Ecologists and the experimental landscape: The nature of science at the US Department of Energy's Savannah River Site

Cultural Geographies

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 485-510

  Kirsch, Scott ^a  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecology; Eugene Odum; History of science; Landscape; Nuclear reservation; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY;

NORTH AMERICA; SAVANNAH RIVER SITE; SOUTH CAROLINA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 36749060865     PISSN: 14744740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1474474007082291     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. The 'Green Emerald' image can be seen, for example, in M.B. Reed, M.T. Swanson, S. Gaither, J.W. Joseph and W.R. Henry, The Savannah River Site at fifty (Washington, DC, US Department of Energy, 2003);
2. J.C. Kilgo and J.I. Blake, eds, Ecology and management of a forested landscape: fifty years on the Savannah River Site (Washington, DC, Island Press, 2005);
3. 'The Savannah River Site: National Environmental Research Park', http:// www.uga.edu/srel/Fact_Sheets/nerp.htm;
4. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, The University of Georgia, 'Research Plan FY06: October 1 2005 to September 30 2006', http://www.uga.edu/srel/ FY06-SREL-research-plan.pdf
5. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, The University of Georgia, 'Savannnah River Site: The Green Emerald' (no date).
6. Reed et al., Savannah River Site; US Department of Agriculture Forest Service-Savannah River, 'Fact Sheet' (January 2003), http:// www.srs.gov/general/srfs/srfs.htm
7. Interview 30 July 2002 (SREL-A2). For additional information on the interviews, see note 23 below.
8. Beginning at the Savannah River nuclear reservation in 1972, the DOE's National Environmental Research Parks (NERPs) can thus be seen, along with a range of military, industrial, and other contaminated sites in the US, Britain, and post-colonial settings that have been converted into wildlife refuges and other (relatively) protected environments, as part of a wider movement to recast the natural and environmental. See J.S. Davis, 'Representing place: "deserted isles" and the reproduction of Bikini Atoll', Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (2005), pp. 607-25;
9. D. Havlick, 'Bombs away: new geographies of military-to-wildlife conversions in the United States', Unpublished PhD dissertation (2006), Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; M. McCarthy, 'The secret of Porton Down: behind its defences, it has created Britain's finest wildlife reserve', The Independent 11 August 2003, on-line edition, http://news.independent.co.uk;
10. A. Ross, 'A few good species', Social text 46/47 (1996), pp. 207-15;
11. J. Wills, "'Welcome to the atomic park": American nuclear landscapes and the "unnaturally natural"', Environment and history 7 (2001), pp. 449-72;
12. R. Woodward, Military geographies (Oxford, Blackwell, 2004), pp. 89-96.
13. The NERP designation, however, is merely an administrative one which accords no specific legal rights, causing some advocates, amid anxieties over a sell-off of DOE lands, to press for federal legislation establishing the NERPS as mixed scientific, conservation, and industrial zones in perpetuity; C.R. Russell and N.B. Frazer, 'The national environmental research park: a new model for federal land use', Natural resources and the environment 12 (Summer, 1997), pp. 46-51.
14. See also K.S. Brown, 'The great DOE land rush?', Science 282 (23 October 1998), pp. 616-17.
15. See D. Cosgrove, Social formation and symbolic landscape (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998), 2nd edn;
16. S. Daniels, 'Marxism, culture, and the duplicity of landscape', in R. Peet and N. Thrift, eds, New models in geography, vol. 2 (London, Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 196-220;
17. D. Mitchell, The lie of the land (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1996);
18. K. Olwig, Landscape, nature, and the body politic (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2002);
19. see also G. Rose, Feminism and geography (Cambridge, Polity, 1993), pp. 86-112.
20. Interview 1 August 2002 (SREL-C9).
21. Interview 31 July 2002 (SREL-B6).
22. Interview 30 July 2002 (SREL-A2).
23. Kenneth Olwig, 'Representation and alienation in the political land- scape', Cultural geographies 12 (2005), pp. 19-40, 3.
