Migration and social structure among the hopewell: Evidence from ancient DNA

American Antiquity

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 627-644

  Bolnick, Deborah A ^a   Smith, David Glenn ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 36749066742     PISSN: 00027316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/25470437     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Abdo, Zaid, Keith A. Crandall, and Paul Joyce 2004 Evaluating the Performance of Likelihood Methods for Detecting Population Structure and Migration. Molecular Ecology 13:837-851.
2. Anderson, S., A. T. Bankier, B. G. Barrell, M. H. de Bruijn, A. R. Coulson, J. Drouin, I. C. Eperon, D. P. Nierlich, B. A. Roe, F. Sanger, P. H. Schreier, A. J. Smith, R. Staden, and I. G.Young 1981 Sequence and Organization of the Human Mitochondrial Genome. Nature 290:457-465.
3. Beerli, Peter, and Joseph Felsenstein 1999 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Migration Rates and Effective Population Numbers in Two Populations using a Coalescent Approach. Genetics 152:763-773.
4. 2001 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Migration Matrix and Effective Population Sizes in n Subpopulations by Using a Coalescent Approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences USA 98:4563-4568.
5. Bernardini, Wesley 2004 Hopewell Geometric Earthworks: a Case Study in the Referential and Experiential Meaning of Monuments. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23:331-356.
6. Bolnick, Deborah A., and David Glenn Smith 2003 Unexpected Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA Variation among Native Americans from the Southeastern United States. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 122:336-354.
7. Braun, David P. 1979 Illinois Hopewell Burial Practices and Social Organization: a Reexamination of the Klunk-Gibson Mound Group. In Hopewell Archaeology, edited by David S. Brose and N'omi B. Greber, pp. 66-79. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
8. 1986 Midwestern Hopewellian Exchange and Supralocal Interaction. In Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change, edited by Colin Renfrew and John F. Cherry, pp. 117-126. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
9. Brose, David S. 1994 Trade and Exchange in the Midwestern United States. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, edited by Timothy G. Baugh and Jonathon E. Ericson, pp. 215-240. Plenum, New York.
10. Brown, James A. 1979 Charnel Houses and Mortuary Crypts: Disposal of the Dead in the Middle Woodland Period. In Hopewell Archaeology, edited by David S. Brose and N'omi B. Greber, pp. 211-219. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
11. 1981 The Search for Rank in Prehistoric Burials. In The Archaeology of Death, edited by Robert Chapman, Ian Kinnes, and Klavs Randsborg, pp. 25-37. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
12. Brown, Michael D., Seyed H. Hosseini, Antonio Torroni, HansJürgen Bandelt, Jon C. Allen, Theodore G. Schurr, Rosario Scozzari, Fulvio Cruciani, and Douglas C. Wallace 1998 MtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link between Europe/Western Asia and North America? American Journal of Human Genetics 63:1852-1861.
13. Buikstra, Jane E. 1976 Hopewell in the Lower Illinois River Valley: a Regional Approach to the Study of Biological Variability and Mortuary Activity. Monograph No. 2. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
14. 1977 Biocultural Dimensions of Archeological Study: a Regional Perspective. In Prehistoric America, edited by Robert L. Blakely, pp. 67-84. Southern Anthropological Society Proceedings, No. 11. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
15. 1980 Epigenetic Distance: a Study of Biological Variability in the Lower Illinois River Valley. In Early Native Americans, edited by David L. Browman, pp. 271-299. Mouton, Paris.
16. Buikstra, Jane E., and Douglas K. Charles 1999 Centering the Ancestors: Cemeteries, Mounds, and Sacred Landscapes of the Ancient North American Midcontinent. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 201-228. Blackwell, Maiden, Massachusetts.
