The role of livestock production in carbon and nitrogen cycles

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volumn 32, Issue , 2007, Pages 271-294

  Steinfeld, Henning ^a   Wassenaar, Tom ^b  

^a FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS   (Italy)

^b JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Fossil fuel use; Greenhouse gas emissions; Land use and land use change; Terrestrial carbon loss; Water depletion

Indexed keywords

CARBON; FOSSIL FUELS; FUEL CONSUMPTION; GAS EMISSIONS; GREENHOUSE GASES; WATER QUALITY;

FOSSIL FUEL USE; GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS; LAND USE AND LAND-USE CHANGE; TERRESTRIAL CARBON LOSS; WATER DEPLETION;

AIR POLLUTION;

EID: 37049015085     PISSN: 15435938     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041806.143508     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Naylor R, Steinfeld H, Falcon W, Galloway J, Smil V, et al. 2005. Losing the links between livestock and land. Science 310:1621-22
2. Food Agric Organ. (FAO). 2006. FAO Statistical Databases. Rome: FAO
3. Food Agric. Organ. (FAO). 2006. World agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Interim. Rep. Food Agric. Organ., Rome
4. GallowayJN, Burke M, Bradford EG, Naylor R, Falcon W, et al. 2007. International trade in meat: the tip of the pork chop. Ambio. In press
5. Tansey K, Grégoire J-M, Stroppiana D, Sousa A, Silva J, et al. 2004. Vegetation burning in the year 2000: global burned area estimates from SPOT VEGETATION data. J. Geophys. Res. 109:D14S03
6. Crutzen PJ, Andreae MO. 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250(4988):1669-78
7. Scholes M, Andreae MO. 2000. Biogenic and pyrogenic emissions from Africa and their impact on the global atmosphere. Ambio 29:23-29
8. Vet R. 1995. GCOS observation programme for atmospheric constituents: background, status and action plan. Glob. Clim. Observ. Syst. Rep. 20. WMO, Geneva
9. Crutzen PJ, Goldammer JG, eds. 1993. Fire in the environment: the ecological, atmospheric, and climatic importance of vegetation fires. Environ. Sci. Res. Rep. 13. Wiley, Chichester. 400 pp.
10. Thompson AM, Witte JC, Hudson RD, Guo H, Herman JR, Fujiwara M. 2001. Tropical tropospheric ozone and biomass burning. Science 291:2128-32
11. Artaxo P, Martins JV, Yamasoe MA, Procópio AS, Pauliquevis TM, et al. 2002. Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondonia, Amazonia. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D20):8081-95
12. Andreae MO, Crutzen PJ. 1997. Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and roles in atmospheric chemistry. Science 276:1052-57
13. Asner GP, Borghi CE, Ojeda RA. 2003. Desertification in central Argentina: changes in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen from imaging spectroscopy. Ecol. Appl. 13(3):629-48
14. Lal R. 2001. The potential of soils of the tropics to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Adv. Agron. 76:1-30
15. Swift MJ, Seward PD, Frost PGH, Qureshi JN, Muchena FN. 1994. Long-term experiments in Africa: developing a database for sustainable land use under global change. In Long-Term Experiments in Agricultural and Ecological Sciences, ed. RA Leigh, AE Johnston, pp. 229-51. Wallingford: CABI Publ.
16. UN Environ. Program. (UNEP). 1991. Status of Desenification and Implementation of the United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desenification. Nairobi: UNEP. 79 pp.
17. Food Agric. Organ. (FAO). 2004. Carbon sequestration in dryland soils. World Soil Resour. Rep. 102, FAO, Rome
18. Niklinska M, Maryanski M, Laskowski R. 1999. Effect of temperature on humus respiration rate and nitrogen mineralization: implications for global climate change. Biogeochemistry 44:239-57
19. Scholes RJ, Schulze ED, Pitelka LF, Hall DO. 1999. Biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. In The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change: Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems, ed. B Walker, W Steffen, J Canadell, J Ingram, pp. 271-303. Cambridge, UK: Univ. Cambridge Press