24. Ibid. p. 23, italics original.
25. See also N. Blomley, 'Law, property, and the geography of violence: the frontier, the survey, and the grid', Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93 (2003), pp. 121-41.
26. D. Cosgrove, 'Landscape and die European sense of sight - eyeing nature', in K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S. Pile and N. Thrift, Handbook of cultural geography (Beverly Hills, Sage, 2002), pp. 249-68, p. 254.
27. Rooted partly in readings of art and architectural history, notions of landscape as an ideological mask have been explored by geographers, in different ways, in Cosgrove, Social formation;
28. S. Daniels and D. Cosgrove, eds, The icomography of landscape (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988);
29. Daniels, 'Marxism, culture, and the duplicity of landscape';
30. D. Harvey, 'Monument and myth: the building of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart', Annals of the Association of Ametican Geographer 69 (1979), pp. 362-81;
31. G. John, 'Cultural nationalism, westward expansion and the production of imperial landscape: George Cadin's native American West', Ecumene 8 (2001), pp. 175-203;
32. S. Kirsch, 'Watching the bombs go off: photography, nuclear landscapes, and spectator democracy', Antipode 29 (1997), pp. 227-55;
33. D. Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London, Reaktion Books, 1998);
34. Mitchell, Lie of the land;
35. D. Mitchell, 'The annihilation of space by law: the roots and implications of anti-homeless laws in the United States', Antipode 29 (1997), pp. 303-35;
36. D. Mitchell, Cultural geography (Oxford, Blackwell, 2000), pp. 91-144;
37. K. Olwig, 'Sexual cosmology: nation and landscape at the conceptual interstices of nature and culture;
38. or, what does landscape really mean?', in B. Bender, ed., Landscape: politics and perspectives (Oxford, Berg, 1993), pp. 307-43;
39. Olwig, Landscape, nature, and the body politic.
40. D. Mitchell, The right to the city: social justice and the fight for public space (New York, The Guilford Press, 2003), p. 187.
41. Mitchell, Right to the city; Lie of the land.
42. Mitchells arguments on landscape are indebted chiefly to Cosgrove, Social formation;
43. H. Lefebvre, The production of space, trans. D. Nicholson-Smith (Oxford, Blackwell, 1991), pp. 188-90;
44. and R. Williams, The country and the city (New York, Oxford University Press, 1973).
45. John Agnew points out that similar notions of landscape as the realm of fixed iconography were expressed in the work of Jean Gottman; J. Agnew, Making political geography (London, Arnold, 2002).
46. Mitchell, Right to the city, p. 190.
47. On the greening of post-Cold War US nuclear iconography, in which Figure 2 might be called 'Exhibit A', see B.C. Taylor, '"Our bruised arms hung up as monuments": nuclear iconography in post-cold war culture', Critical studies in media communication 20 (2003), pp. 1-34.
48. D. Matless, 'Introduction: the properties of landscape', in K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S. Pile and N. Thrift, eds, Handbook of cultural geography (London, Sage, 2003), pp. 227-32, p. 228.
49. The erasure of scientific fields from landscape study here is all the more striking because of Matless's astute observations of the 'cultural geographies of scientific knowledge' in his own work; cf. D. Madess and L. Cameron, 'Experiment in landscape: the Norfolk excavations of Marietta Pallis', Journal of historical geography 32 (2006), pp. 96-126, p. 120;
50. D. Madess, 'The uses of cartographic literacy: mapping, survey and citizenship in twentieth-century Britain', in D. Cosgrove, ed., Mappings (London, Reaktion Books, 1999), pp. 193-212;
51. D. Matless, 'Original theories: science and the currency of the local', Cultural geographies 10 (2003), pp. 354-78.
52. R.T. Wright, Environmental science: toward a sustainable future, 9th edn, (Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005), p. 692.
53. R.T.T. Forman and M. Gordon, Landscape ecology (New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1986),
54. cited in R.F. Noss and A.Y. Cooperrider, Saving nature's legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity (Washington, DC, Island Press, 1994), p. 11.
55. Noss and Cooperrider, Saving nature's legacy, p. 11. As Clayton Rosati reminds me, there are clear continuities here with Sauerian landscape studies. Personal communication (2006).
