Nutritional strategies to optimize training and racing in middle-distance athletes

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 25, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2007, Pages 17-28

  Stellingwerff, Trent ^a   Boit, Mike ^b   Res, Peter ^c  

^a NESTLÉ RESEARCH CENTER   (Switzerland)

^b KENYATTA UNIVERSITY   (Kenya)

^c PR Sportvoedingsadvies ^*  (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Middle distance; Performance; Periodized nutrition; Recovery; Supplements

Indexed keywords

BETA ALANINE; BICARBONATE; CARNOSINE; MUSCLE PROTEIN;

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ATHLETE; BODY COMPOSITION; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; COMPETITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIETARY INTAKE; ENDURANCE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; ENERGY METABOLISM; GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; MACRONUTRIENT; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUSCLE CELL; MUSCLE EXERCISE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; PHENOTYPE; PROTEIN INTAKE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RUNNING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRAINING;

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY PROTEINS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; RUNNING; SODIUM BICARBONATE;

EID: 36749065019     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640410701607213     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (65)

1. Achten, J., Halson, S. L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M. P., Casey, A. and Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, pp. 1331-1340.
2. American College of Sports Medicine (2000) Joint Position Statement: Nutrition and athletic performance. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetics Association, and Dietitians of Canada. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, pp. 2130-2145.
3. Atherton, P. J., Babraj, J., Smith, K., Singh, J., Rennie, M. J. and Wackerhage, H. (2005) Selective activation of AMPK-PGC-1alpha or PKB-TSC2-mTOR signaling can explain specific adaptive responses to endurance or resistance training-like electrical muscle stimulation. FASEB Journal, 19, pp. 786-788.
4. Baar, K. (2006) Training for endurance and strength: Lessons from cell signaling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, pp. 1939-1944.
5. Begum, G., Cunliffe, A. and Leveritt, M. (2005) Physiological role of carnosine in contracting muscle. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15, pp. 493-514.
6. Berardi, J. M., Price, T. B., Noreen, E. E. and Lemon, P. W. (2006) Postexercise muscle glycogen recovery enhanced with a carbohydrate - protein supplement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, pp. 1106-1113.
7. Bergstrom, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E. and Saltin, B. (1967) Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 71, pp. 140-150.
8. Burke, L. M., Collier, G. R. and Hargreaves, M. (1993) Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: Effect of the glycaemia index of carbohydrate feedings. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75, pp. 1019-1023.
9. Burke, L. M., Cox, G. R., Cummings, N. K. and Desbrow, B. (2001) Guidelines for daily carbohydrate intake: Do athletes achieve them?. Sports Medicine, 31, pp. 267-299.
10. Burke, L. M., Kiens, B. and Ivy, J. L. (2004) Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, pp. 15-30.
11. Burke, L. M., Millet, G. and Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2007) Nutrition for distance events. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, pp. S29-S38.
12. Carrithers, J. A., Williamson, D. L., Gallagher, P. M., Godard, M. P., Schulze, K. E. and Trappe, S. W. (2000) Effects of postexercise carbohydrate - protein feedings on muscle glycogen restoration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, pp. 1976-1982.
13. Churchley, E. G., Coffey, V. G., Pedersen, D. J., Shield, A., Carey, K. A. and Cameron-Smith, D. (2007) Influence of pre-exercise muscle glycogen content on transcriptional activity of metabolic and myogenic genes in well-trained humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102, pp. 1604-1611.
14. Coffey, V. G. and Hawley, J. A. (2007) The molecular basis of training adaptation. Sports Medicine, 37, pp. 737-763.
15. Coggan, A. R. and Coyle, E. F. (1991) Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: Effects on metabolism and performance. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 19, pp. 1-40.
16. Costill, D. L., Bowers, R., Branam, G. and Sparks, K. (1971) Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged exercise on successive days. Journal of Applied Physiology, 31, pp. 834-838.
