Foraging behavior and energetics of Great Egrets and Snowy Egrets at interior rivers and weirs

Journal of Field Ornithology

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 411-419

  MacCarone, Alan D ^a   Brzorad, John N ^b  

^a Friends University   (United States)

^b LENOIR RHYNE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Egrets; Energetics; Foraging behavior; Foraging energetics; Microhabitat selection; Wading birds

Indexed keywords

ARDEA ALBA; ARDEIDAE; AVES; EGRETTA THULA;

EID: 36849065308     PISSN: 02738570     EISSN: 15579263     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2007.00133.x     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Alexander, R. M. 1977. Mechanics and energetics of animal locomotion. In : Mechanics and energetics of animal locomotion (R. M. Alexander and G. Goldsping, eds pp. 159 203. Chapman & Hall, London.
2. Bayer, R. D. 1985. Bill lengths of herons and egrets as an estimator of prey size. Colonial Waterbirds 8 : 104 109.
3. Brzorad, J., and J. Burger. 1990. Egret feeding behavior and prey ecology in the Lower Hudson River Estuary. Hudson River Foundation's Polgar Fellowship Program, New York.
4. Brzorad, J., A. D. Maccarone, and K. J. Conley. 2004. Foraging energetics of Great Egrets and Snowy Egrets. Journal of Field Ornithology 75 : 266 280.
5. Cummins, K. W., and J. C. Wuycheck. 1971. Caloric equivalents for investigations in ecological energetics. International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 18 : 1 158.
6. Dunning, J. B., Jr. 1993. CRC handbook of avian body masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
7. Erwin, R. M., H. Hafner, and P. Dugan. 1985. Differences in the feeding behavior of Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) in two habitats in the Camargue, France. Wilson Bulletin 97 : 534 538.
8. Farber, P. A., E. Keller, A. Sands, and B. M. Masser. 1989. The ecology of riparian habitats of the southern California coastal region: a community profile. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
9. Gatesy, S. M., and A. A. Biewener. 1991. Bipedal locomotion: effects of speed, size and limb posture in birds and humans. Journal of Zoology London 224 : 127 147.
10. Gawlik, D. E. 2002. The effects of prey availability on the numerical response of wading birds. Ecological Monographs 72 : 329 346.
11. Gwiazda, R., and A. Amirowicz. 2006. Selective foraging of Grey Herons (Ardea cinerea) in relation to density and composition of the littoral fish community in a submontane dam reservoir. Waterbirds 29 : 226 232.
12. Hafner, H., V. Boy, and G. Gory. 1982. Feeding methods, flock size, and feeding success in the Little Egret Egretta garzetta and the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides in Camargue, southern France. Ardea 70 : 45 54.
13. Heglund, N. C., M. A. Fedak, C. R. Taylor, and G. A. Cavagna. 1982. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology 97 : 57 66.
14. Iwasa, Y., M. Higasjiand, and N. Yamamura. 1981. Prey distribution as a factor determining the choice of optimal foraging strategy. American Naturalist 117 : 710 723.
15. Johnson, F. R., and D. T. Bell. 1976. Plant biomass and net primary production along a flood-frequency gradient in a streamside forest. Castanea 41 : 156 165.
16. Kaufman, K. 1996. Lives of North American birds. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
17. Kelly, J. F., D. E. Gawlik, and D. K. Kieckbusch. 2003. An updated account of wading bird foraging behavior. Wilson Bulletin 115 : 105 107.
18. Kent, D. M. 1987. Effects of varying behavior and habitat on the striking efficiency of egrets. Colonial Waterbirds 10 : 115 119.
19. Kersten, M., R. H. Britton, P. J. Dugan, and H. Hafner. 1991. Flock feeding and food intake in Little Egrets: the effect of prey distribution and behavior. Journal of Animal Ecology 60 : 241 252.
20. Kushlan, J. A. 1976. Feeding behavior of North American herons. Auk 93 : 86 94.
21. Lombardini, K., R. E. Bennetts, and C. Tourenq. 2001. Foraging success and foraging habitat use by Cattle Egrets and Little Egrets in the Camargue, France. Condor 103 : 38 44.
22. Lotem, A., E. Schechtman, and G. Katzir. 1991. Capture of submerged prey by Little Egrets, Egretta garzetta garzetta: strike depth, strike angle and the problem of light refraction. Animal Behaviour 42 : 341 356.
23. Maccarone, A. D. 1993. Breeding colonies and foraging habitats of herons in Sedgwick County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 96 : 94 102.
24. Maccarone, A. D., and J. Brzorad. 1995. Effects of an oil spill on the prey populations and foraging behavior of breeding wading birds. Wetlands 15 : 397 407.
25. Maccarone, A. D., and J. Brzorad. 2000. Wading bird foraging: response and recovery from an oil spill. Waterbirds 23 : 246 257.
26. Maccarone, A. D., and J. N. Brzorad. 2002. Foraging patterns of breeding egrets at coastal and interior locations. Waterbirds 25 : 1 7.
27. Maccarone, A. D., and J. N. Brzorad. 2005. Foraging microhabitat selection by wading birds in a tidal estuary, with implications for conservation. Waterbirds 28 : 383 391.
28. Maccarone, A. D., and K. C. Parsons. 1986. Differences in flight patterns among nesting ibises and egrets. Colonial Waterbirds 11 : 67 71.
29. Maccarone, A. D., and K. C. Parsons. 1994. Factors affecting the use of freshwater and estuarine foraging habitats by breeding wading birds in New York City. Colonial Waterbirds 17 : 60 68.
30. Master, T. L., J. K. Leiser, K. A. Bennett, J. K. Bretsch, and H. J. Wolfe. 2005. Patch selection by Snowy Egrets. Waterbirds 28 : 220 224.
31. Nagy, K. A. 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecological Monographs 57 : 111 128.
32. Odum, E. P. 1975. Ecology: the link between the natural and the social sciences. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, NY.
33. Peterson, J. H., and D. L. Ward. 1999. Development and corroboration of a bioenergetics model for northern pike minnows feeding on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128 : 784 801.
34. Rodgers, J. A. 1983. Foraging behavior of seven species of herons in Tampa Bay, Florida. Colonial Waterbirds 6 : 11 23.
35. SASInstitute. 2004. Release 9.1 edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
36. Taylor, C. R., R. Dmi'el, M. Dedak, and K. Schmidt-Nielson. 1971. Energetic cost of running and heat balance in a large bird, the Rhea. American Journal of Physiology 221 : 597 601.
37. Wanless, S., D. Gremillet, and M. P. Harris. 1998. Foraging activity and performance of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis in relation to environmental characteristics. Journal of Avian Biology 29 : 49 54.
38. Warnock, S. E., and J. Y. Takekawa. 1995. Habitat preferences of wintering shorebirds in a temporally changing environment: Western Sandpipers in the San Francisco Bay Estuary. Auk 112 : 920 930.
39. Willard, D. E. 1977. The feeding ecology and behavior of five species of herons in southeastern New Jersey. Condor 79 : 462 470.
40. Wong, L. C., R. Corlett, L. Young, and J. S. Lee. 1999. Foraging flights of nesting egrets and herons at a Hong Kong egretry, South China. Waterbirds 22 : 424 434.