56. Interview 1 August 2002 (SREL-C9). The 'epistemic benefits' (and drawbacks) of both place and laboratory-like placelessness in the field, and the history of field practices, research stations, and vivaria in biology more generally, are examined in R.E. Kohler, Landscapes and labscapes: exploring the lab-field border in biology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2002).
57. Interview 30 July 2002 (SREL-A1).
58. Semi-structured interviews and field site visits with SREL scientists and technicians, and with experimental forest scientists based at the Forest Service's Savannah River station, were conducted in July-August 2002 and July 2003, respectively. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed (only a notebook was used for recording observations during the field site visits and facility tours, which are not quoted from here). Twelve interviews were conducted in all, ranging in length from approximately 15 to 75 minutes. Most participants were largely self-selected, in that more invitations were extended than those who agreed to be interviewed, while some were persuaded to participate with the assistance of the SREL public relations coordinator. My analysis draws from these interviews and conversations, but also from published scientific literature, laboratory promotional material (web pages, brochures, etc.), ethnographic observations, news media and secondary sources. Interestingly, unlike SREL and Forest Service staff who were hospitable and generous with their time, whatever their uncertainties about why I was there studying them, staff at the on-site, compliance-oriented Savannah River Archaeological Research Program were unwilling to meet with me. One archaeologist who did agree to an interview was actually urged by a supervisor to cancel it.
59. It is worth noting that the use of landscape in this article - and the very idea of writing a paper on what I am calling the experimental landscape - originated in my interview subjects' responses rather than from my prepared interview notes. My questions, as a starting point, asked specifically about the opportunities that the 'Savannah River Site' or the 'place itself' afforded their work, rather than the landscape per se.
60. Interview 1 August 2002 (SREL-C8).
61. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service-Savannah River, 'Fact Sheet'.
62. Interview 30 July 2003 (USFS-A2).
63. Interview 30 July 2003 (USFS-A1).
64. As Denis Cosgrove observes, 'Connections between image and action and between the material and the imaginative in landscape have evolved historically in close connection with changing technologies of seeing and representing space.' Cosgrove, 'Landscape and the European sense of sight', p. 255.
65. Olwig, 'Representation and alienation', p. 23.
66. S. Kirsch, Proving grounds: Project Plowshare and the unrealized dream of nuclear earthmoving (New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2005), pp. 20-7.
67. The work of siting the plant, taken up by DuPont in conjunction with the AEC's production division and a Military Liason Committee, followed the geographical logic of decentralization in the location of defense plants and military installations that crystallized during World War II and the early Cold War years in the production of industrial regions later called the 'Gunbelt South' and 'Atomic West.' The plant was to be located outside the northeast industrial triangle and, ideally, in a southeastern zone beyond the reach of Siberia-based Soviet bombers. It was also to be isolated from population centers, but not too isolated so as to require the production of new transportation infrastructure and AEC 'company towns', as the Manhattan Project had been responsible for at its Hanford and Oak Ridge plants. These requirements made the Savannah Rivet Valley, with its urban center of Augusta, Georgia - some 25 miles from the plant site - apparently ideal. Reed et al., Savannah River Site; ES. Chapin, Jr, T. Wirths, A.M. Denton, Jr and J.C. Gold, In the shadow of a defense plant: a study of urbanization in rural South Carolina (Chapel Hill, NC, Institute for Research in Social Science, 1954).
68. See B. Hevly and J.M. Findlay, eds, The atomic West (Seattle, Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and University of Washington Press, 1998);
69. A. Markusen, P. Hall, S. Campbell and S. Dietrick, The rise of the gunbelt: the military remapping of industrial America (New York, Oxford University Press, 1991);
70. and, on the related 'anxious urbanism' of apocalyptic disaster planning, M. Farish, 'Disaster and decentralization: American cities and the Cold War', Cultural geographies 10 (2003), pp. 125-48.
71. On land condemnation under the Manhattan Project, see Peter Bacon Hales, Atomic spaces: livin on the Manhattan Project (Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1997).
