The physical symbol system hypothesis: Status and prospects

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)

Volumn 4850 LNAI, Issue , 2007, Pages 9-17

  Nilsson, Nils J ^a  

^a Stanford University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE; COMPUTATIONAL METHODS;

NONSYMBOLIC PROCESSING; SYSTEM HYPOTHESIS;

CODES (SYMBOLS);

EID: 37149000732     PISSN: 03029743     EISSN: 16113349     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_2     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (25)

1. Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search," Communications of the ACM. vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 113-126, March, 1976. Available online at: http://www.rci.rutgers. edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH1.html
2. Quote taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus. Dreyfus's point of view about all this is explained in: Hubert L. Dreyfus, "Why Heideggerian AI Failed And How Fixing It Would Require Making It More Heideggerian," a paper written in connection with being awarded the APA's Barwise Prize, 2006.
3. From a description of the "50th Anniversary Summit of Artificial Intelligence" at http://www.ai50.org/
4. Jordan B. Pollack, "Mindless Intelligence," IEEE Intelligent Systems, p. 55, May/June 2006.
5. John R. Searle, "Minds, Brains, and Programs," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), pp. 417-457, 1980. Available online at: http://www.bbsonline.Org/documents/a/00/00/04/84/bbs00000484-00/bbs.searle2.html
6. Rodney A. Brooks, "Elephants Don't Play Chess," Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 6, pp. 3-15, 1990. Available online at: people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf
7. Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, op. cit.
8. T. J. van Gelder, "Dynamic Approaches to Cognition" in R. Wilson, and F. Keil (eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences, pp. 244-246, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1999. Available online at: http://www.arts.unimelb.edu.au/~tgelder/papers/MITDyn.pdf
9. In his article on dynamical systems, van Gelder writes "Currently, many aspects of cognition - e.g., story comprehension-are well beyond the reach of dynamical treatment.''
10. P. Nii, E. Feigenbaum, J. Anton, and A. Rockmore, "Signal-to-Symbol Transformation: HASP/SIAP Case Study," AI Magazine, vol 3, Spring 1982.
11. Oliver. G. Selfridge, "Pandemonium: A Paradigm for Learning," in D. V. Blake and A. M. Uttley, editors, Proceedings of the Symposium on Mechanisation of Thought Processes, pages 511-529, London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1959.
12. For example, a paper written in 2003 claimed that "Google's architecture features clusters of more than 15,000 commodity-class PCs with fault-tolerant software." Undoubtedly, Google uses many more networked computers today. See: Luiz André Barroso, Jeffrey Dean, and Urs Hölzle, "Web Search for a Planet: The Google Cluster Architecture," IEEE Micro, March-April, 2003. Available online at: http://labs.google.com/papers/googlecluster-ieee.pdf
13. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Second Edition, Chapter 15, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003.
14. Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.
15. Jeff Hawkins with Sandra Blakeslee, On Intelligence, New York: Times Books, 2004;
16. G. Hinton, S. Osindero, and Y. Teh, "A Fast Learning Algorithm for Deep Belief Networks," Neural Computation, 2006, to appear;
17. T. S. Lee and David Mumford, "Hierarchical Bayesian Inference in the Visual Cortex, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 20, No. 7, July 2003;
18. Thomas Dean, "Computational Models of the Neocortex," online article at http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/tld/projects/cortex/.
19. Randall C. O'Reilly, "Biologically Based Computational Models of High-Level Cognition," Science, vol. 314, pp. 91-94, October 6, 2006.
20. Richard Granger, "Essential Circuits of Cognition: The Brain's Basic Operations, Architecture, and Representations," in J. Moor and G. Cybenko (eds.), AI at 50: The Future of Artificial Intelligence, to be published. Available online at: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rhg/pubs/RHGai50.pdf
21. E-mail communication, October 4, 2006.
22. Jerome A. Feldman, From Molecules to Metaphor: A Neural Theory of Language, p. 140, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2006.
23. Ibid, p. 142.
24. Jordan B. Pollack, op. cit.
25. Allen Newell "Putting It All Together," Chapter 15, of D. Klahr and K. Kotovsky (eds.), The Impact of Herbert A. Simon, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum and Associates, 1988.