17. Byers, A. Martin 2004 The Ohio Hopewell Episode. The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio.
18. 2006 The Earthwork/Habitation Dichotomy: a Central Problem of Ohio Hopewell. In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 62-73. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
19. Caldwell, Joseph R. 1964 Interaction Spheres in Prehistory. In Hopewellian Studies, edited by Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, pp. 133-143. Scientific Papers, Vol. 12. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
20. Carlyle, Shawn W., Ryan L. Parr, Geoffrey Hayes, and Dennis H. O'Rourke 2000 The Context of Maternal Lineages in the Greater Southwest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113:85-102.
21. Carr, Christopher 2006 Rethinking Interregional Hopewellian "Interaction." In Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, edited by Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, pp. 575-623. Springer, New York.
22. Carr, Christopher, and D. Troy Case (editors) 2006 Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction. Springer, New York.
23. Chapman, Jefferson, and Bennie C. Keel 1979 Candy Creek-Connestee Components in Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina and Their Relationship with Adena-Hopewell. In Hopewell Archaeology, edited by David S. Brose and N'omi Greber, pp. 157-161. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
24. Charles, Douglas K. 1985 Corporate Symbols: An Interpretative Prehistory of Indian Burial Mounds in West-Central Illinois. Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
25. 1992 Woodland Demographic and Social Dynamics in the American Midwest: Analysis of a Burial Mound Survey. World Archaeology 24:75-197.
26. 1995 Diachronic Regional Social Dynamics: Mortuary Sites in the Illinois Valley/American Bottom Region. In Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by Lane A. Beck, pp. 77-99. Plenum, New York.
27. Charles, Douglas K., and Jane E. Buikstra 2002 Siting, Sighting, and Citing the Dead. In The Space and Place of Death, edited by Helain Silverman and David B. Small, pp. 13-26. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 10. American Anthropological Association, Arlington, Virginia.
28. Charles, Douglas K., and Jane E. Buikstra (editors) 2006 Recreating Hopewell. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
29. Conner, Michael D. 1990 Population Structure and Skeletal Variation in the Late Woodland of West-Central Illinois. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82:31-43.
30. Cook, Della C. 1981 Mortality, Age-Structure and Status in the Interpretation of Stress Indicators in Prehistoric Skeletons: a Dental Example from the Lower Illinois Valley. In The Archaeology of Death, edited by Robert Chapman, Ian Kinnes, and Klavs Randsborg, pp. 133-144. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
31. Cowan, Frank L. 2006 A Mobile Hopewell? Questioning Assumptions of Ohio Hopewell Sedentism. In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 26-49. University Press of Florida, Gainsville, Florida.
32. Crane, H. R., and James B. Griffin 1963 University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates VIII. Radiocarbon 5:228-253.
33. Dancey, William S., and Paul J. Pacheco (editors) 1997 Ohio Hopewell Community Organization. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
34. Eshleman, Jason A. 2002 Mitochondrial DNA and Prehistoric Population Movements in Western North America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California.
35. Farnsworth, Kenneth B., and David L. Asch 1986 Early Woodland Chronology, Artifact Styles, and Settlement Distribution in the Lower Illinois Valley Region. In Early Woodland Archeology, edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. 326-457. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.
36. Fie, Shannon M. 2006 Visiting in the Interaction Sphere: Ceramic Exchange and Interaction in the Lower Illinois Valley. In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 427-445. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
37. Fischer, Fred W. 1974 Early and Middle Woodland Settlement, Subsistence, and Population in the Central Ohio Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
38. Greber, N'omi B. 1979 Variations in Social Structure of Ohio Hopewell Peoples. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 4:35-78.
39. 1991 A Study of Continuity and Contrast between Central Scioto Adena and Hopewell Sites. West Virginia Archeologist 43:1-26.
40. 2003 Chronological Relationships Among Ohio Hopewell Sites: Few Dates and Much Complexity. In Theory, Method, and Practice in Modern Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Jeske and Douglas K. Charles, pp. 88-113. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.
41. Griffin, James B. 1964 The Northeast Woodlands Area. In Prehistoric Man in the New World, edited by Jesse D. Jennings and Edward Norbeck, pp. 223-258. University of Chicago, Chicago.