72. While some of Ellenton's story has been preserved, much less is known of the tenant farmers and sharecroppers evacuated from the site as they dispersed into social networks in the surrounding countryside, towns, and cities. According to a 1954 study, 'Negro families who reported their homes to be worth $300 to $600 said they had to pay as much or more than the homes were worth to get them moved. Yet this was the only alternative open to them because the high costs of building relative to the value of their old property precluded their building new homes,' while movers' rates, in the absence of meaningful legislation, were commonly raised at the last minute. Chapin et al., In the shadow of a defense plant, p. 72. The study also observed the emergence of two unincorporated 'all-Negro' settlements at Hollow Creek and Dry Branch, South Carolina, while others built homes on the bulldozed streets of 'New Ellenton' outside the boundaries of the nuclear reservation. The study also reported, anecdotally, an increase in home buying for those African-Americans able to secure jobs at the new AEC plant. On race and labor practices during the first years of plant operations,
73. see D.J. Holland, 'Steward of world peace, keeper of fair play: the American hydrogen bomb and civil rights, 1945-1954 (South Carolina)', Unpublished PhD dissertation, History Department, Northwestern University. Additional recent histories of the regional transformation include a series of articles in the Augusta (Georgia) Chronicle published to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the plant's development, available at: http://chronicle.augusta.com/srs/
74. Chapin et al., In the shadow of a defense plant;
75. Reed et al., Savannah River Site.
76. R.L. Lindeman, 'The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology', Ecology 23 (1942), pp. 399-418;
77. see J.B. Hagen, An entangled bank: the origins of ecosystem ecology (New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1992);
78. Kohler, Landscapes and labscapes, pp. 274-83.
79. Kohler, Landscapes and labscapes.
80. See also G. Mitman, 'When nature is the zoo: vision and power in the art and science of natural history', Osiris 11 (1996), pp. 117-43.
81. Kohler, Landscapes and labscapes, p. 296, p. 299.
82. Hagen, Entangled bank, pp. 100-45.
83. For an informative internal history of the laboratory, see M.H. Smith, E.P. Odum and R.R. Sharitz, 'Savannah River Ecology Laboratory: a model for a cooperative partnership between a university and the federal government', in G.W Barrett and T.L. Barrett, eds, Holistic science: the evolution of the Georgia Institute of Ecology (1940-2000) (New York, Taylor and Francis, 2001), pp. 95-127.
84. The spatialization of an ahistorical temporality among (some) scientists, and its philosophical under-pinnings and countercurrents, are explored in D. Massey, For space (London, Sage, 2005).
85. Interview 30 July 2002 (SREL-A2).
86. Ulrich Beck, World risk society (Cambridge, Polity, 1999), p. 58, emphasis original.
87. The reorganization of the AEC was initiated in 1974, ultimately leading to the establishment of the DOE in 1977.
88. Interview 30 July 2002 (SREL-A2).
89. This, of course, is the risk taken by proponents of actor-network approaches which allow the scientist and engineer protagonists of science studies to 'deploy their own categories'. B. Latour, 'On recalling ANT', in J. Law and J. Hassard, eds, Actor network theory and after (Oxford, Blackwell, 1999), pp. 15-25, p. 20. For an elaboration of this critique of ANT,
90. see S. Kirsch and D. Mitchell, 'The nature of things: dead labor, nonhuman actors, and the persistence of Marxism', Antipode 36 (2004), pp. 687-705.
91. See S. Harrison, D. Massey, K. Richards, F. Magilligan, N. Thrift and B. Bender, 'Thinking across the divide: perspectives on the conversations between physical and human geography', Area 36 (2004), pp. 435-42.
