로고
    • L'or des régions de Poura et de Gaoua: Les vicissitudes de l'exploitation coloniale, 1925-1960
    • M. Bantenga, 'L'or des régions de Poura et de Gaoua: Les vicissitudes de l'exploitation coloniale, 1925-1960', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 28 (1995), 563-76.
    • (1995) International Journal of African Historical Studies , vol.28 , pp. 563-576
    • Bantenga, M.1
  • 124
    • 37149024433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ANMKB 3 Q 7, 'Rapport sur les gisements aurifères Lobi', 28 Feb. 1901.
    • ANMKB 3 Q 7, 'Rapport sur les gisements aurifères Lobi', 28 Feb. 1901.
  • 125
    • 37149041006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ANMKB 3 Q 7, 'Rapport du Capitaine A. Ruby', 22 May 1902.
    • ANMKB 3 Q 7, 'Rapport du Capitaine A. Ruby', 22 May 1902.
  • 126
    • 37149045001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ANMKB 3 Q-13, 'Rapport sur l'industrie minière au Haut Sénégal Niger en 1910'.
    • ANMKB 3 Q-13, 'Rapport sur l'industrie minière au Haut Sénégal Niger en 1910'.
  • 128
    • 17044458934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Money in colonial transition: Cowries and francs in West Africa
    • M. Şaul, 'Money in colonial transition: Cowries and francs in West Africa', American Anthropologist, 106 (2004), 71-84.;
    • (2004) American Anthropologist , vol.106 , pp. 71-84
    • Şaul, M.1
  • 129
    • 37149050187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les cauris du pays lobi
    • Fiéloux et al, eds
    • C. N. Somda, 'Les cauris du pays lobi', in Fiéloux et al. (eds.), Images d'Afrique, 241.
    • Images d'Afrique , pp. 241
    • Somda, C.N.1
  • 130
    • 37149013288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Gbonferete Kambire, Mebar, 13 Oct. 1999; there was similar information from interviews with Jean-Baptiste Ouattara Kam, Diébougou, 7 Mar. 2000; Popo Sou, Chedja, 21 Feb. 2001; Kuu-baar-yir Somda, Djikologo, 22 Feb. 2001; and others. Women seem to have done most of the gold panning, but sometimes men were involved, too
    • Interview with Gbonferete Kambire, Mebar, 13 Oct. 1999; there was similar information from interviews with Jean-Baptiste Ouattara Kam, Diébougou, 7 Mar. 2000; Popo Sou, Chedja, 21 Feb. 2001; Kuu-baar-yir Somda, Djikologo, 22 Feb. 2001; and others. Women seem to have done most of the gold panning, but sometimes men were involved, too.
  • 131
    • 37149035244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • et traitement rituel de l'or
    • Schneider, 'Extraction et traitement rituel de l'or'.
    • Extraction
    • Schneider1
  • 133
    • 0024870399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A working class in formation? Economic crisis and strategies of survival among Dagara mine workers in Ghana
    • 113 1989
    • C. Lentz and V. Erlmann, 'A working class in formation? Economic crisis and strategies of survival among Dagara mine workers in Ghana', Cahiers d'Études africaines 113 (1989), 69-111.
    • Cahiers d'Études africaines , pp. 69-111
    • Lentz, C.1    Erlmann, V.2
  • 137
    • 37149028769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with a group of Dagara in Guéguéré, 31 Mar. 2000. Interviews were carried out in 25 Birifor, Dagara, Dyan, Lobi, Phuo and Vigué villages between 1999 and 2001 and translated into French by Joël Somé
    • Interview with a group of Dagara in Guéguéré, 31 Mar. 2000. Interviews were carried out in 25 Birifor, Dagara, Dyan, Lobi, Phuo and Vigué villages between 1999 and 2001 and translated into French by Joël Somé.
  • 138
    • 37149030610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Césaire Somé Dafiele, Dimouon, 7 May 2000
    • Interview with Césaire Somé Dafiele, Dimouon, 7 May 2000.
  • 139
    • 37149000295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Nieb Babor Birfuore, Salimbor, 20 May 2000
    • Interview with Nieb Babor Birfuore, Salimbor, 20 May 2000.
  • 140
    • 37149035889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Luc Sami Tam, Diébougou, 12 Mar. 2000
    • Interview with Luc Sami Tam, Diébougou, 12 Mar. 2000.
  • 141
    • 37149002453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Sami Kam, Milpo, 24 Oct. 1999
    • Interview with Sami Kam, Milpo, 24 Oct. 1999.
  • 142
    • 37149047491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Sou Sami Dassanga, Moulé, 20 Feb. 2001
    • Interview with Sou Sami Dassanga, Moulé, 20 Feb. 2001.
  • 143
    • 37149051210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Sami Palenfo, Djasser, 25 Sept. 1999 and with Kambire Gbonferete, Mebar, 13 Oct. 99
    • Interview with Sami Palenfo, Djasser, 25 Sept. 1999 and with Kambire Gbonferete, Mebar, 13 Oct. 99.
  • 144
    • 37149013600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. Werthmann, Cowries, gold and bitter money: Non-industrial gold-mining and notions of ill-gotten wealth in Burkina Faso, Paideuma, 49 (2003, 105-24. Similar beliefs exist not only in Southern Burkina Faso, but also in other regions of the country from where many present-day gold diggers originate. Moose and Gurunsi, for example, claim that all household property must first be moved into the courtyard before gold can be brought in. Only then can gold attract further wealth. A failure to take such precautionary measures before bringing the gold into the house will have the opposite effect of attracting misfortune Kiéthéga, L'or, 187, These notions about the origin and nature of gold are by no means extraordinary. Ideas about a 'mountain spirit' characterize mining folklore all over the world
    • K. Werthmann, 'Cowries, gold and bitter money: Non-industrial gold-mining and notions of ill-gotten wealth in Burkina Faso', Paideuma, 49 (2003), 105-24. Similar beliefs exist not only in Southern Burkina Faso, but also in other regions of the country from where many present-day gold diggers originate. Moose and Gurunsi, for example, claim that all household property must first be moved into the courtyard before gold can be brought in. Only then can gold attract further wealth. A failure to take such precautionary measures before bringing the gold into the house will have the opposite effect of attracting misfortune (Kiéthéga, L'or, 187). These notions about the origin and nature of gold are by no means extraordinary. Ideas about a 'mountain spirit' characterize mining folklore all over the world.
  • 145
    • 37149054977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group interview in Koukana, 14 Mar
    • Group interview in Koukana, 14 Mar. 2001.
    • (2001)
  • 146
    • 37149008052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gold diggers, Earth priests, and district heads: Land rights and gold mining in south-western Burkina Faso
    • See, R. Kuba and C. Lentz eds, Leiden
    • See K. Werthmann, 'Gold diggers, Earth priests, and district heads: Land rights and gold mining in south-western Burkina Faso', in R. Kuba and C. Lentz (eds.), Landrights and the Politics of Belonging in West Africa (Leiden, 2005), 119-36.
    • (2005) Landrights and the Politics of Belonging in West Africa , pp. 119-136
    • Werthmann, K.1
  • 147
    • 37149043778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More recently, in July 2006, one Lobi man was killed during confrontations between gold diggers and local populations (le faso net, 18 Sept. 2006, www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=16382, download 7 Dec. 2006).
    • More recently, in July 2006, one Lobi man was killed during confrontations between gold diggers and local populations (le faso net, 18 Sept. 2006, www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=16382, download 7 Dec. 2006).
  • 149
    • 37149006126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 537, 541.
    • , vol.537 , pp. 541
    • Şaul1
  • 150


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.