Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery to reduce the risk of haemodynamic stroke in cerebroocclusive atherosclerotic disease of the anterior cerebral circulation - A systematic review

Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska

Volumn 41, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 457-471

  Schaller, Bernhard ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^b NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atherosclerotic disease; Carotid artery; Cerebral revascularization; Cerebroocclusive; EC IC bypass; Haemodynamic parameters; Stroke; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; BRAIN ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN FUNCTION; BYPASS SURGERY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DATA BASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; MORTALITY; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; RANKIN SCALE; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; STROKE; SURGICAL RISK; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR PATENCY;

CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL; CEREBRAL REVASCULARIZATION; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 36749061811     PISSN: 00283843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Ausman J.I., Diaz F.G. Critique of the extracranial-intracranial bypass study. Surg Neurol 1986; 26: 218-221.
2. Awad I.A., Spetzler R.F. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: a critical analysis in light of the International Cooperative Study. Neurosurgery 1986; 19: 655-664.
3. Lyrer P.A., Engleter S., Radu E.W., et al. Cerebral infarcts related to isolated middle cerebral artery stenosis. Stroke 1997; 28: 1022-1027.
4. Schaller B., Lyrer P. Anticoagulation of an unruptured, completely thrombosed giant intracerebral aneurysm without hemorrhage or recanalisation in the long-term follow-up. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10: 331-332.
5. Schaller B., Lyrer P. Focal neurological deficits following spontaneous thrombosis of unruptured giant aneurysms. Eur Neurol 2002; 47: 175-182.
6. Schmiedek P., Piepgras A., Leinsinger G., et al. Improvement of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by EC-IC arterial bypass surgery in patients with ICA occlusion and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1994; 81: 236-244.
7. Sundt T.M. Jr., Whisnant J.P., Fode N.C., et al. Results, complications, and follow-up of 415 bypass operations for occlusive disease of the carotid system. Mayo Clin Proc 1985; 60: 230-240.
8. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial intarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71-86.
9. Heiss W.D., Graf R. The ischemic penumbra. Curr Opin Neurol 1994; 7: 11-19.
10. Lyrer P., Engelter S. Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 4:CD000255.
11. Schaller B., Graf R. Cerebral ischemic preconditioning. An experimental phenomenon or a clinical important entity of stroke prevention? J Neurol 2002; 11: 1503-1511.
12. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998; 351: 1379-1387.
13. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists' Collaborative Group. The final results of the NASCET trial. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1415-1425.
14. Dietz A., Berkefeld J., Theron J.G., et al. Endovascular treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis using stent placement: long-term follow-up of patients with a balanced surgical risk/benefit ratio. Stroke 2001; 32: 1855-1859.
15. Barnett H.J. Is there a place for cerebral revascularization? Clin Neurosurg 1979; 26: 314-329.
16. Toole J.F., Barnett H.J. Transient ischemic attacks. In: Toole J.F. (ed.). Cerebrovascular Disorders. Ed. 3. Raven Press, New York 1984, pp. 101-116.
17. Anderson D.E., McLane M.P., Reichman O.H., et al. Improved cerebral blood flow and CO2 reactivity after microvascular anastomosis in patients at high risk for recurrent stroke. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 26-33.
18. Barnett H.J., Fox A., Hachinski V., et al. Further conclusions from the extracranial-intracranial bypass trial. Surg Neurol 1986; 26: 227-235.
19. Waltz A.G., Sundt T.M. Jr. The microvasculature and microcirculation of the cerebral cortex after arterial occlusion. Brain 1967; 90: 681-696.
20. Lougheed W.M., Marshall B.M., Hunter M., et al. Common carotid to intracranial internal carotid bypass venous graft. Technical note. J Neurosurg 1971; 34: 114-118.
21. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. The EC/ IC Bypass Study Group. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1191-1200.
22. Bishop C.C., Burnand K.G., Brown M., et al. Reduced response of cerebral blood flow to hypercapnia: restoration by extracranial-intracranial bypass. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 802-804.
23. Di Piero V., Lenzi G.L., Collice M., et al. Long-term noninvasive single photon emission computed tomography monitoring of perfusional changes after EC-IC bypass surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 988-996.
24. Heiss W.D. Klinische Pathopyhsiologie des ischämischen Insultes. In: Hartmann A, Heiss W.D. Der Schlaganfall. Steinkopf Verlag, Darmstadt 2001, pp. 103-122.
25. Holzschuh M., Brawanski A., Ullrich W., et al. Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reserve 5 years after EC-IC bypass. Neurosurg Rev 1991; 14: 275-278.
26. Ishikawa T., Houkin K., Abe H., et al. Cerebral hemodynamics and long term prognosis after EC-IC bypass surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 59: 625-628.
27. Iwama T., Hashimoto N., Hayashida K. Cerebral hemodynamic parameters for patients with neurological improvements after extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass surgery: evaluation using positron emission tomography. Neurosurgery 2001; 48: 504-510.
28. Iwama T., Hashimoto N., Takagi Y., et al. Predictability of extracranial/ intracranial bypass function: a retrospective study of patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Neurosurgery 1997; 40: 53-60.