92. E.P. Odum, 'Assaying the function of total biotic communities in relation to the new field of radiation ecology', abstract of paper submitted for presentation at the Geneva International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, August 1955 (Las Vegas, US Department of Energy Nuclear Testing Archive [NTA] #0006916). On radiation controversies during the 1950s and early 1960s, and debates over health risks from radiation among AEC scientists,
93. see S. Kirsch, 'Harold Knapp and the geography of normal controversy: radioiodine in the historical environment', in G. Mitman, M. Murphy and C. Sellers, eds, Osiris 19 (2004), Landscapes of exposure: knowledge and illness in modern environments, pp. 167-81;
94. C. Kopp, 'The origins of the American scientific debate over fallout hazards', Social studies of science 9 (1979), pp. 403-22.
95. ibid.
96. E.P. Odum and H.T. Odum, 'A report on research accomplished at the Eniwetok Marine Laboratory during the summer of 1954 supported by a grant from the Atomic Energy Commission', (NTA #0006916). The classic paper describing the study is H.T. Odum and E.P. Odum, 'Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok atoll', Ecological monographs 25 (1955), pp. 291-320.
97. Ibid.
98. E.P. Odum, 'University of Georgia Biological Studies on die AEC Savannah River Plant Area, 1951-1955 (Contract AT(07-2)-10)' (NTA #0006916).
99. Eugene P. Odum, 'Ecological Aspects of Waste Disposal,' paper presented at the Conference on Radioactive Isotopes in Agriculture, 12 January 1956 at Michigan State University (NTA #0006916).
100. Ibid. Of course, what constitutes a 'waste disposal emergency,' in an era of unlined storage pits, is a relative question (even as the material effects of such practices, including the contamination of groundwater with what critics describe as a 'witches brew of radioactive and toxic chemicals', take on a life of their own). Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League, 'The toxic legacy of atomic weapons at Savannah River', http://www.BREDL.org, October 2002;
101. see also Alliance for Nuclear Accountability 'Danger lurks below: the threat to major water supplies from US Department of Energy nuclear weapons plants' (April 2004), http://www.ananuclea-r.org;
102. L. Bivens and G. Wright, 'Report: nuclear sites put drinking water sources at risk', USA Today (29 Match 2004), http:// www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-03-29-nuclear-gns_x.htm
103. Such population ecologies were commonly broken into units appropriate for individual dissertation projects which could, in turn, contribute to larger studies on the extension of energy flows into ecosystems. F.B. Golley, A history of the ecosystem concept in ecology (New Haven, Co, Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 101-3.
104. The University of Georgia, Department of Biology, 'Ecological survey of the Savannah River Area: a study of land-use, succession and indicator invertebrate and vertebrate populations of the Savannah River Operations Area', Progress Report for Period March 1953-March 1954, conducted for US Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(07-2)-10.
105. Golley, A history of the ecosystem concept, pp. 101-3.
106. At one such site, Rainbow Bay, scientists and technicians have been checking amphibian traps and tagging animals daily for more than 25 years, an accomplishment touted in scientific studies as well as a plaque from the Guinness Book of World Records which is prominently displayed on site. See J.H.K. Pechmann et al., 'Declining amphibian populations: the problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations', Science 253 (23 August 1991), pp. 892-5.
107. Reed et al., Savannah Riter Site.
108. G. Mitman, The state of nature: ecology, community, and American social thought, 1900-1950 (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp, 209-10.
109. Odum was indeed explicit about such goals, along with the corollary proposition that ecology could serve as a model for society, cf. E.P. Odum, Ecological vignettes: ecological approaches to dealing with human predicaments (Amsterdam, Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998);
110. E.P. Odum, and R.L. Kroodsma, 'The power park concept: ameliorating man's disorder with nature's order', in G.W. Esch and R.W. McFarlane, eds, Thermal ecology II: Proceedings of a symposium held at Augusta, Georgia, April 2-5, 1975 (Washington, DC: Technical Information Center, Energy Research and Development Administration, 1976), pp. 1-9.
111. Hagen, An entangled bank;
112. see also N.F. Sayre, 'Ecological and geographical scale: parallels and potential for integration', Progress in human geography 29 (2005), pp. 276-90;
113. P. Taylor, 'Technocratic optimism, H.T. Odum, and the partial transformation of ecological metaphor after World War II, Journal of the history of biology 21 (1988), pp. 213-44;
114. K. Zimmerer, 'Human geography and the "new ecology"', Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84 (1994), pp. 108-25.