42. Hall, Roberta L., and Peter L. MacNair 1972 Multivariate Analysis of Anthropometric Data and Classification of British Columbian Natives. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37:401-409.
43. Handt, Oliva, Matthias Krings, Richard H. Ward, and Svante Pääbo1996 The Retrieval of Ancient Human DNA Sequences. American Journal of Human Genetics 59:368-376.
44. Hasegawa, Masami, Hirohisa Kishino, and Taka-aki Yano 1985 Dating of the Human-Ape Splitting by a Molecular Clock of Mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 22:160-174.
45. Hatch, James W., Joseph W. Michels, Christopher M. Stevenson, Barry E. Scheetz, and Richard A. Geidel 1990 Hopewell Obsidian Studies: Behavioral Implications of Recent Sourcing and Dating Research. American Antiquity 55:461-479.
46. Hey, Jody, and Rasmus Nielsen 2004 Multilocus Methods for Estimating Population Sizes, Migration Rates and Divergence Time, with Applications to the Divergence of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. Genetics 167:747-760.
47. Jamison, Paul L. 1971 A Demographic and Comparative Analysis of the Albany Mounds (Illinois) Hopewell Skeletons. In The Indian Mounds at Albany, Illinois, edited by Elaine B. Herold. Davenport Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 1. Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Davenport, Iowa.
48. Johnston, Cheryl A. 2002 Culturally Modified Human Remains from the Hopewell Mound Group. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
49. Kaestle, Frederika A., and David Glenn Smith 2001 Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Prehistoric Population Movement: the Numic Expansion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:1-12.
50. Kaestle, Frederika A., and K. Ann Horsburgh 2002 Ancient DNA in Anthropology: Methods, Applications, and Ethics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 45:92-130.
51. Kemp, Brian M., Ripan S. Malhi, John McDonough, Deborah A. Bolnick, Jason A. Eshleman, Olga Rickards, Cristina Martinez-Labarga, John R. Johnson, Joseph G. Lorenz, E. James Dixon, Terence E. Fifield, Timothy H. Heaton, Rosita Worl, and David Glenn Smith 2007 Genetic Analysis of Early Holocene Skeletal Remains from Alaska and its Implications for the Settlement of the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:605-621.
52. Keyser-Tracqui, Christine, Eric Crubézy, and Bertrand Ludes 2003 Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of a 2,000-year-old Necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia. American Journal of Human Genetics 73:247-260.
53. Konigsberg, Lyle W. 1988 Migration Models of Prehistoric Postmarital Residence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77:471-482.
54. 1990 Temporal Aspects of Biological Distance: Serial Correlation and Trend in a Prehistoric Skeletal Lineage. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82:45-52.
55. Konigsberg, Lyle W., and Jane E. Buikstra 1995 Regional Approaches to the Investigation of Past Human Biocultural Structure. In Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by Lane A. Beck, pp. 191-219. Plenum, New York.
56. Lalueza-Fox, Carles, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Antonio J. Martínez-Fuentes, Francesc Calafell, and Jaume Bertranpetit 2003 Mitochondrial DNA from Pre-Columbian Ciboneys from Cuba and the Prehistoric Colonization of the Caribbean. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121:97-108.
57. Larsen, Clark S.1997 Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
58. Lees, Francis C., and John H. Relethford 1982 Population Structure and Anthropometric Variation in Ireland During the 1930s. In Current Developments in Anthropological Genetics, Vol. 2, edited by Michael H. Crawford and James H. Mielke, pp. 385-428. Plenum, New York.
59. Lepper, Bradley T. 2006 The Great Hopewell Road and the Role of the Pilgrimage in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere. In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 122-133. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
60. Lorenz, Joseph G., and David Glenn Smith 1996 Distribution of Four Founding mtDNA Haplogroups among Native North Americans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101:307-323.
61. 1997 Distribution of Sequence Variation in the mtDNA Control Region of Native North Americans. Human Biology 69:749-776.
62. Malhi, Ripan S., Katherine E. Breece, Beth A. S. Shook, FrederikaA. Kaestle, James C. Chatters, Steven Hackenberger, and David Glenn Smith 2004 Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America. Human Biology 76:33-54.
