The ambiguous meanings of the racial/ethnic categories routinely used in human genetics research

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 349-361

  Hunt, Linda M ^a   Megyesi, Mary S ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioethics; Canada; Ethnic groups; Health disparities; Human genetics; Race; USA

Indexed keywords

ETHNIC GROUP; GENETIC VARIATION; RACIAL DISPARITY;

ADULT; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; BIOETHICS; CANADA; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONCEPT FORMATION; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FEMALE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LEGAL ASPECT; MALE; OPEN ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE; RACE DIFFERENCE; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGED; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; CANADA; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; GENETICS, POPULATION; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MINORITY GROUPS; RESEARCH DESIGN; UNITED STATES;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 36849036767     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.08.034     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. American Anthropological Association. (1997). Response to OMB Directive 15: Race and ethnic standards for federal statistics and administrative reporting. 〈http://www.aaanet.org/gvt/ombdraft.htm〉; Accessed June 2007.
2. Bamshad M. Genetic influences on health: Does race matter?. Journal of the American Medical Association 294 8 (2005) 937-946
3. Berry J.W. Ethnic identities in plural societies. In: Bernal M.E., and Knight G.P. (Eds). Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among hispanics and other minorities (1993), State University of New York Press, Albany 271-296
4. Bhopal R. White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health. American Journal of Public Health 88 9 (1998) 1303-1307
5. Bowker G.C., and Star S.L. Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences (1999), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
6. Braun L. Race, ethnicity, and health. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45 2 (2002) 159-174
7. Braun L. Genetics and health disparities: What is at stake?. In: Singer E., and Antonucci T. (Eds). Proceedings of the workshop on genetics and health disparities (2004), Survey Research Center, Institute for Social, University of Michigan 123-128
8. Brown R.A., and Armelagos G.J. Apportionment of racial diversity: A review. Evolutionary Anthropology 10 (2001) 34-40
9. Burchard E.G., Ziv E., Coyle N., Gomez S.L., Tang H., Karter A.J., et al. The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice. New England Journal of Medicine 348 12 (2003) 1170-1175
10. Cavalli-Sforza L.L. The DNA revolution in population genetics. Trends in Genetics 14 2 (1998) 60-65
11. Cavalli-Sforza L.L. The human genome diversity project: Past, present and future. Nature Reviews Genetics 6 4 (2005) 333-340
12. Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Wilson A.C., Cantor C.R., Cook-Deegan R.M., and King M.C. Call for a worldwide survey of human genetic diversity: A vanishing opportunity for the Human Genome Project. Genomics 11 2 (1991) 490-491
13. Cho M.K. Racial and ethnic categories in biomedical research: There is no baby in the bathwater. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34 3 (2006) 497-499
14. Collins F.S. What we do and don't know about 'race,' 'ethnicity,' genetics and health at the dawn of the genome era. Nature Genetics 36 11 Suppl. (2004) S13-S15
15. Comstock R.D., Castillo E.M., and Lindsay S.P. Four year review of the use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic and public health research. American Journal of Epidemiology 159 (2004) 611-619
16. Cooper R.S., Kaufman J.S., and Ward R. Race and genomics. New England Journal of Medicine 348 12 (2003) 1166-1170
17. Dressler W.W., Oths K.S., and Gravlee C.C. Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities. Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005) 231-252
18. Gannett L. Racism and human genome diversity research: The ethical limits of "population thinking". Philosophy of Science 68 Suppl. (2001) S479-S492
19. Goodman A.H. Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health). American Journal of Public Health 90 11 (2000) 1699-1702
20. Harry D., and Marks J. Human population genetics versus the HGDP. Politics and the Life Sciences 18 2 (1999) 303-305
21. Hunt L.M., Schneider S., and Comer B. Should "acculturation" be a variable in health research? A critical review of research on US Hispanics. Social Science & Medicine 59 5 (2004) 973-986
22. International HapMap Project. (2005). International HapMap project. 〈http://www.hapmap.org/thehapmap.html.en〉; Accessed June 2007.