29. Jack C.R. Jr., Sundt T.M. Jr., Fode N.C., et al. Superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery bypass: clinical pre- and postoperative angiographic correlation. J Neurosurg 1988; 69: 46-51.
30. Karnik R., Valentin A., Ammerer H.P., et al. Evaluation of vasomotor reactivity by transcranial Doppler and acetazolamide test before and after extracranial-intracranial bypass in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 1992; 23: 812-817.
31. Kawaguchi S., Noguchi H., Sakaki T., et al. Evaluating the effect of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass on pure motor function using motor activation single photon emission computed tomography. Neurosurgery 1997; 41: 1065-1071.
32. Kobayashi H., Hayashi M., Kawano H., et al. Evaluation of extracranial-to-intracranial bypass surgery using iodine 123 iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography. Surg Neurol 1991; 35: 436-440.
33. Kuwabara Y., Ichiya Y., Sasaki M., et al. PET evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics in occlusive cerebrovascular disease pre- and postsurgery. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 760-765.
34. Leblanc R., Tyler J.L., Mohr G., et al. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of cerebral revascularization. J Neurosurg 1987; 66: 529-535.
35. Muraishi K., Kameyama M., Sato K., et al. Cerebral circulatory and metabolic changes following EC/IC bypass surgery in cerebral occlusive diseases. Neurol Res 1993; 15: 97-103.
36. Nagata S., Fujii K., Matsushima T., et al. Evaluation of EC-IC bypass for patients with atherosclerotic occlusive cerebrovascular disease: clinical and positron emission tomographic studies. Neurol Res 1991; 13: 209-216.
37. Nicholls S.C., Kohler T.R., Bergelin R.O., et al. Management of internal carotid artery occlusion. J Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 30: 547-552.
38. Nussbaum E.S., Reickson D.L. Extracranial-intracranial bypass for ischemic cerebrovascular disease refractory to maximal medical therapy. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 37-43.
39. Powers W.J., Grubb R.L., Raichle M.E. Clinical results of extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery in patients with hemodynamic cerebrovascular disease. J Neurosurg 1989; 70: 61-67.
40. Regli L., Piepgras D.G., Hansen K.K. Late patency of long saphenous vein bypass grafts to the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 806-811.
41. Schick U., Zimmermann M., Stolke D. Long-term evaluation of EC-IC bypass patency. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996; 138: 938-943.
42. Takagi Y., Hashimoto N., Iwama T., et al. Improvement of oxygen metabolic reserve after ec-ic bypass surgery in patients with severe haemodynamic insufficiency. Acta Neurochirur (Wien) 1997; 139: 52-57.
43. Vorstrup S., Haase J., Waldemar G., et al. Ec-ic bypass in patients with chronic hemodynamic insufficiency. Acta Neurol Scand 1996; Suppl 166: 79-81.
44. Vorstrup S., Brun B., Lassen N.A. Evaluation of the cerebral vasodilatory capacity by the acetazolamide test before ec-ic bypass surgery in patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Stroke 1986; 17: 1291-1298.
45. Yamashita T., Kashiwagi S., Nakano S., et al. The effect of ec-ic bypass surgery on resting cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reserve capacity studied with stable Xe-CT and acetazolamid test. Neuroradiology 1991; 33: 217-222.
46. Heiss W.D., Graf R. Therapeutic window in ischemic stroke. CNS Drugs 1997; 8: 474-491.
47. Amin-Haniani S., Butller W.E., Ogilvy C.S., et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass in the treatment of occlusive cerebrovascular disease and intracranial aneurysms in the United States between 1992 and 2001: a population-based study. J Neurosurg 2005; 103: 794-804.
48. Rankin J. Cerebral vascular accidents in patients over the age of 60. II. Prognosis. Scott Med J 1957; 2: 200-215.
49. Powers W.J., Martin W.R., Herscovitch P., et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: hemodynamic and metabolic effects. Neurology 1984; 34: 1168-1174.
50. Powers W.J., Press G.A., Grubb R.L. Jr., et al. The effect of hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease on the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 27-35.
51. Steichen T.J., Egger M., Sterne J. Tests for publication bias in meta-analysis. Stata Tech Bull 1998; 44: 84-85.
52. Jadad A.R., Moore R.A., Carroll D., et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996; 17: 1-12.
53. Trout K.S. How to read clinical journals: IV. To determine etiology or causation. Can Med Assoc J 1981; 124: 985-990.
54. Tagwell P. How to read clinical journals. III. To learn the clinical course and prognosis of disease. Can Med Assoc J 1981; 124: 869-872.
55. Gratzl O., Schmiedek P., Spetzler R., et al. Clinical experience with extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis in 65 cases. J Neurosurg 1976; 44: 313-324.
56. Egger M., Davey Smith G., Schneider M., et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997; 315: 629-634.
57. Egger M., Juni P., Bartlett C., et al. How important are comprehensive literature searches and the assessment of trial quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study. Health Technol Assess 2003; 7: 1-76.