20. van Ginkel JH, Whitmore AP, Gorissen A. 1999. Lolium perene grasslands may function as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1580-84
21. Bellamy PH, Loveland PJ, Bradley RI, Lark RM, Kirk GJD. 2005. Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978-2003. Nature 437:245-48
22. Schulze DE, Freibauer A. 2005. Carbon unlocked from soils. Nature 437:205-6
23. 3. Wassenaar T, Gerber P, Verburg PH, Rosales M, Ibrahim M, Steinfeld H. 2007. Projecting land use changes in the Neotropics: the geography of pasture expansion into forest. Glob. Environ. Change 17(1):86-104
24. IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, ed. JT Houghton, Y Ding, DJ Griggs, M Noguer, PJ van der Linden, et al. Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 881 pp.
25. Houghton RA. 1991. Tropical deforestation and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Clim. Change 19(1-2):99-118
26. Mosier A, Wassmann R, Verchot L, King J, Palm C. 2004. Methane and nitrogen oxide fluxes in tropical agricultural soils: sources, sinks and mechanisms. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 6(1-2): 11-49
27. 2 production in dairy cattle and pig housing. Part 1. Provisional planning data for the use of heat exchangers and heat pumps in livestock housing. Tieraztl. Umsch. 40:274-80 (In German)
28. NiJ-Q, Hendriks J, Coenegrachts J, Vinckier C. 1999. Production of carbon dioxide in a fattening pig house under field conditions. 1. Exhalation by pigs, Amos. Environ. 33:3691-96
29. Minist. Ciênc. Tecnol. 2002. Primeiro Inventário Brasileiro de Emissões Antrópicas de Gases de Efeito Estufa: Emissões de Metano da Pecuária. Brasília: Empresa Brasileira Pesqui. Agropecu. (EMBRAPA)
30. US Environ, Prot. Agency. 2004. US Emissions Inventory 2004: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2002. EPA-430-R-04-003, Washington, DC: US EPA
31. Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C. 2006. Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Rome: FAO/LEAD. 390 pp.
32. US Environ. Prot. Agency. 2005. Global Warming-Methane. Washington, DC: US EPA
33. GallowayJN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG, Boyer EW, Howarth RW, et al. 2004. Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70:153-226
34. Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, et al. 2003. The nitrogen cascade. BioScience 53(4):341-56
35. van der Hoek KW. 1998. Nitrogen efficiency in global animal production. Environ. Pollut. 102:127-32
36. Smil V. 2002. Nitrogen and food production: proteins for human diets. Ambio 31(2): 126-31
37. Mengjie W, Yi D. 1996. The importance of work animals in rural China. World Anim. Rev.(FAO) 86:65-67
38. 2O from Agricultural Land. Rome: FAO. 106 pp.
39. Smil V. 1999. Nitrogen in crop production: an account of global flows. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 13(2):647-62
40. Food Agric. Organ. (FAO). 2002. Fertilizer use by crop Jt. Rep. FAO, IFA, IFDC, IPI, PPI. Rome. 45 pp. 5th ed.
41. Food Agrie Organ. (FAO). 2003. World Agriculture: Towards 2015/30, An FAO Perspective, ed. J. Bruisnsma. Rome/London: FAO/Earthscan
42. Helsel ZR. 1992. Energy and alternatives for fertilizer and pesticide use. In Energy in Farm Production. Vol. 6: Energy in World Agriculture, ed. RC Fluck, pp. 177-201. New York: Elsevier
43. Price L, Worrell E, Martin N, Lehman B, Sinton J. 2000. China's industrial sector in an international context. Rep. LBNL 46273, Environ. Energy Technol. Div., Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab., Berkeley, CA
44. Ryan B, Tiffany DG. 1998. Energy use in Minnesota agriculture. Minn. Agric. Econ. No. 693 (Fall), Minn. Extension Service, Univ. Minn.
45. Sainz R. 2003. Framework for calculating fossil fuel use in livestock systems. Livest. Environ. Dev. Init. Rep.
46. Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY. 2004. Water footprints of nations. Vol. 1: Main report. Value of Water Res. Rep. Ser. 16. UNESCO-IHE. Delft, Neth. 76 pp.
