The perverse effects of competition on scientists' work and relationships

Science and Engineering Ethics

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 437-461

  Anderson, Melissa S ^a   Ronning, Emily A ^a   De Vries, Raymond ^b   Martinson, Brian C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c HEALTHPARTNERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Competition; Ethics in science; Misconduct; Research integrity

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; ETHICS; HUMAN; PERSONNEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC RELATIONS; RESEARCH ETHICS; SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT;

COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; ETHICS, RESEARCH; HUMANS; INTERPROFESSIONAL RELATIONS; RESEARCH PERSONNEL; SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT;

EID: 36948999396     PISSN: 13533452     EISSN: 16605454     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11948-007-9042-5     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Fox, M. (2002). Lucky man. New York: Hyperion.
2. Feller, I. (1996). The determinants of research competitiveness among universities In: A. H. Teich (Ed.), Competitiveness in academic research (pp. 35-72). Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
3. Pfeffer, J. (1992). Managing with power: Politics and influence in organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
4. Bok, D. (2003). Universities in the marketplace: The commercialization of higher education. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5. Merton, R. K. (1957). Priorities in scientific discovery. American Sociological Review, 22, 635-659.
6. Hagstrom, W. O. (1965). The scientific community. New York: Basic Books.
7. Hagstrom, W. O. (1970). Factors related to the use of different modes of publishing research in four scientific fields In: C. E. Nelson & D. K. Pollack (Eds.), Communication among scientists and engineers. Lexington: Heath Lexington Books.
8. Hagstrom, W. O. (1974). Competition in science. American Sociological Review, 39, 1-18.
9. Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. (2002). Integrity in scientific research: Creating an environment that promotes responsible conduct. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
10. Thomas, L. G. III (1996). The two faces of competition: Dynamic resourcefulness and the hypercompetitive shift. Organization Science, 7, 221-242.
11. Merton, R. K. (1942). Science and technology in a democratic order. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1, 115-126.
12. Ziman, J. (2000). Real science: What it is and what it means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Ben-David, J. (1960). Scientific productivity and academic organization in nineteenth-century medicine. American Sociological Review, 25, 828-843.
14. Ben-David, J., & Zloczower, A. (1962). Universities and academic systems in modern societies. European Journal of Sociology, 3, 45-84.
15. Merton, R. K. (1968). Behavior patterns of scientists. American Scientist, 58, 1-23.
16. Kennedy, D. (1997). Academic duty. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
17. Blumenthal, D., Campbell, E. G., Gokhale, M., Yucel, R., Clarridge, B., Hilgartner, S., & Holtzman, N. A. (2006). Data withholding in genetics and other life sciences: Prevalences and predictors. Academic Medicine, 81, 137-145.
18. Walsh, J. P., & Hong, W. (2003). Secrecy is increasing in step with competition. Nature, 422, 801-802.
19. Louis, K. S., Anderson, M. S., & Rosenberg, L. (1995). Academic misconduct and values: The department's influence. The Review of Higher Education, 18, 393-422.
20. Anderson, M. S. (1996). Misconduct and departmental context: Evidence from the Acadia Institute's graduate education project. Journal of Information Ethics, 5, 15-33.
21. Anderson, M. S. (2000). Normative orientations of university faculty and doctoral students. Science and Engineering Ethics, 7, 487-503.
22. Zuckerman, H. (1977). Scientific elite: Nobel laureates in the United States. New York: Free Press.
23. Kanigel, R. (1986). Apprentice to genius: The making of a scientific dynasty. New York: Macmillan.
24. Watson, J. D. (1997). The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
25. Goodstein, D. (2002). Scientific misconduct. Academe, 88, 28-31.
26. Field, K. (2004). U.S. is said to produce too few scientists. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 50, A28.
27. Wasley, P. (2006). College presidents join ad campaign to increase spending on scientific research and education. The Chronicle of Higher Education http://chronicle.com/daily/2006/02/2006020804n.htm.
28. Freeman, R., Weinstein, E., Marincola, E., Rosenbaum, J., & Solomon, F. (2001). Competition and careers in biosciences. Science, 294, 2293-2294.
29. Russo, E. (2003). Victims of success. Nature, 422, 354-355.
30. Juliano, R. L. (2003). A shortage of Ph.D.s? Science, 301, 763.
31. Kaiser, J. (2005). NIH funding: Success rates squeezed as budget growth slows. Science, 307, 1023.
32. Butz, W. P., Bloom, G. A., Gross, M. E., Kelly, T. K., Kofner, A., & Rippen, H. E. (2003). Is there a shortage of scientists and engineers? How would we know? RAND Issue Paper-Science and Technology. Santa Monica, CA, pp. 1-7.
33. Teitelbaum, M. S. (2003). Do we need more scientists? The Public Interest, 153, 40-53.
34. Kennedy, D., Austin, J., Urquhart, K., & Taylor, C. (2004). Supply without demand. Science, 303, 1105.
35. Geiger, R. (1997). Doctoral education: The short-term crisis vs. long-term challenge. The Review of Higher Education, 20, 239-251.
36. Juliano, R. L., & Oxford, G. S. (2001). Critical issues in PhD training for biomedical scientists. Academic Medicine, 76, 1005-1012.
37. Krueger, R. A. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research, third edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
38. Morgan, D. L., & Krueger, R. A. (1998). The focus group Kit, vol. 1-6. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
39. Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
40. De Vries, R., Anderson, M. S., & Martinson, B. C. (2006). Normal misbehavior: Scientists talk about the ethics of research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics,, 1, 43-50.
41. Cech, T. R. (2005). Fostering innovation and discovery in biomedical research. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 1390-1393.
42. Committee on Bridges to Independence. (2005). Bridges to independence: Fostering the independence of new investigators in biomedical research. Washington: National Research Counci.
43. Goldman, C. A., & Massy, W. F. (2001). The PhD factory: Training and employment of science and engineering doctorates in the United States. Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing.
44. Rajan, T. V. (2005). Biomedical scientists are engaged in a pyramid scheme. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 51, B16.
45. Martinson, B. C., Anderson, M. S., De Vries, R. (2006). Scientists' perceptions of organizational justice and self-reported misbehaviors. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 1, 51-66.
46. Lloyd, A. L. (1995). Computing bouts of the prisoner's dilemma. Scientific American, 272, 110-113.