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5
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Reno, P.L.1
Meindl, R.S.2
McCollum, M.A.3
Lovejoy, C.O.4
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6
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36749017146
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We refer to differences in skull size and morphology between males and females, which have been shown to correlate with sexual dimorphism in body mass (36).
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We refer to differences in skull size and morphology between males and females, which have been shown to correlate with sexual dimorphism in body mass (36).
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8
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36749031914
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Bimaturism, defined as sex differences in the timing of cessation of growth (17).
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Bimaturism, defined as sex differences in the timing of cessation of growth (17).
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10
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Keyser, A.W.1
Menter, C.G.2
Moggi-Cecchi, J.3
Pickering, T.R.4
Berger, L.R.5
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11
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36749017145
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P. V. Tobias, Ed, Liss, New York
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E. S. Vrba, in Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future, P. V. Tobias, Ed. (Liss, New York, 1985), pp. 195-200.
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, pp. 195-200
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Vrba, E.S.1
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12
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36749018786
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C. K. Brain, in Swartkrans: A Cave's Chronicle of Early Man, C. K. Brain, Ed. (Monograph 8, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa, 1993), pp. 23-33.
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C. K. Brain, in Swartkrans: A Cave's Chronicle of Early Man, C. K. Brain, Ed. (Monograph 8, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa, 1993), pp. 23-33.
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13
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36749052512
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Further information on materials and methods is available as supporting material on Science Online.
-
Further information on materials and methods is available as supporting material on Science Online.
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14
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33747187288
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Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, ed. 2
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S. Hillson, Teeth (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, ed. 2, 2005).
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(2005)
Teeth
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Hillson, S.1
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15
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36749053695
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In specimens with M3 recently erupted (such as SK 48, TM 1517, and DNH 8), small dentine islands are present on the M1s. Given schedules of dental development in P. robustus [M1 erupted at 3 years and M3 erupted at approximately 9 years (37)], this implies that tooth wear on M1 began to expose dentine after 6 years. M2 erupted approximately halfway between M1 and M3. If it underwent comparable amounts of wear to M1, then individuals of age rank 4 (which have exposed dentine on M2) are at least 3 years older than those in age rank 1.
-
In specimens with M3 recently erupted (such as SK 48, TM 1517, and DNH 8), small dentine islands are present on the M1s. Given schedules of dental development in P. robustus [M1 erupted at 3 years and M3 erupted at approximately 9 years (37)], this implies that tooth wear on M1 began to expose dentine after 6 years. M2 erupted approximately halfway between M1 and M3. If it underwent comparable amounts of wear to M1, then individuals of age rank 4 (which have exposed dentine on M2) are at least 3 years older than those in age rank 1.
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18
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33645232629
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P. M. Kappeler, C. P. van Schaik, Eds, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
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J. M. Setchell, P. C. Lee, in Sexual Selection in Primates, P. M. Kappeler, C. P. van Schaik, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2004), pp. 175-195.
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, pp. 175-195
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Setchell, J.M.1
Lee, P.C.2
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C. H. Janson, C. P. van Schaik, in Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, M. E. Pereira, L. A. Fairbanks, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1993), pp. 57-74.
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Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior
, pp. 57-74
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Janson, C.H.1
van Schaik, C.P.2
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23
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M. E. Pereira, L. A. Fairbanks, Eds, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford
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D. P. Watts, A. E. Pusey, in Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, M. E. Pereira, L. A. Fairbanks, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1993), pp. 148-172.
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Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior
, pp. 148-172
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Watts, D.P.1
Pusey, A.E.2
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36749041045
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R. Tuttle, Ed, Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands
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M. H. Wolpoff, in Paleoanthropology, Morphology and Paleoecology, R. Tuttle, Ed. (Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, 1975), pp. 245-284.
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, pp. 245-284
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Wolpoff, M.H.1
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28
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36749012643
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We do not assign sexes to mandibles, because they are generally more fragmentary and there is greater overlap in male and female mandible size in sexually dimorphic hominoids
-
We do not assign sexes to mandibles, because they are generally more fragmentary and there is greater overlap in male and female mandible size in sexually dimorphic hominoids.
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30
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0001845714
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B .B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, T. T. Struhsaker, Eds, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago
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A. Pusey, C. Packer, in Primate Societies, B .B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, T. T. Struhsaker, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987), pp. 250-266.
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(1987)
Primate Societies
, pp. 250-266
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Pusey, A.1
Packer, C.2
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37
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0003466053
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F. E. Grine, Ed, Aldine de Gruyter, New York
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M. C. Dean, in Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines, F. E. Grine, Ed. (Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1988), pp. 43-53.
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(1988)
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, pp. 43-53
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Dean, M.C.1
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38
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36749083139
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This work stems from excavations at Drimolen, supported by grants from the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation and the Department of Science and Technology in South Africa. Further financial support was provided to C.A.L. by the Royal Society, UK. A.W.K. and C.G.M. thank D. and J. Smith, on whose property Drimolen is situated, for permission to conduct the excavation and for their assistance. J.M.C. received support from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Direzione Generale per la Promozione e la Cooperazione Culturale, ufficio V, Archaeology, and the Italian Embassy and Italian Cultural Institute in Pretoria. We also thank D. Shima and D. Kekane for their continued help with the Drimolen excavation; B. Zipfel and S. Potze for assistance with specimens; and Z. Alemseged, B. Bradley, C. Dean, W. Kimbel, S. Leigh, M. Plavcan, J. Setchell, J. Scott, and F. Spoor for discussion and comments
-
This work stems from excavations at Drimolen, supported by grants from the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation and the Department of Science and Technology in South Africa. Further financial support was provided to C.A.L. by the Royal Society, UK. A.W.K. and C.G.M. thank D. and J. Smith, on whose property Drimolen is situated, for permission to conduct the excavation and for their assistance. J.M.C. received support from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Direzione Generale per la Promozione e la Cooperazione Culturale, ufficio V, Archaeology), and the Italian Embassy and Italian Cultural Institute in Pretoria. We also thank D. Shima and D. Kekane for their continued help with the Drimolen excavation; B. Zipfel and S. Potze for assistance with specimens; and Z. Alemseged, B. Bradley, C. Dean, W. Kimbel, S. Leigh, M. Plavcan, J. Setchell, J. Scott, and F. Spoor for discussion and comments.
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