17. Coyle, E. F. (2004) Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, pp. 39-55.
18. Creer, A., Gallagher, P., Slivka, D., Jemiolo, B., Fink, W. and Trappe, S. (2005) Influence of muscle glycogen availability on ERK1/2 and Akt signaling after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, pp. 950-956.
19. Daniels, J. and Daniels, N. (1992) Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, pp. 483-489.
20. Decombaz, J. (2003) Nutrition and recovery of muscle energy stores after exercise. Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 51, pp. 31-38.
21. Dill, D. B., Edwards, H. T. and Talbot, J. H. (1932) Alkalosis and capacity for work. Journal of Biochemisty, 97, p. 1.
22. 3 ingestion during high-intensity exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, pp. 1746-1753.
23. Gleeson, M. (2002) Biochemical and immunological markers of over-training. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, pp. 31-41.
24. Hansen, A. K., Fischer, C. P., Plomgaard, P., Andersen, J. L., Saltin, B. and Pedersen, B. K. (2005) Skeletal muscle adaptation: Training twice every second day vs. training once daily. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, pp. 93-99.
25. Harris, R. C., Ponte, J., Hill, C. A., Sale, C. A., Jones, G. A. and Kim, H. J. (2006) Effect of 14 and 28 days of β-alanine (Carnosyn™) supplementation on isometric endurance of the knee extensors. Paper presented at the 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference Seoul, Korea
26. Harris, R. C., Tallon, M. J., Dunnett, M., Boobis, L., Coakley, J. and Kim, H. J. (2006) The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids, 30, pp. 279-289.
27. Hawley, J. A., Gibala, M. J. and Bermon, S. (2007) Innovations in athletic preparation: Role of substrate availability to modify training adaptation and performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, pp. S115-S124.
28. Hickson, R. C. (1980) Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 45, pp. 255-263.
29. Hill, C. A., Harris, R. C., Kim, H. J., Harris, B. D., Sale, C. and Boobis, L. H. (2007) Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids, 32, pp. 225-233.
30. Hoffman, J., Ratamess, N., Kang, J., Mangine, G., Faigenbaum, A. and Stout, J. (2006) Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16, pp. 430-446.
31. Holloszy, J. O. and Coyle, E. F. (1984) Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. Journal of Applied Physiology, 56, pp. 831-838.
32. Ivy, J. L., Goforth Jr., H. W., Damon, B. M., McCauley, T. R., Parsons, E. C. and Price, T. B. (2002) Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate - protein supplement. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, pp. 1337-1344.
33. Ivy, J. L., Katz, A. L., Cutler, C. L., Sherman, W. M. and Coyle, E. F. (1988) Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: Effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64, pp. 1480-1485.
34. Koopman, R., Manders, R. J., Jonkers, R. A., Hul, G. B., Kuipers, H. and van Loon, L. J. (2005) Intramyocellular lipid and glycogen content are reduced following resistance exercise in untrained healthy males. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, pp. 525-534.
35. Levenhagen, D. K., Gresham, J. D., Carlson, M. G., Maron, D. J., Borel, M. J. and Flakoll, P. J. (2001) Postexercise nutrient intake timing in humans is critical to recovery of leg glucose and protein homeostasis. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 280, pp. E982-E993.
36. Luden, N. D., Saunders, M. J. and Todd, M. K. (2007) Postexercise carbohydrate - protein - antioxidant ingestion decreases plasma creatine kinase and muscle soreness. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17, pp. 109-123.
37. Martin, D. E. and Coe, P. N. (1991) Training distance runners, Leisure Press, Champaign, IL
38. Matson, L. G. and Tran, Z. V. (1993) Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: A meta-analytic review. International journal of Sport Nutrition, 3, pp. 2-28.
39. Maughan, R. J., Depiesse, F. and Geyer, H. (2007) The use of dietary supplements by athlestes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, pp. S103-S113.
40. Maughan, R. J. and Greenhaff, P. L. (1991) High intensity exercise performance and acid - base balance: The influence of diet and induced metabolic alkalosis. Advances in nutrition and top sport, pp. 147-165. Karger, Basel
41. McNaughton, L. R. (2000) Bicarbonate and citrate. Nutrition in sport, pp. 393-404. Blackwell, Oxford
42. McNaughton, L. and Thompson, T. (2001) Acute versus chronic sodium bicarbonates ingestion and anaerobic work and power output. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, pp. 456-462.