63. Martin, Andrew 2002 Rethinking the Illinois Hopewell: A Constructive Comparison with Approaches from British Archaeology and Bruno Latour. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
64. 2005 Agents in Inter-Action: Bruno Latour and Agency. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12:283-311.
65. Maslowski, Robert F., Charles M. Niquette, and Derek M. Wingfield 1995 The Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia Radiocarbon Database. West Virginia Archeologist 47:1-2.
66. Mills, Lisa 2003 Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Ohio Hopewell of the Hopewell Mound Group. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
67. Neumann, George K. 1952 Archaeology and Race in the American Indian. In Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by James B. Griffin, pp. 13-34. University of Chicago, Chicago.
68. Nielsen, Rasmus, and John Wakeley 2001 Distinguishing Migration from Isolation: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach. Genetics 158:885-896.
69. O'Rourke, Dennis H., M. Geoffrey Hayes, and Shawn W. CarIyle 2000 Spatial and Temporal Stability of mtDNA Haplogroup Frequencies in Native North America. Human Biology 72:15-34.
70. Pacheco, Paul J. 1996 Ohio Hopewell Regional Settlement Patterns. In A View from the Core: a Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, edited by Paul J. Pacheco, pp. 16-35. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, Ohio.
71. Pacheco, Paul J., and William S. Dancey 2006 Integrating Mortuary and Settlement Data on Ohio Hopewell Society. In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 3-25. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
72. Parr, Ryan L., Shawn W. Carlyle, and Dennis H. O'Rourke1996 Ancient DNA Analysis of Fremont Amerindians of the Great Salt Lake Wetlands. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99:507-518.
73. Pearson, Mike Parker 1999 The Archaeology of Death and Burial. Texas A&M University, College Station.
74. Perino, Gregory 1968 The Pete Klunk Mound Group, Calhoun County, Illinois: the Archaic and Hopewell Occupations. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 6:9-124.
75. Pfeiffer, Heidi, Bernd Brinkmann, J. Huhne, B. Rolf, A. A. Morris, R. Steighner, M. M. Holland, and Peter Forster 1999 Expanding the Forensic German Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Database: Genetic Diversity as a Function of Sample Size and Microgeography. International Journal of Legal Medicine 112:291-298.
76. Posada, David, and Keith A. Crandall 1998 Modeltest: Testing the Model of DNA Substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817-818.
77. Prufer, Olaf H. 1964 The Hopewell Complex of Ohio. In Hopewellian Studies, edited by Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, pp. 35-84. Scientific Papers, Vol. 12. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
78. Reichs, Kathleen J. 1975 Biological Variability and the Hopewell Phenomenon: An Interregional Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
79. Rice, William R. 1989 Analyzing Tables of Statistical Tests. Evolution 43:223-225.
80. Ruby, Bret J. 2006 The Mann Phase: Hopewellian Community Organization in the Wabash Lowland. In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 190-206. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
81. Ruby, Bret J., Christopher Carr, and Douglas K. Charles 2006 Community Organizations in the Scioto, Mann, and Havana Hopewellian Regions: A Comparative Perspective. In Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, edited by Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, pp. 119-176. Springer, New York.
82. Schneider, Stefan, David Roessli, and Laurent Excoffier 2000 Arlequin Version 2.000: a Software for Population Genetics Data Analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
83. Schurr, Theodore G., Scott W. Ballinger, Yik-Yuen Gan, Judy A. Hodge, D. Andrew Merriwether, Dale N. Lawrence, William C. Knowler, Ken M. Weiss, and Douglas C. Wallace 1990 Amerindian Mitochondrial DNAs Have Rare Asian Mutations at High Frequencies, Suggesting They Derived from Four Primary Maternal Lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics 46:613-623.
84. Sciulli, Paul W., and Michael C. Mahaney 1986 Evidence of Local Biological Continuity for an Ohio Hopewell Complex Population. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 11:181-199.