23. Jones C.P., LaVeist T., and Lilli-Blanton M. "Race" in the epidemiological literature: An examination of the American Journal of Epidemiology, 1921-1990. American Journal of Epidemiology 134 (1991) 1079-1084
24. Jorde L.B., and Wooding S.P. Genetic variation, classification and 'race'. Nature Genetics 36 11 Suppl. (2004) S28-S33
25. Jorgenson E., Tang H., Gadde M., Province M., Leppert M., Kardia S.L.R., et al. Ethnicity and human genetic linkage maps. The American Journal of Human Genetics 76 (2005) 276-290
26. Keita S.O.Y., and Kittles R.A. The persistence of racial thinking and the myth of racial divergence. American Anthropology 99 3 (1997) 534-544
27. Keita S.O.Y., Kittles R.A., Royal C.D., Bonney G.E., Furbert-Harris P., Dunston G.M., et al. Conceptualizing human variation. Nature Genetics 36 11 Suppl. (2004) S17-S20
28. Kertzer D., and Arel D. Census, identity formation, and the struggle for political power. In: Kertzer D., and Arel D. (Eds). Census and identity: The politics of race, ethnicity and identity in national censuses (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
29. Kittles R.A., and Weiss K.M. Race, ancestry, and genes: Implications for defining disease risk. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 4 1 (2003) 33-67
30. Krieger N. Stormy weather: Race, gene expression, and the science of health disparities. American Journal of Public Health 95 12 (2005) 2155-2160
31. Lee S.S.-J. Racializing drug design: Implications of pharmacogenomics for health disparities. American Journal of Public Health 95 12 (2005) 2133-2138
32. Lee S.S.-J., Mountain J., and Koenig B.A. The meaning of "race" in the new genomics: Implications for health disparities research. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1 (2001) 33-75
33. Lewontin R. The apportionment of human diversity. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6 (1972) 381-398
34. McCann-Mortimer P., Augoustinos M., and LeCouteur A. 'Race' and the human genome project: Constructions of scientific legitimacy. Discourse & Society 15 4 (2004) 409-432
35. Mountain J.L., and Risch N. Assessing genetic contributions to phenotypic differences among 'racial' and 'ethnic' groups. Nature Genetics 36 11 Suppl. (2004) S48-S53
36. OMB (Office of Management and Budget). (11-2-2000). Revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. 〈http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/race/Ombdir15.html〉; Accessed June 2007.
37. Ossorio P., and Duster T. Race and genetics: Controversies in biomedical, behavioral, and forensic sciences. American Psychologist 60 1 (2005) 115-128
38. Outram S.M., and Ellison G.T.H. Anthropological insights into the use of race/ethnicity to explore genetic contributions to disparities in health. Journal of Biosocial Science 38 (2006) 83-102
39. Race Ethnicity and Genetics Working Group. The use of racial, ethnic, and ancestral categories in human genetics research. American Journal of Human Genetics 77 4 (2005) 519-532
40. Reardon J. Race to the finish (2004), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
41. Resnik D.B. The human genome diversity project: Ethical problems and solutions. Politics and the Life Sciences 18 1 (1999) 15-23
42. Risch N., Burchard E., Ziv E., and Tang H. Categorization of humans in biomedical research: Genes, race and disease. Genome Biology 3 7 (2002) 1-12
43. Rotimi C.N. Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?. Nature Genetics 36 11 Suppl. (2004) S43-S47
44. Sankar P., and Cho M.K. Genetics. Toward a new vocabulary of human genetic variation. Science 298 5597 (2002) 1337-1338
45. Sankar P., Cho M.K., Condit C.M., Hunt L.M., Koenig B., Marshall P., et al. Genetic research and health disparities. Journal of the American Medical Association 291 24 (2004) 2985-2989
46. Shanawani H., Dame L., Schwartz D.A., and Cook-Deegan R. Non-reporting and inconsistent reporting of race and ethnicity in articles that claim associations among genotype, outcome, and race or ethnicity. Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (2006) 724-728
47. Shields A.E., Fortun M., Hammonds E.M., King P.A., Lerman C., Rapp R., et al. The use of race variables in genetic studies of complex traits and the goal of reducing health disparities: A transdisciplinary perspective. American Psychologist 60 1 (2005) 77-103
48. Smedley A., and Smedley B.D. Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real. American Psychologist 60 1 (2005) 16-26
49. Stanfield J.H. A history of race relations research: First generation recollections (1993), Sage, Newbury Park
50. Stocking G.W. The Turn-of-the-century concept of race. Modernism/Modernity 1 1 (1994) 4-16
51. Tang H., Quertermous T., Rodriquez B., Kardia S.L.R., Xiaofeng Z., Brown A., et al. Genetic structure, self identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies. The American Journal of Human Genetics 76 (2005) 268-275
52. Weiss K.M. Coming to terms with human variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998) 273-300