43. Millard-Stafford, M., Warren, G. L., Thomas, L. M., Doyle, J. A., Snow, T. and Hitchcock, K. (2005) Recovery from run training: Efficacy of a carbohydrate - protein beverage?. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15, pp. 610-624.
44. Onywera, V. O., Kiplamai, F. K., Boit, M. K. and Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2004) Food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan distance runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14, pp. 709-719.
45. Osnes, J. B. and Hermansen, L. (1972) Acid - base balance after maximal exercise of short duration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 32, pp. 59-63.
46. Richter, E. A., Mikines, K. J., Galbo, H. and Kiens, B. (1989) Effect of exercise on insulin action in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, pp. 876-885.
47. Romijn, J. A., Coyle, E. F., Sidossis, L. S., Gastaldelli, A., Horowitz, J. F. and Endert, E. (1993) Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. American Journal of Physiology, 265, pp. E380-E391.
48. Saltin, B. (1990) Anaerobic capacity - past, present and prospective. Biochemistry of exercise VII, pp. 387-412. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
49. Saltin, B., Henriksson, J., Nygaard, E., Andersen, P. and Jansson, E. (1977) Fiber types and metabolic potentials of skeletal muscles in sedentary man and endurance runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301, pp. 3-29.
50. Shirreffs, S. M., Casa, D. J. and Carter III, R. (2007) Fluid needs for training and competition in athletics. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, pp. S83-S91.
51. Spencer, M. R. and Gastin, P. B. (2001) Energy system contribution during 200- to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, pp. 157-162.
52. Stellingwerff, T., Spriet, L. L., Watt, M. J., Kimber, N. E., Hargreaves, M. and Hawley, J. A. (2006) Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 290, pp. E380-E388.
53. Stout, J. R., Cramer, J. T., Zoeller, R. F., Torok, D., Costa, P. and Hoffman, J. R. (2006) Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women. Amino Acids, 32, pp. 381-386.
54. Stubbs, R. J., Hughes, D. A., Johnstone, A. M., Horgan, G. W., King, N. and Blundell, J. E. (2004) A decrease in physical activity affects appetite, energy, and nutrient balance in lean men feeding ad libitum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, pp. 62-69.
55. Tarnopolsky, M. A. (1999) Protein metabolism in strength and endurance activities. The metabolic basis of performance in exercise and sport, pp. 125-164. Cooper Publishing Group, Carmel, IN
56. Tarnopolsky, M. A., Bosman, M., Macdonald, J. R., Vandeputte, D., Martin, J. and Roy, B. D. (1997) Postexercise protein - carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, pp. 1877-1883.
57. Tipton, K. D., Jeukendrup, A. E. and Hespel, P. (2007) Nutrition for the sprinter. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, pp. S5-S15.
58. Tipton, K. D. and Wolfe, R. R. (2004) Protein and amino acids for athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, pp. 65-79.
59. van Hall, G., Shirreffs, S. M. and Calbet, J. A. (2000) Muscle glycogen resynthesis during recovery from cycle exercise: No effect of additional protein ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, pp. 1631-1636.
60. van Loon, L. J., Kruijshoop, M., Verhagen, H., Saris, W. H. and Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000) Ingestion of protein hydrolysate and amino acid - carbohydrate mixtures increases postexercise plasma insulin responses in men. Journal of Nutrition, 130, pp. 2508-2513.
61. van Loon, L. J., Saris, W. H., Kruijshoop, M. and Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000) Maximizing postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis: Carbohydrate supplementation and the application of amino acid or protein hydrolysate mixtures. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, pp. 106-111.
62. Watt, M. J., Heigenhauser, G. J. and Spriet, L. L. (2002) Intramuscular triacylglycerol utilization in human skeletal muscle during exercise: Is there a controversy?. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, pp. 1185-1195.
63. Wojtaszewski, J. F., Nielsen, P., Kiens, B. and Richter, E. A. (2001) Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in human skeletal muscle: Effects of food intake and bicycle exercise. Diabetes, 50, pp. 265-269.
64. Zawadzki, K. M., Yaspelkis III, B. B. and Ivy, J. L. (1992) Carbohydrate - protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, pp. 1854-1859.
65. Zoeller, R. F., Stout, J. R., O'Kroy, J. A., Torok, D. J. and Mielke, M. (2007) Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion. Journal of Amino Acids, 33, pp. 505-510.