115. E.P. Odum, 'The strategy of ecosystem development', Science 164 (1969): pp. 262-70.
116. Cf F.H. Bormann and G.E. Likens, Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem: disturbance, development and the steady state based on the Hubbard Brook ecoystem study (New York, Springer-Verlag, 1979),
117. cited in Hagen, An entangled bank, pp. 181-6.
118. See also Zimmerer, 'Human geography and the "new ecology"'.
119. Odum, 'Assaying the function of total biotic communities', p. 1.
120. Interview 1 August 2002 (SREL-C8).
121. F.W. Whicker, T.G. Hinton, M.M. MacDonnell, J.E. Pinder III and L.J. Habegger, 'Avoiding destructive remediation at DOE sites', Science 303 (12 March 2004), pp. 1615-16.
122. One SREL scientist noted that, as a scientific justification for essentially leaving contaminated areas alone, there may be the perception, among environmental groups, that 'DOE is trying to get out of their responsibility. ... The problem is that obviously there's that possibility of abuse, and you [SREL] have to make sure that it doesn't happen. And that's, again, that's what's really important about an institution like SREL. We're independent, we're an academic institution ... We're the only lab in the DOE complex that doesn't have to have any kind of review of publications.' Interview 31 July 2002 (SREL-B4).
123. On social epistemology, see S. Fuller, Social epistemology, 2nd edn (Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2002);
124. S. Fuller, 'Why science studies has never been critical of science: some recent lessons on how to be a helpful nuisance and a harmless radical', Philosophy of the social sciences 30 (2000), pp. 5-32.
125. M. Fitzsimmons, 'Engaging ecologies', in P. Cloke, P. Crang and M. Goodwin, eds, Envisioning human geographies (London, Edward Arnold, 2004), pp. 30-47, 36;
126. B. Latour, Pandora's hope: essays on the reality of science studies (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 80-112.
127. As Kinchy and Kleinman have argued in their trenchant analysis of the 'boundary-work' of the Ecological Society of America (ESA), extending the practice of ecology into the realm of environmental politics, for the ESA at least, is commonly enabled, paradoxically, by the assertion of 'a rigid boundary between science and values.' A.J. Linchy and D.L. Kleinman, 'Organizing credibility: discursive and organizational orthodoxy on the borders of ecology and politics', Social studies of science 33 (2003), pp. 869-96, p. 890.
128. For related points, see D. Demeritt, 'Ecology, objectivity and critique in writings on nature and human societies', Journal of historical geography 20 (1994), pp. 22-37;
129. M. Fitzsimmons and D. Goodman, 'Incorporating nature: environmental narratives and the reproduction of food', in B. Braun and N. Castree, eds, Remaking reality: nature at the millennium (London, Routledge, 1998), pp. 194-220;
130. Zimmerer, 'Human geography and the "new ecology"'.
131. Fitzsimmons, 'Engaging ecologies', p. 31.
132. M. Gibbons, 'Bush budget would dose SREL, Aiken (South Carolina) Standard 10 Febrary 2005, p. 1.
133. National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy (Washington, US Government Printing Office, May 2001). In January 2005 the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission submitted its final environmental impact statement, paving the way for the establishment of two MOX fuel fabrication facilities inside the Savannah River Site, designed to convert weapons-usable uranium and plutonium into fuel for nuclear power generation.
134. E. Kintisch, 'Ecology: Savannah River lab faces budget Axe', Science 307 (25 March 2005), p. 1857;
135. J. Melillo, 'Testimony for fiscal year 2006 for the Department of Energy to the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on energy and water development', Ecological Society of America, Public Affairs Office: ESA Positions, http://www.esa.org/pao/esaPositions/Letters/ testimony_fy2006_doe05022005.php
136. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, 'Research Plan FY06'; E. De Rosa, 'Local ecology laboratory loses money, faculty', redandblack_com 21 July 2005, downloaded August 3, 2005: http://www.redandblack.com/ vnews/display.v/ART/2005/07/21/42deff5241510