47. Cederberg C, Flysjö A. 2004. Life cycle inventory of 23 dairy farms in south-western Sweden. Rep. 728. Swedish Inst. Food Biotechnol. (SIK), Göteborg, 59 pp.
48. Intergov. Panel Clim. Change (IPCC). 1997. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Reference Manual. Vol. 3, http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/ public/gl/invs6.htm
49. Morton D, DeFries R, Shimabukuro Y, Anderson L, Arai E, et al. 2006. Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103(39):14637-41
50. Nepstad DC, Stickler CM, Almeida OT. 2006. Globalization of the Amazon soy and beef industries: opportunities for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 20(6): 1595-603
51. Sauvé JL, Goddard TW, Cannon KR. 2000. A preliminary assessment of carbon dioxide emissions from agricultural soils. Presented at Alberta Soil Sci. Workshop, 37th, Medicine Hat, Alberta
52. Minist. Sci. Technol. 2004. Brazil's Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Brazil: Minis. Sci. Technol., Gen. Coord. Glob. Clim. Change, Brasilia. 271 pp.
53. Vitousek PM, Aber JD, Howarth RW, Likens GE, Matson PA, et al. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol. Appl. 7(3):737-50
54. Smil V. 2001. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 411 pp.
55. Hall SJ, Matson PA. 1999. Nitrogen oxide emissions after nitrogen additions in tropical forests. Nature 400(6740): 152-55
56. Bouwman AF, Lee DS, Asman WAH, Dentener FJ, van der Hoek KW, Olivier JGJ. 1997. A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 11(4):561-87
57. Bouwman AF. 1995. Compilation of a global inventory of emissions of nitrous oxide. PhD thesis. Wageningen Univ., Wageningen, Neth. 143 pp.
58. Russelle MP, Birr AS. 2004. Large-scale assessment of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by crops: soybean and alfalfa in the Mississippi River basin. Agron. J. 96:1754-60
59. 2 production in tropical agriculture and means and strategies for reduction or mitigation. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 6(1-2):213-33
60. Lal R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304(5677):1623-27
61. Metting F, Smith J, Amthor J. 1999. Science needs and new technology for soil carbon sequestration. In Carbon Sequestration in Soils: Science, Monitoring and Beyond, ed. N Rosenberg, R Izaurralde, E Malone, pp. 1-34. Proc. St. Michaels Workshop. Columbus, OH: Battelle
62. Intergov. Panel Clim. Change (IPCC). 2000. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. A Special Repon of the IPCC. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
63. LaI R, Kimble J, Follett R, Cole CV. 1998. Potential of U.S. Cropland to Sequester Carbon and the Greenhouse Effect Mitigation. Chelsea, MI: Sleeping Bear. 128 pp.
64. Eckard R, Dalley D, Crawford M. 2000. Impacts of potential management changes on greenhouse gas emissions and sequestration from dairy production systems in Australia. In Management Options for Carbon Sequestration in Forest, Agricultural and Rangeland Ecosystems, ed. R Keenan, AL Bugg, H Ainslie, pp. 58-72. Canberra: CRC Greenh. Acc.
65. Monteny GJ, Bannink A, Chadwick D. 2006. Greenhouse gas abatement strategies for animal husbandry. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 112:163-70
66. Hegarty RS. 1998. Reducing methane emissions through elimination of rumen protozoa. Meeting the Kyoto target. In Implications for the Australian Livestock Industries, ed. PJ Reyenga, SM Howden, pp. 55-61. Canberra: Bur. Rural Sci.
67. Melse RW, van der Werf AW. 2005. Biofiltration for mitigation of methane emissions from animal husbandry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(14):5460-68
68. Mendis M, Openshaw K. 2004. The clean development mechanism: making it operational. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 6(1-2): 183-211
69. Di HJ, Cameron KC. 2003. Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions in spray-irrigated grazed grassland by treating the soil with dicyandiamide, a nitrification inhibitor. Soil Use Manag. 19(4):284-90