58. Kawata Y., Sako K., Yonemasu Y. Sequential changes in cerebrovascular reserve capacity in three-vessel occlusion rats. Brain Res 1996; 739: 330-334.
59. Gibbs J.M., Wise R.J., Thomas D.J., et al. Cerebral haemodynamic changes after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 140-150.
60. Gibbs J.M., Wise R.J., Leenders K.L., et al. Evaluation of cerebral perfusion reserve in patients with carotid-artery occlusion. Lancet 1984; 1: 182-186.
61. Ringelstein E.B., Van Eyck S., Mertens I. Evaluation of cerebral vasomotor reactivity by various vasodilating stimuli: comparison of CO2 to acetazolamide. J Cereb Blood Flow Metal 1992; 12: 162-168.
62. Heiss W.D., Rosner G. Functional recovery of cortical neurons as related to degree and duration of ischemia. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 294-301.
63. Baron J.C., Bousser M.G., Rey A., et al. Reversal of focal "misery-perfusion syndrome" by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. A case study with 15O positron emission tomography. Stroke 1981; 12: 454-459.
64. Widder B., Kleiser B., Krapf H. Course of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 1994; 25: 1963-1967.
65. Yonas H., Smith H.A., Durham S.R., et al. Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg 1993; 79: 483-489.
66. Piepgras A., Schmiedek P., Leinsinger G., et al. A simple test to assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity using transcranial Doppler sonography and acetazolamide. Stroke 1990; 21: 1306-1311.
67. Norrving B., Nilsson B., Risberg J. rCBF in patients with carotid occlusion. Resting and hypercapnic flow related to collateral pattern. Stroke 1982; 13: 155-162.
68. Binder L.M., Tanabe C.T., Waller F.T., et al. Behavioral effects of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass surgery: preliminary report. Neurology 1982; 32: 422-424.
69. Drinkkwater J.E., Thompson S.K., Lumley J.S. Cerebral function before and after extra-intracranial carotid bypass. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 1041-1043.
70. Hasegawa Y., Yamaguchi T, Tsuchiya T, et al. Sequential change of hemodynamic reserve in patients with major cerebral artery occlusion or severe stenosis. Neuroradiology 1992; 34: 15-21.
71. Laurent J.P., Lawner P.M., O'Connor M. Reversal of intracerebral steal by STA-MCA anastomosis. J Neurosurg 1982; 57: 629-632.
72. Powers W.J., Tempel L.W., Grubb R.L. Jr. Influence of cerebral hemodynamics on stroke risk: one-year follow-up of 30 medically treated patients. Ann Neurol 1991; 25: 325-330.
73. Younkin D., Hungerbuhler J.P., O'Connor M., et al. Superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastamosis: effects on vascular neurologic, and neuropsychological functions. Neurology 1985; 35: 462-469.
74. Klijn C.J., Kappelle L.J., Algra A., et al. Outcome in patients with symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery or intracranial arterial lesions: a meta-analysis of the role of baseline characteristics and type of antithrombotic treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12: 228-234.
75. Grubb R.L. Jr., Derdeyn C.P., Fritsch S.M., et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA 1998; 280: 1055-1060.
76. Heiss W.D., Graf R., Wienhard K. Relevance of experimental ischemia in cats for stroke management: a comparative reevaluation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 11: 73-81.
77. Kleiser B., Widder B. Course of carotid artery occlusions with impaired cerebrovascular reactivity. Stroke 1992; 23: 171-174.
78. Yonas H., Gur D., Good B.C., et al. Stable xenon CT blood flow mapping for evaluation of patients with ec-ic bypass surgery. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 324-333.
79. Kawaguchi S., Sakaki T., Uranishi R. Effects of bypass on CO2 cerebrovascular reactivity in ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases - based on the intra-operative LCBF and CO2 cerebrovascular reactivity studies. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999; 141: 369-374.
80. Brody W.R., Kosek J.C., Angell W.W. Changes in vein grafts following aorto-coronary bypass induced by pressure and ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972; 64: 847-854.
81. Curtis J.J., Stoney W.S., Alford WC. Jr., et al. Intimal hyperplasia. A cause of radial artery aortocoronary bypass graft failure. Ann Thorac Surg 1975; 20: 628-635.
82. Sottiurai V.S., Yao J.S., Flinn W.R., et al. Intimal hyperplasia and neointima: An ultrastructural analysis of thrombosed grafts in humans. Surgery 1983; 93: 809-817.
83. Lytle B.W., Loop F.D., Taylor P.C., et al. Vein graft disease: the clinical impact of stenoses in saphenous vein bypass grafts to coronary arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 103: 831-840.
84. Fuster V., Chesebro J.H. Aortocoronary artery vein-graft disease: experimental and clinical approach for the understanding of the role of platelets and platelet inhibitors. Circulation 1985; 72(6 Pt 2): V65-V70.
85. Kobayashi H., Maeda H., Hayashi M., et al. Assessment of cerebral perfusion in EC-IC bypass patients. Zentralbl Neurochir 1991; 52: 41-43.