85. Seeman, Mark F. 1979 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The Evidence for Interregional Trade and Structural Complexity. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis.
86. 1995 When Words are Not Enough: Hopewell Interregionalism and the Use of Material Symbols at the GE Mound. In Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, edited byMichael S. Nassaney and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp. 122-146. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
87. Seeman, Mark F., and James L. Branch 2006 The Mounded Landscapes of Ohio: Hopewell Patterns and Placements. In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 106-121. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
88. Shetrone, Henry C. 1930 The Mound Builders. Appleton, New York.
89. Shook, Beth A. S. 2005 Ancient DNA and the Biological History and Prehistory of Northeastern North America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California.
90. Slatkin, Montgomery 1985 Rare Alleles as Indicators of Gene Flow. Evolution 39:53-65.
91. Slatkin, Montgomery, and Nicholas H. Barton 1989 A Comparison of Three Indirect Methods for Estimating Average Levels of Gene Flow. Evolution 43:1349-1368.
92. Smith, David Glenn, Ripan S. Malhi, Joseph G. Lorenz, and Frederika A. Kaestle 1999 Distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup X among Native North Americans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110:271-284.
93. Spence, Michael W. 1974 Residential Practices and the Distribution of Skeletal Traits in Teotihuacan, Mexico. Man 9:262-273.
94. Stone, Anne C., and Mark Stoneking 1993 Ancient DNA from a Pre-Columbian Amerindian Population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92:463-471.
95. Stone, Anne C., and Mark Stoneking 1998 MtDNA Analysis of a Prehistoric Oneota Population: Implications for the Peopling of the New World. American Journal of Human Genetics 62:1153-1170.
96. Struever, Stuart, and Gail L. Houart 1972 An Analysis of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere. In Social Exchange and Interaction, edited by Edwin N. Wilmsen, pp. 47-80. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
97. Swofford, David L. 2003 PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
98. Tainter, Joseph A. 1975 The Archaeological Study of Social Change: Woodland Systems in West-Central Illinois. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Chicago.
99. Torroni, Antonio, Theodore G. Schurr, Chi-ChuanYang, Emöke J. Szathmary, Robert C. Williams, Moses S. Schanfield, Gary A. Troup, William C. Knowler, Dale N. Lawrence, Kenneth M. Weiss, and Douglas C. Wallace
100. 1992 Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations. Genetics 130:153-162.
101. Torroni, Antonio, Theodore G. Schurr, Margaret F. Cabell, Michael D. Brown, James V. Neel, Merethe Larsen, David Glenn Smith, Carlos M. Vullo, and Douglas C. Wallace 1993 Asian Affinities and Continental Radiation of the Four Founding Native American mtDNAs. American Journal of Human Genetics 53:563-590.
102. Van Gilder, Cynthia, and Douglas K. Charles 2003 Archaeology as Cultural Encounter: The Legacy of Hopewell. In Theory, Method, and Practice in Modern Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Jeske and Douglas K. Charles, pp. 114-129. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.
103. Walthall, John A., Stephen H. Stow, and Marvin J. Karson 1979 Ohio Hopewell Trade: Galena Procurement and Exchange. In Hopewell Archaeology, edited by David S. Brose and N'omi Greber N, pp. 247-250. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
104. Wright, Sewall 1931 Evolution in Mendelian Populations. Genetics 16:97-159.
105. 1951 The Genetical Structure of Populations. Annals of Eugenics 15:323-354.
106. Wrischnik, Lisa A., Russell G. Higuchi, Mark Stoneking, Henry A. Erlich, Norman Arnheim, and Allan C. Wilson 1987 Length Mutations in Human Mitochondrial DNA:Direct Sequencing of Enzymatically Amplified DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 15:529-542.
107. Yerkes, Richard W. 2006 Middle Woodland Settlements and Social Organization in the Central Ohio Valley: Were the Hopewell Really Farmers? In Recreating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 50-61. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
108. Zar, Jerrold H. 1999 Biostatistical Analysis. 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.